Spelling suggestions: "subject:"[een] OIL MIGRATION"" "subject:"[enn] OIL MIGRATION""
1 |
Oil Diffusion in Different Cocoa Butters Using Magnetic Resonance ImagingWang, Hao, Wang 30 August 2016 (has links)
No description available.
|
2 |
[en] SAFETY ASPECTS IN OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING WITH THE FLOATING MUD CAP DRILLING TECHNIQUE / [pt] ASPECTOS DE SEGURANÇA NA PERFURAÇÃO DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO OFFSHORE COM A TÉCNICA FLOATING MUD CAP DRILLINGJOAO PAULO SANSEVERINO ABDU 14 January 2019 (has links)
[pt] Frente às dificuldades de perfurar poços em reservatórios caracterizados por carbonatos fraturados e depletados, com frequente ocorrência de massivas perdas de fluido para formação e impossibilidade de manter o retorno de fluido para superfície, foi desenvolvida a técnica FMCD- Floating Mud Cap Drilling. A técnica consiste na perfuração com bombeio contínuo de fluido pela coluna de perfuração e também pelo anular do poço, injetando todo fluido e formação cortada pela broca para o reservatório. Na técnica convencional de perfuração, o fluido é bombeado pela coluna e retorna pelo anular, sendo possível monitorar continuamente a ocorrência de kicks - influxos acidentais de hidrocarbonetos no poço No entanto, na técnica FMCD, devido à ausência de retorno de fluido no anular, torna-se necessário adotar métodos não convencionais de monitoramento e prevenção de kicks, sendo o principal método, a injeção continua de fluido pelo anular, a uma vazão determinada, que evite influxos do reservatório e migração de hidrocarbonetos para superfície, denominada vazão de segurança. Inicialmente é apresentada uma contextualização da perfuração de poços offshore com técnica convencional e técnica FMCD, associada a uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre a técnica, e também de modelos e experimentos de fluxo óleo-água. Por fim, como objetivo principal da dissertação, é realizado a discussão de premissas, análise da vazão de segurança e métodos de monitoramento de influxos. Contudo, é esperado que a revisão bibliográfica e análises desenvolvidas, auxiliem em futuros projetos de perfuração com a técnica FMCD- Floating Mud Cap. Drilling. / [en] With the oil carbonate reservoirs exploration and exploitation around the world and the Brazilian coast, new challenges for well drilling are found which requires new techniques to be developed. The carbonate reservoirs can present fractures with high conductivity along its structure, often accompanied by geological faults. When associate with scenarios where the reservoirs are depleted, due to the ongoing production of these oil fields, may lead to fluid severe losses into the formation during the news well construction. For decades, in case of total loss at offshore wells drilling, the proposed solution has been to pump sealing material into the formation and, persisting the losses, to end it with a cement plug in open hole and make another attempt to drill the interval. When these procedures were not effective, the wells were often abandoned. On one side, it should be emphasized, that pumping sealant material and cement into the producing reservoir is undesirable, due to the possibility of damaging the intervals of greater permeability and production potential which may bring reduction in productivity (or injectivity) of the well. On the other side, continuing the drilling with fluid total loss may be intolerable from the operational safety point of view, as it is not possible to use conventional kick detection methods, that are mainly based on drilling fluid mass control. Facing these difficulties of drilling wells in reservoirs characterized by fractured and depleted carbonates, the FMCD (Floating Mud Cap Drilling) technique was developed. The technique consists of drilling with continuous pumping of fluid both through the drilling column and the well annulus, injecting all fluid and formation cuts into the reservoir.
