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Methane conversion over oxide catalystsAshcroft, Alexander T. January 1992 (has links)
No description available.
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Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation reactions of methaneVernon, Patrick D. F. January 1990 (has links)
No description available.
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Estudo dos usos de gás natural no Estado de São Paulo, considerando-se a implantação do gasoduto Brasil - Bolívia / Study of the uses of natural gas in the State of São Paulo, considering the deployment of the pipeline Brazil - BoliviaMendes, Antonio Carlos Tobias 13 September 1996 (has links)
Esta dissertação analisa o potencial de mercado do gás natural boliviano em trinta e sete municípios paulistas, localizados ao longo do gasoduto ainda em fase de projeto. A partir da análise dos últimos 15 anos da matriz energética, do Estado de São Paulo, é realizada uma extrapolação de tendências do crescimento da demanda de gás natural para os setores industrial, comercial, residencial, e de transportes, até o ano 2015. Contata-se que a oferta é menor que a demanda existente e que somente no setor industrial, o gás natural pode substituir diretamente 116 MW de energia elétrica, utilizada no aquecimento de processo. Este trabalho indica que a cogeração e a produção independente enquanto formas de geração descentralizada, utilizando gás natural e subprodutos da cana, é uma prática mais recomendável que a construção de uma unidade de termogeração centralizada e de grande escala. / This work analyses the potential Market for Bolivian natural gas at thirty seven municipalities of de São Paulo State. These municipalities are located on the neighborhood of the proposed pipeline route. Data of the last 15 years allowed the extrapolation natural gas demand trend until the year 2015, for the industrial, commercial, residential and transport sectors. It was concluded that supply is smaller than demand and that is possible to substitute natural gas for 116 MW of currently used electric power in heat processes. This work indicates that the cogeneration and decentralized independent power production, utilizing natural gas and sugar0cane by-products, is an option more attractive than the construction of a large centralized thermogeneration unit.
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Uma Análise do Mercado e do Preço Competitivo de Gás Natural em São Paulo / An Analysis of Market and Competitive Pricing of Natural Gas in São PauloGomes, Ieda Correia 06 November 1996 (has links)
O desenvolvimento de uma indústria de gás natural no Brasil tem sido debatido com mais ênfase desde meados da década de 80, quando diversos estados, desejosos de diversificar sua matriz energética, provendo o mercado com um energético de inegável apelo ambiental, reuniram-se em Brasília, sob a égide da Comissão Nacional de Energia e iniciaram as primeiras projeções de demanda e de uso nal para o gás natural. Desde então, a indústria de gás no pais tem apresentado índices signicativos de crescimento, com a criação de novas empresas concessionárias de distribuição e o aumento do consumo, notadamente nos estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Bahia e Rio de Janeiro. A perspectiva de importação de gás boliviano, com a assinatura, em 1992, de um primeiro protocolo de intenções entre a Petrobrás e a Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos- YPFB, gerou um longo processo de negociações entre a estatal brasileira e as distribuidoras de gás canalizado de São Paulo (Comgás), Minas Gerais (Gasmig), Rio de Janeiro (CEG), Mato Grosso do Sul (Enersul), Paraná (Compagás), Santa Catarina (SC Gás) e Rio Grande do Sul (SuIgás), visando a assinatura de contratos de suprimento com prazo de 20 anos. O principal impasse à concretização desses contratos diz respeito à definição do preço máximo do gás no ponto de entrega às concessionárias (\"city gate\")\', para o qual, acrescendo-se a margem de distribuição, ter-se-ia a adesão do consumidor. A grande dificuldade consiste em ajustar o preço imposto pela Petrobrás, o qual fugindo à lógica econômica, será equalizado em todos os pontos de entrega, de Corumbá e Porto Alegre, com o preço considerado competitivo para o mercado industrial, hoje abastecido basicamente com óleo combustível de alto teor de enxofre. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação tem por objetivo determinar o preço competitivo do gás natural em São Paulo, tanto no consumidor industrial como no city gate e quais os volumes contratuais que poderão vir a ser aceitos pela Comgás, atual concessionária estadual de distribuição de gás canalizado, caso haja flutuações nos preços ora ofertados pela Petrobrás. Considerando ainda o grande número de estudos de mercado desenvolvidos no Estado, desde meados da década de 80, neste trabalho também será apresentado uma análise e um resumo dos principais resultados desses estudos, buscando disponibilizar, para todos aqueles interessados no estudo. / The development of the natural gas industry in Brazil has been emphatically discussed since the mid-Eighties, when representatives of several Brazilian States willing to diversify their energy share and supply the market with a clean source of energy, met in Brasil\'s capital, sponsored