This practicum examined Indigenous planning as the theoretical framework and foundation of this project. Literature reviews on First Nations on-reserve housing conditions were examined to understand the struggles Indigenous communities face when it comes to housing. Based on the literature reviews, it was determined that housing has been an issue in many First Nation communities, perpetuating a demand for planning to explore remedies to minimize or eradicate this social concern. From understanding Indigenous planning practices, the practicum explored the Indigenous community of Swan Lake First Nation (SLFN) and the housing challenges they experience. Through planning with SLFN community members to determine methods that would address the housing challenges, the development of a community housing plan was suggested. The process and development of SLFN community housing plan was documented in this practicum.

À travers ce mémoire, nous avons tenté de répondre à la problématique suivante : comment Napoléon Bonaparte et Adolf Hitler ont-ils organisé leur image de dirigeant et de guide de la nation, et ce, dans quels buts? Nous avons formulé notre réponse selon notre opinion, c'est-à-dire que le guide national est un vecteur identitaire qui mélange le culte de la personnalité, les symboles du pouvoir et le nationalisme. Pour saisir tous les aspects que comprend cette réponse, il nous faut inévitablement faire appel à la propagande qui joue un rôle prédominant dans l'opinion publique française et allemande de ces époques. Ainsi, notre réponse s'articule en quatre parties. En premier lieu, nous constatons que c'est à travers la théorie des deux corps du roi que Napoléon et Hitler ont fusionné l'Ancien et le Moderne à leur personne. Ils ont ainsi tenté de se rallier leur peuple en invoquant le spirituel et en prétendant à une intervention divine pour justifier leur position. En second lieu, afin d'accentuer l'aspect d'intervention providentielle, Napoléon et Hitler sont représentés comme étant, en quelque sorte, des messies destinés à diriger leur nation vers un avenir plus radieux. Pour légitimer cette position, ils reprennent une série de référents à la chrétienté. En troisième lieu, nous verrons que les guides, afin de marquer leur position de pouvoir, exploitent le passé de la nation. Que ce soit dans les peintures ou dans les affiches de propagande, il est possible de constater la frappante similarité des symboles utilisés par Napoléon et Hitler. Dans les deux cas, le guide national semble être reproduit selon un schème de pensée semblable. En quatrième lieu, nous démontrons, par l'entremise des théories de Walter Benjamin et d'Antonio Gramsci, comment l'art et certains moyens de communication sont dénaturalisés sous Napoléon et Hitler afin de servir non pas de force artistique, mais de propagande. Nous exposons que le télégraphe de Chappe, la radio, le théâtre et le cinéma sont des outils de premier choix pour servir les propos politiques de Napoléon et d'Hitler. En définitive, notre mémoire constitue une contribution historiographique à un champ peu exploité et négligé. Le rapprochement entre Napoléon et Hitler nous permet de mieux cerner le pouvoir et ce qui l'entoure, de même que la puissance de la propagande et du nationalisme combinée au concept de guide national.

Women’s fictional narratives, besides influencing the process of nation building, also served to redefine the feminine gender and its incontrovertible contribution to the processes involved in imagining their communities. Although the systematic oppression suffered by women was effective, there were women writers who through negotiation gained access to male-dominated circles and achieved recognition. These women had a fundamental role in defying the stratification of gender in their society. They opposed every limitation imposed upon their gender, particularly the construction of the maternal role from a patriarchal perspective. In the works selected for this analysis, the authors reject the institutionalization of motherhood using as a narrative device motherless heroines who redefine femininity in their own terms and defy the patriarchal construct that confines motherhood to the seclusion of the home. Written in times of political upheaval, these novels emphasize the importance of women’s participation in the public sphere. In this dissertation I analyze four novels situated in or written during authoritarian regimes. The introduction provides the theoretical framework in which the definition of gender is discussed as well as the process of nation building in Latin America. I also include critical views on the topic of motherhood as women writers struggle with the representation of the maternal role and its implications in the construction of gender. In chapter one I discuss Argentinean writer Juana Manuela Gorriti’s La hija del mashorquero (1865); the second chapter analyzes Brazilian novelist Julia Lópes de Almeida’s A familia Medeiros (1892); chapter three is dedicated to the study of Argentinean Elvira Orpheé’s Uno (1961); the fourth chapter analyzes Brazilian Lygia Fagundes Telles’s As meninas (1973), so as to outline periods in which the patriarchal discourse concerning the role of women in society revolved around the traditional concepts of femininity and to reveal the insistence of women to obviate such concepts, specifically in terms of nation building. Through the detailed textual analysis of these novels, I aim to demonstrate the strategies used by these authors to openly defy the constructions of femininity through their critique of the socio-political systems of their times. / text