|
3 |
Regional analysis of Residual Oil Zone potential in the Permian BasinWest, Logan Mitchell 24 October 2014 (has links)
This study provides independent analysis of Residual Oil Zones (ROZs) in the Permian Basin from a regional perspective, focusing on the formation mechanism and present ROZ locations. Results demonstrate widespread potential for ROZs, defined here as thick volumes of reservoir rock containing near-residual saturations of predominantly immobile oil formed by natural imbibition and displacement of oil by dynamic buoyant or hydrodynamic forces. Previous work suggests hydrodynamic forces generated by regional tectonic uplift drove widespread oil remobilization and ROZ creation. To test the hypothesis, uplift and tilting are quantified and the resulting peak regional potentiometric gradient used as a physical constraint to compute and compare predicted ROZ thicknesses from hydrodynamics for several ROZ-bearing San Andres fields with known ROZ thicknesses. Late-Albian Edwards Group geologic contacts, which are interpreted to have been deposited near sea level prior to uplift, are used as a regional datum. Approximate elevations determined for the present datum show ~1800 m of differential uplift since Edwards deposition, with an average regional slope of ~0.128˚. This post-Edwards tilting increased the pre-existing regional structural gradient of the San Andres Formation to ~0.289˚. Using the calculated post-Edwards gradient results in to prediction of ROZ thicknesses from hydrodynamics that is consistent with measured ROZ thicknesses at several fields. When compared with countervailing buoyancy forces, hydrodynamics is calculated to be the more dominant driving force of oil movement for reservoirs with structural dips less than 1.5˚, which is the common dip for San Andres Formation platform deposits where ROZs have been identified. To predict the location of ROZs, ROZ-related oil field properties were identified and analyzed for over 2,800 Permian Basin reservoirs. A strong basin-wide correlation between API and crude sulfur content is consistent with the expected outcome of oil degradation driven by oil-water interaction, and supports the use of API and sulfur content as proxies for ROZ potential in the Permian Basin. Spatial analysis of sulfur data shows that the highest probability for ROZ existence exists in Leonardian through Guadalupian-age reservoirs, distributed primarily in shelf and platform areas of Permian structures. Combined, these results support the widespread potential for ROZs across the Permian Basin generated primarily by regional scale tilting and resultant hydrodynamic forces. / text
|
4 |
Processus géodynamiques, systèmes pétroliers, problématiques environnementales, ou de la versatilité des isotopes du plomb comme outils de traçage / Lead isotopes, versatile tracers of geodynamic processes, petroleum systems, and environmental issuesFetter, Nadège 30 September 2019 (has links)
Le Pb est omniprésent dans les échantillons terrestres et sa relation avec ses ascendants radioactifs, l’U et le Th, en fait un marqueur de choix des processus géodynamiques.L’équipe lyonnaise de Janne Blichert-Toft et Francis Albarède a démontré, à travers une vaste compilation de données bibliographiques accompagnée de la production de nouvelles mesures, une correspondance entre la répartition des valeurs de composition isotopique du Pb dans la croûte continentale et la localisation de figures tectoniques majeures sur plusieurs continents (Bouchet et al., 2014 ; Blichert-Toft et al., 2016 ; Delile et al., 2014). L’existence de ces "provinces géochimiques" démontre l’intérêt des isotopes du Pb comme outil pour mieux comprendre comment l’histoire tectonique d’une région façonne la géochimie de ses continents. Un premier volet de ces travaux de thèse visait à compléter la base de données existante des compositions isotopiques du Pb dans la croûte continentale européenne, grâce à l’analyse de 104 échantillons de feldspaths potassiques issus de granites principalement originaires de Catalogne, de Corse, de Galice et de Kabylie, jusqu’ici restées en blanc sur les cartes précédemment établies. Les cartes ainsi obtenues, illustrant la répartition à travers l’Europe et le bassin méditerranéen des valeurs des "paramètres géochimiques" définis par Albarède et al. (2012), exprimant à partir des rapports isotopiques du Pb mesurés l’âge modèle de la roche et les fractionnements entre l’U, le Th et le Pb enregistrés en son sein, confirment le potentiel des isotopes du Pb comme traceurs robustes de l’héritage tectonique d’une région.Mais le cœur de cette thèse a été d’appliquer cet outil reliant chimie et histoire géodynamique que sont les isotopes du Pb à un type d’échantillon géologique pour lequel des analyses de haute précision de la compositions isotopique en Pb n’avaient jamais été entreprises jusqu’à maintenant : les pétroles bruts. Pour