by the former National Energy Commission and prepared the first long term gas consumption forecasts. Since then, the Brazilian gas sector has shown an enhanced growth, helped by the establishment of new local distribution concessionnaires and also by an increase in gas consumption in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. After the signature of a rst memorandum of understanding between Petrobrás and Yacimientos Fiscales Bolivianos - YPFB in 1992, the perspective of importing gas from Bolivia produced a long negotiation process involving the Brazilian oil company and the seven state concessionaires: Comgas(SP), CEG(R.J), Gasmig(MG), Compagás{PR), Enersul(MS), SC Gás(SC) and Sulgás (RS); the goal was to sign a 20 years gas supply agreement. The main constraint refer to the maximum affordable city gate price for which the gas will remain competitive after adding the distribution margin. It has been very difcult to match the city gate price imposed by Petrobrás, that has not been settled according to economical criteria and shall be equalized in all city gates - from the close to the border Corumbá up to the far Porto Alegre - with a consumer\'s gate price which can be considered competitive to the high sulphur content fuel oil consumed in most factories in the Southern and Southeastern regions. This dissertation aims at estimating the competitive price to natural in the state of São Paulo, both at city gate and consumer\'s gate as well as the economical demand to be contracted by Comgás, the current São Paulo gas distribution concessionaire, according to a set of prices variation. Taking into account the wide quantity of market studies developed in São Paulo for more than 10 years, and the variety of data presented, this dissertation will also present an abstract of their most important results in such a way to make available for those interested in the gas sector in São Paulo a piece of history of this fascinating industry, in which the author has being participating for the last 18 years. It should also be emphasized that one has looked for making the estimates and preparing the simulations in a very impartial manner. Nevertheless one shall take into account that this work carries a viewpoint of the gas distribution sector and also of the market; sometimes it may show some vehement statements about the pace of gas development in the country and also about the often.
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\"Impactos da Conversão de Indústrias ao Gás Natural na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo\". / Impacts of converting to natural gas industries in the metropolitan region of São PauloTelles, Luiz Henrique Engracia 18 July 1997 (has links)
A importação de gás natural da Bolívia possibilitará considerável aumento de consumo deste combustível na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Estudo de mercado recente concluiu pela viabilidade econômica de uma demanda industrial na região acima de 6 milhões de m\'/dia no ano 2000, quase o dobro do consumo atual. Neste trabalho procuramos avaliar, do ponto de visita da demanda , o impacto sobre o meio ambiente resultante desta mudança de combustível e, também, uma investigação sobre eventual mudança da eficiência energética do setor industrial convertido ao gás natural. Grande parte deste gás natural será consumido na substituição de óleo combustível (50%), na ampliação de sua utilização atual (40%) e no deslocamento da eletricidade (7,3%) e da biomassa (2,7%). Com os dados disponíveis sobre as emissões na RMSP , considerando os deslocamento dos outros combustíveis e o aumento de consumo de gás natural , adotando-se os coeficientes de emissão reconhecidos, efetuamos um balanço das emissões resultantes desta mudança. Para a avaliação da eficiência energética fazemos uma investigação direta das mudanças de consumo junto às indústrias já convertidas ao gás natural. O balanço realizado indica uma grande redução das emissões industriais dos óxidos de enxofre (94%) e uma redução apreciável da geração de gás carbônico nas indústrias convertidas ao gás natural ( 13,4%). Apresenta uma modesta redução de material particulado (7,6%) e de monóxido de carbono (4%) e uma considerável redução na geração de óxidos de nitrogênio (13,7%). A nossa investigação indica a possibilidade de redução de consumo energético nos setores pesquisados e nítidos ganhos na operação e manutenção das instalações industriais convertidas ao gás natural. / With the Brazilian importation of natural gas from Bolívia, it will be feasible a considerable increase in the consumption of this fuel in the Great São Paulo Area. Recent evaluations concluded by the feasibility of the industrial demand of natural gas in this area, higger than 6 million m3/day on year 2000 , more than two times the current consumption. In this work we carried out an evaluation , from the demand point of view, of the environmental impact due to fuel substitution and natural gas market increase. Also the investigation related to possible changes in energy efficiency of industrial sectors converted to natural gas users is developped here. The largest share of this natural gas will be utilised in the substituition of fuel oil (50%), increase on natural gas utilisation (40%), as well as replacement of eletricity (7,3%) and biomass (2,7%). Based