Despite considerable efforts to decrease the impact of the Environment on the health of American Indians and Alaska Natives, many health problems attributed to environmental factors continue to pose significant challenges for many tribal communities. The challenges in particular point to the need for environmental protection policies, especially agricultural communities where high and persistent uses of pesticides have bearing on human health conditions. Although there is a need for tribal environmental health policies, research on tribal leaderships' interpretations and the implications the interpretations have for constructing environmental health policies are minimal. For example, understanding how one tribe defines environmental health is central to how they construct and develop environmental protection laws aimed at protecting the environment and human health.This qualitative research study took place in a rural agricultural Indian community on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in Parker, Arizona. The qualitative data assessed Tribal Council leader's interpretations and understanding of how environmental health is defined and understood. The study method employed a semi-structured interview process with selected tribal council members who served a term on tribal council between 1980-2002, especially members who were appointed to specific sub-committees concerned with agricultural activities (i.e. pesticide, agricultural, and farm board). The rationale for conducting qualitative interviews was to determine and ascertain how environmental health has been defined and understood over the past 22 years when these tribal leaders constructing, developing, and implemented various environmental protection laws. Other forms of data acquisition was through relevant public records from Tribal Council and special committee meeting minutes that centered on developing environmental health policy.The central aim of this research was to recognize and comprehend the level of understanding, and consideration employed by tribal leaders as they defined environmental health for their agricultural Indian community. By examining and presenting the core values and interpretations of environmental health policy of the Colorado River Indian Tribes, other tribes may learn from this as they formulate and develop appropriate environmental health policies aimed at protecting their environments, human health, cultural beliefs and practices and become more accountable and responsible to their allegiance to their communities.

Cuerpos en disputa, mujer e imaginarios de nación en Hispanoamérica: Juan Francisco Manzano, Eva Perón y Reinaldo Arenas begins with the premise that the values and requirements of a patriarchal society focuses on female icons of symbolic strength and weight. As icons, women are associated as being the center of the monogamous, heterosexual family and therefore, the image of Nation. In Latin America each hegemonic national project has elevated female icons that are a compact synthesis of that nation's essential and defining values. From that idea our research expands to examine how those hegemonic national discourses and imageries are refuted in the nineteenth century through other antagonistic discourses, each in turn putting forward other paradigms of women or other bodies on the literary plane. These test gender issues, sexuality and morality, and the authorized bodies of Woman/Nation are contrasted with other discordant, subversive, fictional faces. Our objective is to discover these images of rebellion, and evaluate the literary, political and ideological dialogue that has been established through these hegemonic female icons.In this sense, the discourses related to Manzano, Evita, and Arenas, three representative figures of diverse successive historical stages within the region throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries --from colonial slavery, populism and communism, to the postmodern-- corroborate that, in effect: Protests and revolutions have presented their own icons of woman or other subversive or discordant bodies in the face of female paradigms set by those in power.The theoretical and critical apparatus is based on the contributions of feminist criticism on women in literature, art and Latin American politics (Helena Araújo, Hélène Cixous, Lucía Guerra-Cunningham, Josefina Ludmer, Francine Masiello and Elaine Showalter), and studies on the links between sexuality, power and society (Judith Butler, bell hook, Michael Foucault, Edward Said and G. Ch. Spivak), as well as research on the formation of societies and national imagery in Latin America since the early nineteenth century (Mabel Moraña, Walter Mignolo and Ángel Rama), all of which is framed in the context of literary and aesthetic movements from neoclassicism to post-modernity.