cela, il a fallu développer une méthode analytique novatrice permettant d’extraire le Pb de quelques millilitres de pétrole brut vers une solution aqueuse adaptée aux protocoles habituels de purification indispensables à des analyses isotopiques du Pb à haute précision par MC-ICP-MS (Fetter et al., 2019). Cette méthode a ensuite été appliquée à un total de 211 échantillons de pétrole brut issus de partout dans le monde. Des échantillons de roches mères d’hydrocarbures (schistes noirs) ont également été analysés afin de compléter les premières interprétations des résultats. Ce jeu de données unique met en évidence que le Pb contenu dans les pétroles bruts résultait du mélange d’au moins trois composantes d’âges modèles distincts : le pôle le plus radiogénique a été identifié comme associé aux roches mères des pétroles, tandis que les deux autres, d’âges modèles paléozoïque et protérozoïque, suggèrent des interactions conséquentes entre le pétrole et les roches encaissantes et sous-jacentes. Un nouveau modèle de migration du pétrole depuis sa roche mère a donc été proposé (Fetter et al., soumis), prenant en compte la forte implication des eaux circulant en profondeur dans les bassins sédimentaires en faisant intervenir un phénomène grandement négligé jusqu’à maintenant : la solubilité mutuelle de l’eau et du pétrole à haute température.La mise en évidence d’une dynamique complexe du Pb dans les pétroles bruts invalide une utilisation de ces derniers comme alternative aux feldspaths potassiques pour obtenir des données isotopiques en Pb fiables sur la croûte continentale européenne située sous les bassins sédimentaires. Cependant, elle ouvre de nouvelles portes quant à l’utilisation jusqu’ici inexplorée des isotopes du Pb comme traceurs de phénomènes de pollution associés à une prospection pétrolière peu responsable. / Lead is ubiquitous in terrestrial samples and its relationship to its radioactive ascendants, U and Th, makes it a prime tracer of geodynamic processes.The team of Janne Blichert-Toft and Francis Albarède, based in Lyon (France), has demonstrated on several continents, through large compilations of literature data supplemented by new measurements, a correspondence between the distribution of Pb isotopic compositions in the continental crust and major tectonic features (Bouchet et al., 2014 ; Blichert-Toft et al., 2016 ; Delile et al., 2014). The existence of these "geochemical provinces" has firmly established the potential of Pb isotopes as a tool for understanding how the tectonic history of a given region shaped its geochemistry. A first aspect of this PhD aimed at complementing the existing database of Pb isotopic compositions of the European continental crust through the analysis of 104 K-feldspar samples separated from granites originating mainly from Catalonia, Corsica, Galicia, and Kabylie, up until this PhD blank areas on the compiled map. The resulting updated maps showing the distribution throughout Europe and the circum-Mediterranean area of the "geochemical parameters" defined by Albarède et al. (2012), which derive a model age and fractionations between U, Th, and Pb from measured Pb isotopic ratios, confirm the potential of Pb isotopes as powerful tracers of the tectonic heritage of a given region.The core of this PhD, however, was to apply this tool connecting chemistry and geodynamic history to a type of geological sample so far never analyzed for high-precision Pb isotopic compositions: crude oil. To achieve this goal, a novel analytical method was developed which allows the extraction of Pb from a few milliliters of crude oil into an aqueous solution suitable for the standard Pb purification protocol essential for high-precision Pb isotope analysis by MC-ICPMS (Fetter et al., 2019). This method was then applied to a total of 211 crude oil samples from around the world. Hydrocarbon source rocks (black shales) also were analyzed. This unique data set reveals that Pb in crude oil results from the mixing of at least three endmembers of distinct model ages: the more radiogenic endmember is identified as the oil source rocks, while the other two components, of Paleozoic and Proterozoic ages, suggest considerable interactions between crude oil and the surrounding and underlying rocks. A new model was hence proposed for oil migration (Fetter et al., submitted), taking into account the key role of deep-seated waters circulating through the sedimentary basin by calling on a long-neglected phenomenon: mutual solubility of water and oil at high temperatures.Bringing to light the complex dynamics of Pb in crude oil invalidates the use of crude oil as an alternative to K-feldspars to obtain the Pb isotopic signature of the continental crust underlying sedimentary basins. However, it opens up new promising avenues for the yet unexplored use of Pb isotopes as tracers of irresponsible oil prospection related pollution.