in the available air quality data for this urban area, in the replacement of other fuels, and the acceptable emissions coefficients, we present a balance of the final situation. For the evaluation of energy efficiency , a direct investigation about the change in consumption at industries already converted to natural gas was performed. The study indicates a scenario where considerable reduction on industrial emissions of sulfur oxides (94%), a significant reduction of carbonic dioxide (13,4%), a modest reduction on particulates (7,6%) and carbon monoxide (4%), and a considerable reduction too on nitrogen oxides (13,7%). Our investigation indicated the possibility of reduction on the energy comsumption , of the industrial sectors investigated and clear earnings on operation and maintenance of industrial instalations converted to natural gas.
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Exports of Iranian natural gas to regional and international marketsHassanzadeh, Elham January 2013 (has links)
This thesis critically examines exports of Iranian natural gas to regional and international markets. Owning the world’s 2nd largest proven natural gas reserves, Iran can potentially be considered a major gas exporter. Yet, stringent international sanctions, coupled with domestic politicisation of the industry and lack of an ‘attractive’ investment framework, have made Iran unable to capitalise its huge natural gas potential both in domestic and international markets. In this research, a multidisciplinary approach is adopted to examine the main challenges hampering Iran’s ability to become a major gas exporter. These challenges range from political and legal to economic and fiscal. In this thesis, the extent to which the Iranian gas industry is affected by progressive international sanctions, particularly as a result of U.S. pressures, is considered extensively. It appears that U.S. and international sanctions have had detrimental impact on the development of the Iranian petroleum industry through limiting Iran’s access to financial institutions and technologies. In addition, in Iran the constant policy struggle between the need for foreign investment and technology in the petroleum sector on one hand, and the sentiment towards foreign exploitation on the other, is analysed in terms of impact of political challenges in the development of Iran’s natural gas industry. The legal and fiscal terms of buyback contracts as the only available contractual framework for development of the upstream petroleum sector is also reviewed as a part of the evaluation of the ‘attractiveness’ of Iran’s investment framework. This research offers second thoughts on the over-estimated role of law in development of natural resources and illuminates the importance of other factors, including policy making and governance institutions, in attracting foreign investors and the development of the petroleum sector. In the discussion about the development of Iran’s natural gas industry, subsidies are also identified as economic challenges, deterring foreign investors, causing wasteful consumption and creating an inflated domestic market. Two years into the subsidies reform in Iran, the plan has fallen short of achieving its objectives, including controlling domestic energy consumption and freeing up capital to be re-invested in the petroleum industry, mainly as a result of deteriorating economic conditions and Government mismanagement. The issue of supplying gas to domestic or export markets in the light of the country’s current limited production capacity has turned into a major political debate between the Parliament and the Government resulting in failure to fully meet its supply commitments to either market. Inability to produce adequate volumes of gas and its ‘ambitious’ gas expansion policies both in domestic and international markets, has forced the country to import gas from Turkmenistan. The unexpected title of ‘a net gas importer’ for a country with the 2nd largest gas reserves in the world, has raised many questions over the country’s ability to substantially contribute to the growing global gas market. In this thesis, attempts are also made to highlight the social and economic benefits of allocating gas to domestic and export markets. However, conducting a solid economic analysis is not possible, as first of all, such an analysis is beyond the scope of this thesis, and secondly the required data and statistical material is not available or accessible. This research suggests that given the country’s huge domestic market, industrialisation targets, young population and the necessity for job creation, as well as country’s dependence on gas re-injection into oilfields to maintain the oil production, Iran may not want to be “the next Qatar” in terms of exports. Available data suggest that gas export is not the most beneficial economic outcome for Iranian gas; and for all of the foregoing reasons, and even if sanctions are removed, it would take Iran 15-20 years to develop such a major export capability. This thesis offers recommendations to policy makers to conduct comprehensive economic analyses over costs and benefits of allocating gas to domestic and export markets, while giving due consideration to the pressing issue of ‘welfare maximisation’ and distributional impact of consuming gas domestically.
