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This dissertation discusses corruption within the Nigeria Police Force as a moral decay facing the institution. It provides an overview of the historical background and establishment of the Nigeria Police Force as an institution charged with the responsibility of protecting life and property, and maintaining peace and order in the country. The dissertation identifies various forms of police misconduct, such as bribery and extortion, mass arrests and detention, illegal bail charges and corruption within the leadership of the police. This deviant behavior has undermined the integrity of the force, with the result that public perception of the police force is negative and national security and development is undermined. Despite numerous anti-corruption strategies that have been devised to curb police misconduct, it remains difficult to reduce corruption within the force. This dissertation argues that implementing documented strategies in the workplace requires a deeper moral consciousness of their civic duties on the part of the police. This would promote the common good and increase the effectiveness of community policing. To support this view, the dissertation critically analyses the inadequacies in the anti-corruption strategies from an ethical perspective, and reveals the contending ethical implications facing the strategies. In search for solution to curb police corruption, the dissertation proposes incorporating in policing certain virtues embedded in the Afrocentric ethic of Omoluabi, such as good character, respect, diligence and communalism. This approach could provide insights to complement the existing anti-corruption mechanisms that aim to reduce police misconduct. In conclusion, the dissertation argues that embracing values in traditional African culture could contribute to the ongoing search for ways to combat police corruption. Therefore, there is a need to look into admirable values gleaned from an African indigenous understanding of morality, in order to address the ethical issues facing the police force in Nigeria. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2014.

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Part I of this thesis is a critical review of the literature on the contents, availability and factors that individually and/or severally influence mineralization of organic N, P and S in soils. The review also pinpointed the importance of mineralized portions of these plant nutrients in tropical rainforest farming systems. After establishing the efficiency of the useof bicarbonate anion exchange resin as an extractant for available P and S in soils, the method was employed throughout the remainder of this investigation to assay plant available P and S in ten Nigerian and three Scottish soils either before, during, or after the incubation and greenhouse studies. In order to identify those factors that most strongly influence mineralization of organic N, P and S in soils, the following facts were revealed through several incubation experiments with both Scottish and Nigerian soils. (i) There was higher microbial activity and hence higher production of mineral N, extractable P and S at the soil moisture content of 60 than 40% WHC. (ii) Drying and rewetting cycles positively affected NH4-N, P and S extractability but had no effect on NO3-N production. (iii) Increased soil C:N ratios had a complex effect on microbial activities and nutrient availabilities. At a ratio of 25, (a) there was complete immobilization of soil N with subsequent slow remineralization even after 96 days, (b) there was immobilization of P or decrease in resin extractable P, (c) there was increase in resin extractable S probably due to (d) lower pH levels that resulted from glucose additions, (e) there were always substantial increases in exchangeable Al, Fe and Mn following the addition of glucose, and this might have contributed to the decreases in resin extractable P observed. (iv) Nitrification was increased following the addition of NH4-N to a soil with high initial N content but had a depressing effect where the initial N content was low. (v) Added P stimulated the production of both NH4-N and NO3-N. (vi) Liming decreased accumulation of NH4-N, extractable Al, Fe and Mn but resulted in higher rates of nitrification, and increased resin extractable P and S. (vii) Partial sterilization of soil with toluene resulted in the accumulation of mineral-N entirely as NH4-N, an indication that toluene was effective as a nitrification inhibitor. Greenhouse studies using the Stanford and DeMent seedling short-term nutrient absorption technique showed positive effects of soil incubation, liming, N and P additions on the availability and offtake of N and S, the magnitude of which depended very much on soil type. However, P offtake was decreased by soil incubation prior to cropping. Similarly, the increase in resin extractable P due to liming observed during incubation studies did not manifest during the nutrient absorption studies. In general, there are significant interactions between factors affecting mineralization of N, P and S and therefore their effects cannot be evaluated in isolation of one another. The nitrification process is much more sensitive to adverse soil conditions than ammonification, and NO3-N production can be supressed by increased soil acidity, soil active S and the heavy metallic cations. Al which complexes rapidly with P in soil, follows the trends in pH changes that occur upon liming, application of acid nutrient fertilizers, and increased soil C:N ratio through glucose additions. The flush in active Al as pH falls may account for decrease in available P observed upon increase C:N ratio rather than microbial P-immobilization. It appears that soil pH and C:N ratio are the two factors most strongly influencing availability of N, P and S in soils. The effects of other factors on mineralization depend on the extent to which they themselves directly or indirectly affect soil pH and C:N ratio. In acid tropical rainforest soils which usually receive heavy annual precipitation, the accumulation of mineral-N as NH4-N. may be beneficial in preventing N losses through leaching. On the other hand, leaching losses of SO4-S in these soils may result in S-deficiencies. Hence, there should be well-researched liming and fertilizer programmes in order to enhance the availability of both added and mineralized N, P and S.

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