Much has been written about the desperate need to seek alternative solutions to the urban traffic congestion problems we face today. To manage these problems, three main streams of intervention have evolved from supply, demand and land-use management paradigms. Whilst their underlying measures all have the ability to reduce traffic congestion one way or another, little has been done to integrate the measures of each stream using a qualitative decision framework or process enabling the selection of site specific measures appropriate to local traffic and transport conditions. To this end the study reports the results of an empirical investigation by which a Multi-Criteria Analysis based Dynamic Adaptive Decision Framework (D.A.D.F.) were developed. This screens selected measures identifying those that have the potential to alleviate site specific road based traffic congestion. The product of the screening process is a set of sustainable measures transposed into an integrated strategy tailored to address local traffic congestion issues. Once the D.A.D.F. was developed, its usefulness and workability was tested by applying it to a case study. The case study results demonstrated that the D.A.D.F. is capable of producing integrated strategies with the ability to manage traffic congestion, encourage sustainable development and alleviate some site specific development challenges within the context of the study areas. Going beyond developing the decision framework, the study recommends positioning the D.A.D.F. within the South African planning system as part of a Traffic Congestion Management Plan (T.C.M.P.), setting out its likely components within the local context. It is concluded that the main innovation of the study is the development of the D.A.D.F., the T.C.M.P., the recommendations to situate both in the planning system and the comprehensive, but still transparent, approach undertaken to create integrated strategies for specific local conditions consisting of elements that work together to produce cumulative short to long term effects that attain a balanced set of environmental, social and economic goals - all imperative for sustainable development. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Much has been written about the desperate need to seek alternative solutions to the urban traffic congestion problems we face today. To manage these problems, three main streams of intervention have evolved from supply, demand and land-use management paradigms. Whilst their underlying measures all have the ability to reduce traffic congestion one way or another, little has been done to integrate the measures of each stream using a qualitative decision framework or process enabling the selection of site specific measures appropriate to local traffic and transport conditions. To this end the study reports the results of an empirical investigation by which a Multi-Criteria Analysis based Dynamic Adaptive Decision Framework (D.A.D.F.) were developed. This screens selected measures identifying those that have the potential to alleviate site specific road based traffic congestion. The product of the screening process is a set of sustainable measures transposed into an integrated strategy tailored to address local traffic congestion issues. Once the D.A.D.F. was developed, its usefulness and workability was tested by applying it to a case study. The case study results demonstrated that the D.A.D.F. is capable of producing integrated strategies with the ability to manage traffic congestion, encourage sustainable development and alleviate some site specific development challenges within the context of the study areas. Going beyond developing the decision framework, the study recommends positioning the D.A.D.F. within the South African planning system as part of a Traffic Congestion Management Plan (T.C.M.P.), setting out its likely components within the local context. It is concluded that the main innovation of the study is the development of the D.A.D.F., the T.C.M.P., the recommendations to situate both in the planning system and the comprehensive, but still transparent, approach undertaken to create integrated strategies for specific local conditions consisting of elements that work together to produce cumulative short to long term effects that attain a balanced set of environmental, social and economic goals - all imperative for sustainable development. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Ask the Dust (1939) and Dreams from Bunker Hill (1983), John Fante (1909-1983) represents the obliterated side of American life during the Great Depression by making use of an apparently simple narrative style. Besides focusing on the importance of the marginal side of the United States in the 1930s, Fante presents young Arturo Bandini as the protagonist who survives in Los Angeles during the economic crisis and aims at becoming a great writer that contends for space in the cultural market of the metropolis of entertainment. Through obscene vocabulary and scenes, Fante represents the most negative aspects experienced by those who live in a metropolis, such as isolation, solitude, vice, and madness. Therefore, Fante s fiction has thematic and formal aspects that allow us to establish relations with the New Realism, a movement of the Arts in the first half of the twentieth century, which also crudely explored the negative aspects of life in the United States. Thus, this study discusses the potential meaningfulness of thematic and aesthetic aspects of Ask the Dust and Dreams from Bunker Hill, two novels that present the relation established by the writer, who is an outsider, with the city, the people, and the craft of writing in modern times. / Em Ask the Dust (1939) e Dreams from Bunker Hill (1983), John Fante (1909-1983) representa o lado esquecido da vida estadunidense durante o período da Grande Depressão por meio de uma estética aparentemente simples. Além de dar enfoque e devida importância ao lado marginal dos Estados Unidos da década de 1930, Fante apresenta como protagonista o jovem Arturo Bandini que, durante a crise econômica, sobrevive em Los Angeles com a ambição de ser um grande escritor que disputa espaço em meio ao mercado cultural da metrópole do entretenimento. Por meio de vocabulário e cenas marcadas por obscenidade, Fante cria representações dos aspectos mais negativos que a vida na metrópole pode proporcionar aos sujeitos, tais como isolamento, solidão, vícios e loucura. Assim, sua obra apresenta aspectos temáticos e formais que permitem aproximá-la do Novo Realismo, movimento das artes plásticas da primeira metade do século XX que também explorou de forma crua os aspectos negativos da vida nos Estados Unidos. Desse modo, discutem-se neste estudo significados potenciais dos aspectos temático-estéticos de Ask the Dust e Dreams from Bunker Hill, romances que abordam a relação do escritor outsider com a cidade, as pessoas e o ofício da escrita nos tempos modernos.

