O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar entre 10 óleos essenciais, os dois com maior capacidade mitigadora das emissões de metano proveniente da fermentação in vitro da microbiota ruminal de bovinos da raça Nelore (Etapa I), e o subsequente impacto da adoção destes dois óleos essenciais como estratégia nutricional para mitigação das emissões de metano in vivo por bovinos Nelore (Etapa II). Na primeira etapa, pela técnica de produção de gases in vitro foram avaliados a produção de gases acumulada, a degradabilidade, o fator de partição, a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e a produção de metano com o uso dos óleos essenciais extraídos das seguintes plantas: anis estrelado (Illicium verum), citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus), cravo botão (Eugenia caryophyllus), eucalipto staigeriana (Eucalyptus staigeriana), eucalipto globulus (Eucalyptus globulus), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), ho wood (Cinnamomum camphora), melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia), orégano (Origanum vulgare) e tomilho branco (Thymus vulgaris). Todos os óleos essenciais foram testados em quatro doses; 0, 50, 250 e 500 mg/l de meio de incubação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos, 10 tratamentos, quatro doses e duas réplicas dentro de cada bloco. Os procedimentos estatísticos foram obtidos com auxílio do programa SAS 9.3. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e regressão, com graus de liberdade desdobrados em efeitos linear e quadrático. A produção de gases acumulada sofreu efeito linear negativo (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão dos óleos essenciais de citronela, ho wood, orégano e tomilho. A degradabilidade do substrato, a produção total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal não foram afetadas (P>0,05) por nenhum dos tratamentos. As menores produções líquidas de metano estiveram associadas às menores produções acumuladas de gases, nas quais os óleos essenciais de orégano e de tomilho tiveram maior poder mitigador de metano em doses acima de 250 mg/l. Esses mesmos óleos essenciais (tomilho e orégano) mostraram ser os mais promissores para o uso em dietas de bovinos por apresentarem as maiores eficiências na mitigação da produção de metano sem afetar a degradação do substrato, sugerindo provável efeito inibitório sobre a população de arqueias metanogênicas. Na etapa II, os óleos essenciais de orégano e de tomilho foram avaliados através de um delineamento experimental em quadrados latinos 3x3 replicados com três períodos de 21 dias cada, no qual seis bovinos da raça Nelore foram alimentados com dieta total composta de 70% silagem de milho e 30% concentrado a base de milho e farelo de soja. Os óleos essenciais foram inclusos na dieta na quantidade de 3 ml por kg de concentrado. Foram mensurados o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total (da MS, da FDN e da FDA), os parâmetros ruminais (pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta) e a emissão de metano (através da técnica do gás traçador SF6). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com auxílio do programa SAS 9.3, utilizando o procedimento MIXED. O efeito de tratamento foi separado pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A inclusão dos óleos essenciais de orégano ou de tomilho na dosagem avaliada in vivo, não foi suficiente para promover mudanças significativas (P>0,05) em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. / The objective of this study was to identify two out of 10 essential oils with the greatest capacity to mitigate methane emissions through an in vitro fermentation assay using ruminal microorganisms of Nellore cattle (Step I), and the subsequent impact of the use of these two essential oils as a nutritional strategy to mitigate methane emissions in vivo trial with Nellore cattle (Step II). In the step 1, it was evaluated through in vitro gas production technique the accumulated gas production, degradability, partitioning factor, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, short chain fatty acid production and methane production, with the use of essential oils extracted from the following plants: anise (Illicium verum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), eucalyptus staigeriana (Eucalyptus staigeriana), eucalyptus globulus (Eucalytus globulus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and white thyme (Thymus vulgaris). All essential oils were tested in four doses; 0, 50, 250 and 500 mg / l of incubation solution. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four blocks, 10 treatments, four doses and two replicates within each block. The statistical procedures were done with the help of the SAS 9.3 program. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance and regression, with degrees of freedom unfolded in linear and quadratic. Accumulated gas production had a linear negative effect (P <0.05) with increasing the inclusion level of the essential oils of citronella, ho wood, oregano and thyme. Substrate degradability, total short chain fatty acid production and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration were not affected (P> 0.05) by treatments. The lower liquid methane yields were associated with lower accumulated gas production, in which oregano and thyme essential oils were the more potent at doses greater than 250 mg / l. These essential oils (thyme and oregano) were the most promising for use in cattle diets because they were the most effective for methane mitigation without affecting substrate degradation, suggesting a probable inhibitory effect on the methanogenic arqueas. In step II, the essential oils of oregano and thyme were evaluated through an experimental design in replicate 3x3 Latin squares with three periods of 21 days each, in which six Nellore cattle were distributed in the control, oregano oil and thyme oil treatments, were fed a total diet composed of 70% corn silage and 30% of concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal. The essential oils were included in the diet 3 ml per kg of concentrate. Intake, total apparent digestibility (DM, NDF and ADF), ruminal parameters (pH, concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen and short chain fatty acids) and methane emission (through SF6 tracer gas) were measured. The inclusion of the essential oils of oregano or thyme in the dosage evaluated was not sufficient to promote significant changes (P> 0.05) in any of the outcomes evaluated.

Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: Thymus spp. genties augalų žolė. Fenoliniai junginiai nustatyti spektrofotometrijos metodais, timolis – efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodu. Darbo tikslas: ištirti čiobrelio žolėje esančių fenolinių junginių kiekio ir laisvųjų radikalų surišimo gebos įvairavimą Lietuvos klimato sąlygomis augančių čiobrelių žolės mėginiuose. Darbo uždaviniai: surinkti čiobrelių žolės žaliavų mėginius skirtinguose Lietuvos regionuose; spektrofotometrijos metodu nustatyti ir įvertinti suminį fenolinių junginių kiekį čiobrelio žolės mėginiuose; spektrofotometrijos metodu nustatyti ir įvertinti čiobrelio genties augalų žolės mėginių antioksidantinį aktyvumą ir jo įvairavimą; ESC metodu nustatyti fitocheminius žymenis, būdingus čiobrelio genties augalams; dendrograminiu modeliu įvertinti čiobrelių genties žaliavų mėginių rezultatus; sugrupuoti individų, rinktų skirtingose augavietėse žaliavų mėginius pasižyminčius fenolinių junginių kiekybiniais skirtumais ir antioksidantinio aktyvumo skirtumais; įvertinti fenolinių junginių kiekybinės sudėties ir laisvųjų radikalų surišimo gebos koreliacinius ryšius Lietuvos klimato sąlygomis augančių čiobrelių žolės mėginiuose. Išvados: Didžiausias suminis fenolinių junginių kiekis nustatytas T. serpyllum žolės mėginiuose rinktuose Molėtuose, Antalieptėje ir Ignalinoje. Mažiausias fenolinių junginių kiekis nustatytas T. serpyllum mėginio rinkto Lazdijų rajone ir T. pulegioides mėginio rinkto Zarasuose. Didžiausia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object and methods of assay: the object of this assay is Thymus spp. generic herb. Phenolic compounds were estimated by methods of spectrophotometry, where as thymol – by method of effective liquid chromatography. The aim of the work: to estimate variability of the quantity of phenolic compounds and free radical binding activity of thymus herb samples taken from various places in Lithuania with different climatic conditions. The goals of this work: to collect thyme herb samples from various regions in Lithuania; to estimate and evaluate the total amount of phenolic compounds in thyme herb samples by spectrophotometry method; to estimate and evaluate thyme generic herb antioxidant activity and variety in samples by spectrophotometry method; to estimate phytochemical marks, specific for thyme generic herbs by ESC method; to estimate thyme generic herb samples by dendrogram method; to group raw material samples of different individuals from different growing places that have differences in quantity of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity; to evaluate correlation between structure of quantitative phenolic compounds and free radical binding activity in thyme samples taken from various places in Lithuania with different climatic conditions. Conclusions: The biggest total amount of phenolic compounds was estimated in T. serpyllum herb samples gathered in Moletai, Antaliepte and Ignalina. The smallest amount of phenolic compounds was estimated in T. serpyllum sample... [to full text]

Pėdų grybelis (lot. Tinea pedis) – tai dermatofitų Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ir Epidermophyton floccosum sukeltas lėtinis pėdų, kojų tarpupirščių pažeidimas, pasireiškiantis odos įtrūkimais, pleiskanojimu, nemaloniu kvapu ir niežuliu. Vaistinio čiobrelio (lot. Thymus vulgaris L.) eterinis aliejus, savyje turintis timolio (36 – 55 proc.), gali apsaugoti pėdas nuo grybelio atsiradimo. Čiobrelių eterinį aliejų patogu įvesti į aliejinę terpę, tačiau aliejinius tirpalus naudoti nėra patogu. Todėl šio darbo tikslas pagaminti lipofilinį gelį, skirtą pėdų grybelio prevencijai. Šis tyrimas apima: 1) timolio kiekio nustatymą čiobrelių eteriniame aliejuje; 2) optimalaus aliejaus ir gelifikuojančios medžiagos santykio parinkimą; 3) pagaminto lipofilinio gelio su čiobrelių eteriniu aliejumi klampos, pH reikšmės ir išvaizdos įvertinimą; 4) oleogelio veiksmingumo nustatymą, atliekant mikrobiologinį tyrimą. Rezultatai: ESC būdu nustatyta, kad čiobrelių eteriniame aliejuje timolio yra 41,06±0,03 proc. Oleogelio pagrindu nuspręsta naudoti alyvuogių aliejų, nes skystojo parafino ir alyvuogių aliejaus mišinys nesudarė stabilios gelinės struktūros. Pagaminti oleogeliai visą stebėjimo laiką (6 mėn.) išlaikė savo išvaizdą – vientisą struktūrą, skaidrumą, šviesiai geltoną spalvą, čiobrelių kvapą ir pusiau kietą konsistenciją. Atlikus pH reikšmės stebėjimus nustatyta, kad oleogelių pH reikšmė reikšmingai nekito ir išliko atitinkanti žmogaus fiziologinę odos pH reikšmę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Foot fungus (lat. Tinea pedis) is a skin disease caused by dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. The symptoms are cracks, itch, dandruff and unpleasant odor of the feet skin. Thyme (lat. Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil containing of 36 – 55 percent of thymol can protect feet from fungus. Thyme essential oil is convenient to introduce in oil medium, but oil solutions are uncomfortable to use. Therefore, the aim of this work is to produce a lipophilic gel for prevention of foot fungus. This study includes the following: 1) determining the amount of thymol in the thyme essential oil; 2) determination of the optimal ratio of oil and gelling agent material; 3) pH value and appearance evaluation of the produced lipophilic gel with thyme essential oil viscosity; 4) the effectiveness of the lipophilic gel in microbiological research. The results: using HPLC method it has been found out that thyme essential oil contains 41.06±0.03 percent thymol. It was decided to use olive oil on oleogel basis because liquid paraffin and olive oil mixture didn’t make stable gel structure. Produced oleogels kept the same appearance features for all observation time (6 months) such as homogenous structure, clearness, light yellow color, the smell of thyme and semi – solid consistency. During the measurement of pH values of oleogels, it has been found out that pH values matched human physiological pH value. During the measurement of viscosity of... [to full text]

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-06T18:07:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:34:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:34:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T18:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-14 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) / Bees are the most important pollinators of agricultural ecosystems by carrying out pollination of up to 90% of native plants and more than one third of cultivated plants. Studies conducted around the world have been demonstrating a phenomenon called CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder), whose causal agent several factors including diseases that affect this group. Among them, the varroa resulting from the Varroa destructor mite attack, is reported as pathogen major impact factor on the Apis mellifera. In view of this, the objective of this study was to test the efficiency of three methods to control V. destructor: alternative, obtained from the distillation of oregano (Origanum vulgare Linnaeus, 1753), thyme (Thymus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1753) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris Linnaeus, 1753); biological, run base drones and larvae chemical, carried out with the application of active flumethrin principle. The results were evaluated by statistical analysis in R program to determine the differences between treatments and proposed mergers and select the best method of control. In the analysis, it was observed that the alternative method showed a significant difference by highlighting thyme distillation as more efficient because there is no significant killing of bees and cause the death of all the mites in a shorter time compared to the other distillates. The biological method hornets larvae base is also preferably effective due to mite in these individuals. In chemical control the use of the active ingredient flumethrin caused poisoning in bees, with diarrhea in the first 6 hours after application, and after 48 hours caused a mortality of 100%, which demonstrates be impractical to control the mite. / As abelhas são os agentes polinizadores mais importantes dos agroecossistemas por realizarem a polinização de até 90% das plantas nativas e de mais de 1/3 das plantas cultivadas. Estudos desenvolvidos ao redor do mundo vêm demostrando um fenômeno chamado CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder), que tem como agente causal vários fatores incluindo as doenças que afetam este grupo. Dentre elas, a varroose, resultante do ataque do ácaro Varroa destructor, é o patógeno relatado como fator de grande impacto sobre a espécie Apis mellifera. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência de três métodos para o controle de V. destructor: o alternativo, obtido a partir da destilação de orégano (Origanum vulgare Lineus, 1753), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris Lineus, 1753) e beterraba (Beta vulgaris Lineus, 1753); o biológico, executado a base de larvas de zangões e o químico, realizado com a aplicação do princípio ativo flumetrina. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de análise estatística no programa R para determinar as diferenças entre os tratamentos e as concentrações propostas e selecionar o melhor método para controle. Nas análises, foi observado que o método alternativo apresentou diferença significativa, destacando as destilações de tomilho como mais eficientes por não haver morte significativa das abelhas, além de causar a morte de todos os ácaros em menor tempo comparado, aos outros destilados. O método biológico a base de larvas de zangões também é eficiente devido a preferência do ácaro por estes indivíduos. No controle químico o uso do ingrediente ativo flumetrina, causou intoxicação nas abelhas, com diarreia nas primeiras 6 horas após aplicação, e depois de 48 horas causou uma mortalidade de 100%, o que demostra ser inviável para o controle do ácaro.