|
5 |
ANTIFUNGAL CHITOSAN-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS CONTAINING ESSENTIAL OILS FOR FRUIT APPLICATIONSPerdones Montero, Ángela 15 December 2016 (has links)
[EN] Chitosan films and coatings have been obtained, by incorporating different essential oils (EO) and using different homogenization conditions of the film forming emulsions, in order to obtain antifungal materials for fruit preservation. The effect of oleic acid (OA) on the stability of the initial emulsions and on the film properties was analysed. Coatings were applied to control fungal decay in strawberries. The blending of chitosan with methylcellulose (MC) was also used in coating applications to tomato plants and fruits to prevent fungal infections. The films' functional properties as a function of their composition were analysed, as well as their antimicrobial activity through in vitro and in vivo tests.
OA incorporation in the chitosan films (1:1 wt. ratio) reduced water vapour permeability (WVP) values to about 50 % of those of net chitosan films, with a small positive effect of the microfluidization process. EO (cinnamon, thyme and basil) did not notably reduced the WVP values of the chitosan films but a significant improvement in water barrier capacity was induced when OA was also added at 1:1 or 1:0.5 CH:OA ratios. In contrast, lipids slightly promoted oxygen permeability of the films. Lipid addition decreased the film stretchability and stiffness, with a lesser impact on the resistance to break, slightly depending on the droplet sizes. Essential oils also modulated the mechanical behaviour of the films, depending on their composition. Thyme and basil EO greatly promoted film stiffness and resistance to break, whereas cinnamon oil slightly reduced these mechanical attributes. Optical properties of the chitosan films were also affected by lipid incorporation. OA reduced the film transparency and gloss depending on the concentration, but provoked small changes in the colour parameters and whiteness index. EO affected transparency to a lesser extent, but had greater impact on the colour coordinates and whiteness index of the chitosan films due to the selective light absorption of their compounds. EO blend with oleic acid mitigated the colour changes in the films. Likewise, blending of OA with EO significantly reduced the losses of volatiles during the film formation due to the promotion of the stability of the film forming emulsions.
Films containing cinnamon EO were effective in reducing the growth of Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer, although thyme and basil EO encapsulated in the films did not exhibit antifungal action against these three fungi. When chitosan-cinnamon EO coatings were applied to strawberries inoculated with R. stolonifer, they reduced the fungal decay of the fruits during 14 days, at 10 °C, at the same time that total coliform counts were maintained at the initial levels.
Chitosan coatings with lemon essential oil were also active at controlling fungal decay in strawberries. These did not significantly affect the physicochemical parameters of strawberries throughout cold storage, while they slowed down the respiration rate of the fruits and enhanced the chitosan antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The coatings, with and without lemon EO, affected the strawberry volatile profile, although it was only sensory appreciated for samples coated with chitosan-lemon oil.
Blend films of CH and MC (1:1) containing oregano EO caused phytotoxic problems at "3 Leaves" stage of tomato plants, although the total biomass and crop yield was not affected. In the "Fruit" stage, the treatments had no negative effects. Coatings reduced the respiration rate of tomatoes, diminished weight loss during postharvest storage and were effective to decrease the fungal decay of tomatoes inoculated with R. stolonifer.