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Utilização do Gás natural de Camisea (Peru) para a Viabilização de Sistemas Elétricos e de Gás no Norte e Centro Oeste do Brasil / Use of Natural Gas Camisea (Peru) for Feasibility of Gas and Electric Systems in North and Central Western BrazilZamalloa, Guido Antonio Carrera 18 November 1998 (has links)
As reservas de gás Natural de Camisea constituem um potencial energético que devem influenciar as condições de desenvolvimento dos mercados de gás natural e de eletricidade na região sul da América do Sul (Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile e Peru). Como e realização destas reservas deverá exceder consideravelmente a demanda existente no Peru, a oferta de gás natural poderá ser orientada para mercados rentáveis na região. Pela sua distância das reservas de Camisea e pelas características da sua recente evolução, entendemos que os mercados mais indicados estão IocaIizados na Região Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Desse modo, a presente dissertação analisa a viabilidade técnica e econômica de expansão da oferta de gás natural por meio de um gasoduto, que teria como mercado nal os estados do Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas e Mato Grosso no Brasil, sendo o principal objetivo demonstrar a existência de uma alternativa viável. O gasoduto estaria composto por uma seção principal e dos ramais; o duto principal iria de Camisea (Peru) a Porto Velho (Brasil); o primeiro ramal ligaria Porto Velho a Manaus e o segundo ramal partiria de Porto Velho a cidade de Cáceres no Mato Grosso. Nesta cidade se conectaria com o gasoduto que fornecerá gás natural à usina termelétrica de Cuiabá e que, por sua vez, se conectará com o gasoduto Bolívia Brasil. Considerando o preço de US$ 1,00 / MMBtu na jazida de Camisea e uma taxa de desconto de 13% constata-se que, a integração energética entre Peru e Brasil mostra-se viável de um ponto de vista técnico e econômico mesmo considerando unicamente os mercados do setor elétrico e de grandes indústrias, (1) com demandas conservadoras (taxa de crescimento médio de 6% ao ano), (2) sem considerar a entrada de novas indústrias e (3) com uma capacidade ociosa média do gasoduto de até 39%. / The Cemisea´s natural gas reserves should play a major role in the natural gas and electricity market development in the southern region of Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Peru). As the development of the Camisea gasfields will considerably exceed the existing demand in Peru, the supply of natural gas could be oriented to more profitable markets in the region. Give the short distance from the Camisea natural gas reserves and their recent evolution, the most suitable markets are located in the Northern and Central Western regions of Brazil. This work assesses the technical and economic feasibility for the natural gas supply through a gasline from Camisea that would have its market in the States of Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas and Mato Grosso in Brazil. The main objective is to show the existence of a feasible option. The gasline would consist of a main line and two branches. The main line would go from Camisea (Peru) to Porto Velho (Brazil); the first branch would link Porto Velho to Manaus and the second branch would link Porto Velho and the city of Cáceres in Mato Grosso. In Cáceres, this branch would be connected to the gasline that will provide natural gas to the Cuiabá thermal power plant and, then, to the Bolivia Brazil gasline. Considering a price of natural gas in Camisea of US$ 1,00/MMBtu and a discount rate of 13 percent, the energy link between Peru and Brazil would be feasible under a technical and economic perspective even when taking into account (1) the markets of the electric power sector and large industries with conservative demands (i.e., growth rates of 6 percente per year), (2) without considering revenues of new industries and (3) with an average idle capacity for the gasline up to 39%.
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State Petroleum Enterprises and the International Oil Industry: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago.Holton, Graham E.L., gelholton@pacific.net.au January 1994 (has links)
British and US oil companies set up the world's largest oil refinery transhipment complex in the Caribbean after the Suez Crisis and a technological revolution in oil tanker design in 1956. Trinidad and Tobago became one of the world's largest oil refinery and transhipment centres. In 1969 the British oil companies began to withdraw their investments and requested the nationalisation of their assets.