"Cine en Emergencia: National Identity in Post-dictatorial Audiovisual Production in Paraguay," is an academic study of narrative and documentary film from Paraguay. Cinematic production in Paraguay has "boomed" only with the last decade in part due to the censorship of the long-standing Stroessner regime and in part because new digital technologies have made audiovisual production more accessible. This study explores the dominance of a particular essentialized national identity in narrative and documentary film in Paraguay. This iconic protagonist and space (the campesino in the rural setting) is not the site of true Paraguayan authenticity, but rather, the product of competing national and transnational forces. Inside Paraguay, rural icons become the grounds from which to express political resistance and frustration with the status quo. Outside of Paraguay--particularly in the European power center of film festivals, funding and awards--a homogeneous and uncontested set of representations of national identity becomes the paradigm that satisfies the "first world" need to essentialize and orientalize the "third world." In the introduction I make my methodology clear, stressing that I am focusing my critical apparatus on circulating discourses regarding what it means to be a citizen of that Paraguay. I also grapple with the difficulty of dealing with a film archive that is classified as national while trying to dislodge the national frame as the paradigm for analysis and provide a problematization of the relationship between film and nation that has been so widely and uncritically accepted. In Chapter 1 I provide a historical contextualization for the relationship between film and the nation and provide important details in regards to the history of the moving image in Paraguay. In Chapter 2 I explore Hamaca Paraguaya's (2006) potential for resistance through formal subversion, historical revisionism, self-reflexivity and political denunciation. Using a double-register, in Chapter 3 I describe the transnational power structure as a palimpsest against which Paraguayan film is necessarily constructed and how this bleeds through into Hamaca as a cultural product. In Chapter 4 I analyze Frankfurt (2006) as a documentary that creates parallels between Paraguay's historical border wars and present-day global neoliberal capitalism.

No description available.

The principal objective of this research was a critical examination of the Generalised System of Preference schemes as a form of special and differential treatment under the Enabling Clause with specific reference to the complaint brought against the European Union (EU) by India regarding the EU's granting of tariff preferences to developing countries with illegal drug trafficking problem.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was unanimously adopted in 1989. It was hoped that the Convention would have a positive impact on all children however, despite a country ratifying the Convention and proclaiming to have laws in the interests of children it is still possible for that country to fail in the attempt to implement children’s rights effectively. This can clearly be seen in Kurdistan, Iraq where implementation of children’s rights remains limited. With the continuing violence in Iraq, children’s rights have been somewhat neglected and as with many such situations children are the innocent victims. Ensuring and improving the rights of the next generation of Iraq is vitally important at a time when the country is going through important changes and re-generation. This thesis gives information on the historical background of the UNCRC and looks at its substantive provisions in detail, it then goes on to compare the implementation of children’s rights in Kurdistan and the UK. The thesis highlights methods of implementation in both countries and looks at ways in which some of the Convention’s articles are written into law. The thesis concludes with recommendations on how Kurdistan can move forward to achieve better implementation of children’s rights.

National museums are spaces where stories of the past are told through the display and interpretation of material culture. The narratives that are created in this way reflect the ways in which the nation wants to be seen at that particular moment, and are often embedded in the larger political and social contexts of that time. This thesis looks at the National Museum of Scotland as having three levels of narrative: that of the museum as a physical space and national institution, that of the temporary exhibitions it hosts and develops, and, most crucially, as a collection of important and iconic objects. By tracing the artefacts that were given a central role in various exhibitions over the life of the museum, the narratives of nation and history which were most valuable at that time can be uncovered. The two permanent and five temporary exhibitions profiled in this work act as windows into the life of the museum, and the goals and challenges it had at that moment. The thesis begins with the story of museum history in Scotland, from the 1780 formation of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland to the debates in the 1990s about the potential form and contents of a new Museum of Scotland. From there we look at two temporary exhibitions in the 1980s which inspired the Museum of Scotland, before examining some more recent temporary and touring exhibitions – a pair that came to Scotland from Russia, and one that left Edinburgh to travel among other Scottish museums. The final chapter returns to the realm of what it means to have a national museum, as it investigates the 2006 rebranding that changed the Museum of Scotland into the National Museum of Scotland, and what the new nomenclature signals about the objects and narratives within. All together, this work is both the story of a particular national museum and an investigation into the ways in which national history is continuously made and remade for the public through the display of artefacts from the past.