Migration of thymol and carvacrol from CH-MC films in food simulants could overcome the stablished specific migration limit (60 mg/kg) for food contact packaging materials in aqueous and low pH systems if films contain a 1:1 polymer essential oil weight ratio. / [ES] En la presente tesis doctoral se han desarrollado diferentes materiales antifúngicos para su uso en conservación de frutas. Para ello, se han incorporado diferentes aceites esenciales (AE) en recubrimientos y películas de quitosano (Q). Se ha analizado el efecto de la adición de ácido oleico (AO) y las condiciones de homogeneización sobre la estabilidad de las emulsiones y sobre las propiedades de las películas. Se ha estudiado el efecto de los recubrimientos de Q sobre el deterioro fúngico en fresas y el efecto preventivo frente a infecciones fúngicas de las mezclas de metilcelulosa (MC) con Q en plantas de tomate. Se ha estudiado el efecto de la composición de las películas sobre las propiedades funcionales de las mismas, así como su actividad antimicrobiana in vitro e in vivo.
La incorporación de AO en las películas de Q (proporción 1:1) redujo la permeabilidad al agua (PVA) en un 50% comparado con la de Q puro. La microfluidización indujo un efecto positivo sobre dicha reducción. La adición de AE (hoja de canela, tomillo o albahaca) no supuso una disminución notable de los valores de permeabilidad obtenidos para las películas de Q. Cuando se añadió AO a las formulaciones de Q y AE (proporciones 1:1 o 1:2), se promovió una mejora significativa en la PVA de las películas. En cambio, la adición de lípidos aumentó ligeramente la permeabilidad al oxígeno, disminuyó la elasticidad y la rigidez, y produjo un menor impacto sobre la resistencia a la rotura. A su vez, la adición de AE modificó el comportamiento mecánico de las películas. Los AE de tomillo y albahaca aumentaron considerablemente la rigidez y la resistencia a la rotura, mientras que el AE de hoja de canela redujo estos parámetros ligeramente. La adición de lípidos a las películas de Q afectó las propiedades ópticas de las mismas. El AO redujo la transparencia y el brillo, en función de la concentración añadida. La adición de AE tuvo un mayor impacto sobre los parámetros de color y el índice de blancura. Las mezclas de AE y AO mitigaron estos cambios de color. Además, la incorporación de las mezclas AE-OA redujo las pérdidas de volátiles del AE durante la formación de las películas.
Las películas formuladas con el AE de hoja de canela fueron efectivas contra el crecimientos de A. niger, B. cinerea y R. stolonifer, aunque los AE de tomillo y albahaca encapsulados en las películas no mostraron ninguna actividad antifúngica. La aplicación de los diferentes recubrimientos de Q AE de C en fresas inoculadas con R. stolonifer dio lugar a una reducción en el deterioro fúngico de los frutos almacenados durante 14 días a 10°C.
Los recubrimientos de Q-AE de limón también fueron efectivos en el control del deterioro fúngico en fresas. Estos recubrimientos no afectaron significativamente los parámetros físico-químicos de las fresas durante el almacenamiento en refrigeración, disminuyeron la tasa de respiración de los frutos y acentuaron la actividad antifúngica del Q frente a B. cinerea. Tanto los recubrimientos con AE como los de Q puro modificaron el perfil de volátiles de las fresas, aunque estos cambios solo fueron apreciados sensorialmente en el caso de los frutos recubiertos con AE.
Las mezclas de Q y MC que contenían AE de orégano causaron efectos fitotóxicos en plantas de tomate en el estadio "3 hojas", aunque no afectaron a la biomasa total. En el estadio "frutos" los tratamientos no tuvieron ningún efecto negativo. Los recubrimientos redujeron la tasa de respiración de los tomates, disminuyeron la pérdida de peso durante el almacenamiento post-cosecha y fueron efectivos contra el deterioro fúngico de tomates inoculados con R. stolonifer.