In 1985 the US companies withdrew their investments in response to the US government's deregulation of the domestic oil industry and financial incentives to bring their investments back home. Requested nationalisation led to the state-ownership of the oil sector.
The government of Trinidad set up state-owned petrochemical and iron and steel industries, with some of the world's most sophisticated technology, to utilise the country's large natural gas reserves. But by 1988 state capitalism had failed to provide the expected economic and social benefits, despite the drain on limited financial reserves and massive foreign loans. The government's reliance on the oil sector as the `prime mover' of the economy had caused sectoral and trade imbalance, high inflation, increased unemployment, currency instability, debt crisis and political instability which culminated in an attempted coup in July 1990.
The root cause of the failure of state capitalism was the governments' rush to industrialise and the structure of the state petroleum enterprises. The lack of accountability and responsibility of top management and government interference led to poorly run, unprofitable industries in which government waste and corruption were common.
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Commissioning of a magnetic suspension densitometer for high-accuracy density measurements of natural gas mixturesPatil, Prashant Vithal 15 May 2009 (has links)
High-accuracy density measurement data are required to validate
equations of state (EOS) for use in custody transfer of natural gas through pipelines. The
AGA8-DC92 EOS, which is the current industry standard has already been validated
against a databank of natural gas mixtures with compositions containing up to 0.2 mole
percent of the heavier C6+ fraction and is expected to predict densities of natural gas
mixtures containing higher mole percentages of the C6+ fraction with the same accuracy.
With the advances in exploration, drilling and production, natural gas streams containing
higher percentages of the C6+ fraction have become available from the deepwater and
ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico in recent years. High-accuracy, density data for such
natural gas mixtures are required to check if the AGA8-DC92 EOS covers the entire
range of pressure, temperature and compositions encountered in custody transfer.
A state-of-the-art, high pressure, high temperature, compact single-sinker
magnetic suspension densitometer has been used to measure densities of two simulated
natural gas mixtures named M91C1 and M94C1 after validating its operation by
measuring densities of pure argon, nitrogen and methane in the range (270 to 340) K
[(26.33 to152.33) oF, (-3.15 to 66.85) oC] and (3.447 to 34.474) MPa [(500 to 5,000)
psia]. Measured densities of M91C1, not containing the C6+ fraction show larger than
expected relative deviations from the AGA8-DC92 EOS predictions in regions 1 and 2
but agree well with predictions from the recently developed REFPROP EOS, implyingthat the AGA8-DC92 EOS may be unreliable in its present state even for natural gas
mixtures not containing the C6+ fraction. Measured densities of M94C1 containing more
than 0.2 mole percent of the C6+ fraction deviate from the AGA8-DC92 EOS predictions
by more than the expected values in region 1 which is not surprising but the agreement
with AGA8-DC92 EOS predictions in region 2 is misleading which becomes evident
when the measured densities are compared to the REFPROP EOS predictions. The
measured data can be used to recalibrate the parameters of the AGA8-DC92 EOS or to
validate an entirely new EOS.
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Hustling While You Wait: The Politics of Energy and the Deregulation of Natural Gas, 1938-1993Walden, Rachel Nicole 15 May 2009 (has links)
The ability of the state versus societal groups to influence the formulation of policies has
long been debated in political sociology. I suggest that historical contingency theory
provides insight to resolve this debate. I evaluate the explanatory power of societycentered,
state-centered and historically contingent theories of policy formation using the
case of deregulation of the natural gas industry. I find that capitalists in the natural gas
industry unified in response to capital accumulation crises and mobilized politically to
change their institutional arrangements to restore and expand profitability. These
changes, in turn, expanded state structures, creating powerful mechanisms for groups in
society to leverage the state to obtain favorable policy outcomes. In the natural gas
industry, the key state structure was the industry’s regulatory body. Once this structure
was created, the natural gas industry used it to leverage the state to incorporate
deregulation into its national agenda. Thus, instead of increasing state autonomy, the
creation and expansion of state structures undermines state autonomy and provides
powerful groups in society with the means to control the policy formation process.
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