O presente estudo é fruto de múltiplas leituras do romance inaugural de José Cardoso Pires, O Anjo Ancorado, cuja escrita de cunho metafórico desvela a óptica de um autor muito além das tendências iniciais do Neorrealismo português. Quanto à estrutura, o referido romance apresenta traços sugestivos de um escritor ainda influenciado pelas linhas do conto, que acaba por revelar a sua própria gênese da escritura .Portanto, estabelecido um percurso de interpretação à luz da estrutura interna do romance, buscou-se em seguida uma leitura de associação com os primeiros escritos do autor, o conto, levando-se em consideração o livre diálogo entre gêneros. / This study presents a considerable amount of reading on the first novel written by José Cardoso Pires, O Anjo Ancorado, whose metaphorical writing sheds light on the views of a writer who assumed a substantial role in the so-called New Realism in Portugal. As to structure, the novel displays distinctive characteristics of a short story in view of the writer’s identity portrayal. The multiple interpretation based on the structure of the novel contributed to further comparisons with the writer’s first pieces of literature so as to put textual genres into perspective.

Cette thèse aborde, sous un angle comparatif, l’impact du Nouveau Roman français sur la littérature persane. Nous circonscrirons notre étude à la période contemporaine, les années 1340-1350 (1960-1970), en nous penchant sur l'apport des médias comme Djong-e Esfahan, en 1344 (1965) et de la traduction, qui contribuent à transmettre les nouveautés littéraires aux nouveaux romanciers de la Perse. Cette étude se penche sur l’apparition du Nouveau Roman comme bouleversement des codes et conventions traditionnelles littéraires. Dorénavant, le refus du pastiche et de l'imitation encourage les nouveaux romanciers à développer, dans le champ romanesque, une nouvelle esthétique de l’écriture. Nous nous concentrerons principalement sur le parallèle entre l'écriture de Golshiri, et celle de Robbe-Grillet, dont le premier s'est relativement inspiré.A cet égard, nous considérons quelques pistes romanesques de ces pionniers du Nouveau Roman, comme support à notre étude comparative. Leur transformation de la lecture passive traditionnelle, en une activité plus dynamique que jamais, nous mène à évaluer le nouveau statut du lecteur contemporain, piégé dans l’aventure de l’écriture. Les œuvres littéraires étudiées dans cette thèse se situent à la croisée d’une étude esthétique sur la forme narrative du texte et la prédominance de l’écriture sur le sens. Nous analyserons les procédés de mise en valeur du langage utilisés, et les modifications subies par ces nouveaux apports techniques du texte littéraire. Grâce à l’étude des œuvres du corpus, nous analyserons, de manière comparative, les enjeux qui existent entre les notions de réel et de fictif, d’Ancien et de Moderne, de genre et de mouvement littéraire. / This thesis aims to study, through a comparative approach, the impact of New French Novel on Persian literature. This study is circumscribed to a contemporary period, from 1340 until 1350 (1960-1970), and underscores the relationship between the Iranian media such as Djong-e Esfahan produced in 1344 (1965) and translation, which contributed to the transfer of the literary novelties to the new Persian novelists. This research will demonstrate the existing contrast between the traditional conventions of the literary genres and their subversion provoked by literary movements such as New Novel. From now on, the refusal of pastiche and mimesis encourages the new novelists to develop, in the field of fiction, a new aesthetic of writing. The major problematic of this study concentrates on drawing the parallels between the works of Golshiri and those of Robbe-Grillet, which was a real source of inspiration for the first one. In this regard, selected fictions of the pioneers of the New Novel are considered in order to support our comparative study. The dramatic change from a traditionally passive reading to an active reading leads us to assess the new status of the contemporary reader, tripped in the adventure of writing. The literary works studied in this thesis are situated in the crossroad of an aesthetic study on narrative form of the text and the superiority of writing over meaning. We will analyse the process of the development of language, the modifications it has undergone through the new technological relationship of the literary text. Thanks to the study of these works, we will analyse, from a comparative point of view, the existing challenges between the notions of real and fictive, of ancient and modern, of literary genre and literary movement.