La migración de los compuestos fenólicos timol y carvacrol, contenidos en las películas de Q-MC, podría superar el límite de migración específica establecido (60 mg/Kg) para materiales de envase en contacto con alimentos en los casos de sistemas acuosos y d / [CAT] En la present tesi doctoral s'han desenvolupat diferents materials antifúngics per al seu ús en conservació de fruites. Per a açò, s'han incorporat diferents olis essencials (OE) en recobriments i pel·lícules de quitosano (Q). S'ha analitzat l'efecte de l'addició d'àcid oleic (AO) i les condicions d'homogeneïtzació sobre l'estabilitat de les emulsions i sobre les propietats de les pel·lícules obtingudes. S'ha estudiat l'efecte dels recobriments de Q sobre la deterioració fúngica en maduixes i l'efecte preventiu enfront d'infeccions fúngiques de les mescles de metilcelulosa (MC) amb Q en plantes de tomaca. S'ha estudiat l'efecte de la composició de les pel·lícules sobre les propietats funcionals de les mateixes, així com la seua activitat antimicrobiana in vitro i in vivo.
La incorporació de AO en les pel·lícules de Q (1:1) va reduir la permeabilitat al vapor d'aigua (PVA) en un 50% comparat amb la de Q pur. La microfluidització va induir un petit efecte positiu sobre aquesta reducció. L'addició de AE (fulla de canyella, C, timó, T, i alfàbrega, A) no va suposar una disminució notable dels valors de permeabilitat obtinguts per a les pel·lícules de Q. Quan es va afegir AO a les formulacions de Q i AE, es va promoure una millora significativa en la PVA de les pel·lícules. Per contra, l'addició de lípids va augmentar lleugerament la permeabilitat a l'oxigen, va disminuir l'elasticitat i la rigidesa, i va produir un menor impacte sobre la resistència al trencament. Al seu torn, l'addició de OE va modificar el comportament mecànic de les pel·lícules. Els OE de T i d'A van augmentar considerablement la rigidesa i la resistència al trencament, mentre que l'OE de C va reduir aquests paràmetres lleugerament. L'addició de lípids a les pel·lícules de Q també va afectar les propietats òptiques de les mateixes. L'AO va reduir la transparència i la lluentor, en funció de la concentració afegida. L'addició d'OE va tenir un major impacte sobre el paràmetres de color i l'índex de blancor. Les mescles d'OE i AO van mitigar aquests canvis de color. A més, la incorporació de les mescles OE-AO va reduir les pèrdues de volàtils de l'OE durant la formació de les pel·lícules.
Les pel·lícules formulades amb l'OE de C van ser efectives contra el creixements d'A. niger, B. cinerea i R. stolonifer, encara que els OE de T i A encapsulats en les pel·lícules no van mostrar cap activitat antifúngica. L'aplicació dels diferents recobriments de Q OE de fulla de canyella en maduixes inoculades amb R. stolonifer va donar lloc a una reducció en la deterioració fúngica dels fruits emmagatzemats durant 14 dies a 10°C.
Els recobriments de Q-OE de llimó també van ser efectius en el control de la deterioració fúngica en maduixes. Aquests recobriments no van afectar significativament els paràmetres fisicoquímics de les maduixes durant l'emmagatzematge en refrigeració, van disminuir la taxa de respiració dels fruits i van accentuar l'activitat antifúngica del Q enfront de B. cinerea. Tant els recobriments amb OE com els de Q pur van modificar el perfil de volàtils de les maduixes, encara que aquests canvis sol van ser apreciats sensorialment en el cas dels fruits recoberts amb OE.
Les mescles de Q:MC que contenien OE d'orenga van causar efectes fitotòxics en plantes de tomaca en l'estadi "3 fulles", encara que no van afectar a la biomassa total. En l'estadi "fruits" els tractaments no van tenir cap efecte negatiu. Els recobriments van reduir la taxa de respiració de les tomaques, van disminuir la pèrdua de pes durant l'emmagatzematge post collita i van ser efectius contra la deterioració fúngica de tomaques inoculades amb R. stolonifer.
La migració dels compostos fenòlics timol i carvacrol, continguts en les pel·lícules de Q-MC, podria superar el límit de migració específica establit (60 mg/Kg) per a materials d'envàs en contacte amb aliments en els casos de sistemes aquosos i d / Perdones Montero, Á. (2015). ANTIFUNGAL CHITOSAN-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS CONTAINING ESSENTIAL OILS FOR FRUIT APPLICATIONS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59413 / TESIS
|
Page generated in 0.2872 seconds