Submitted by Gustavo Moraes Ramos Valladão null (gmrvalladao@gmail.com) on 2018-03-08T17:23:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DEFINITIVA-GUSTAVO VALLADÃO.pdf: 4240952 bytes, checksum: 9938fb80849c01699601d5904843f7e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-03-09T18:35:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 valladao_gmr_dr_jabo.pdf: 4240952 bytes, checksum: 9938fb80849c01699601d5904843f7e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T18:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 valladao_gmr_dr_jabo.pdf: 4240952 bytes, checksum: 9938fb80849c01699601d5904843f7e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os óleos essenciais (OEs) de plantas são compostos estudados como aditivo alimentar na produção animal há alguns anos, sendo descritos por diversos autores como promotores de crescimento, imunoestimulantes e antimicrobianos. No entanto, os efeitos de sua adição na dieta de organismos aquáticos ainda são pouco conhecidos. No presente estudo, diferentes estratégias de suplementação com diferentes OEs foram testadas. No primeiro estudo, os OEs de Mentha piperita e Melaleuca alternifolia foram incorporados à dieta para tilapia-do-Nilo Oreochromis niloticus por um longo período (2 meses), e os seus efeitos sobre a saúde (parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e imunológicos) e sobre o intestino (morfologia e morfometria) foram avaliados. Em um segundo momento, M. piperita, M. alternifolia, Citrus aurantium, Cymbopogon nardus, Ocimum basilicum e Thymus vulgaris foram testados in vitro contra isolados intestinais (Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus e Edwardsiella tarda) da tilápia-do-Nilo para seleção daquele com maior capacidade de modular a microbiota dos peixes. O OE de Thymus vulgaris foi aquele que apresentou a maior atividade contra as bactérias testadas. Em um estudo final, o OE de Thymus vulgaris foi incorporado à dieta e fornecido por 15 dias à tilápia-do-Nilo e o efeito sobre a saúde, intestino, e também sobre a população de bactérias do gênero Bacillus no intestino foi avaliado. O primeiro experimento demonstrou que a M. piperita e a M. alternifolia foram capazes de imunoestimular componentes da resposta humoral dos peixes (ativando o sistema complemento) e a M. alternifolia ainda foi capaz de alterar a morfologia intestinal (ocasionando aumento de suas vilosidades). O OE de T. vulgaris apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana quando comparado aos outros cinco OEs testados in vitro, e quando adicionado à dieta foi capaz de imunoestimular componentes da resposta celular dos peixes (incrementando o número de leucócitos e linfócitos). Além disso, apesar de sua forte atividade antibacteriana, não foi capaz de alterar a população de bactérias benéficas do gênero Bacillus presentes no intestino. Em ambos experimentos in vivo as dietas suplementadas com OE não revelaram efeitos tóxicos aos peixes nas condições testadas. Baseado na revisão de literatura e nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que, as suplementações com OEs foram seguras, apresentaram efeito imunoestimulante em diferentes componentes da resposta imune, puderam alterar em alguns casos a morfologia intestinal e parecem ter pouco impacto sobre a microbiota dos peixes. / Essential oils (EOs) of plants are compounds studied as food additive in animal production a few years ago. They have already been described by several authors, as growth promoter, immunostimulant and antimicrobial. However, the effects of its addition on the diet of aquatic organisms are still poorly understood. In the present study, different supplementation strategies with different EOs were tested. In the first study, the EOs of Mentha piperita and Melaleuca alternifolia were supplied for a long period (2 months) in the diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and aspects of health (hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters) and intestine (morphology and morphometry) were evaluated. In a second moment, M. piperita, M. alternifolia, Citrus aurantium, Cymbopogon nardus, Ocimum basilicum and Thymus vulgaris were tested in vitro against the intestinal isolates (Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus and Edwardsiella tarda) from Nile tilapia to select the one with the greatest capacity to modulate the microbiota of fish. Thymus vulgaris EO was the one that presented the highest activity against the bacteria tested. In a final study, the Thymus vulgaris EO was provided for 15 days in the diet of Nile tilapia where its effects on the health, intestine and on the population of bacteria of the genus Bacillus were evaluated. In the first experiment, it was shown that M. piperita and M. alternifolia were able to immunostimulate components of fish humoral response (activating the complement system) and M. alternifolia was still able to alter intestinal morphology (increasing their villi). The T. vulgaris EO presented higher antibacterial activity when compared to five other EOs, and when added to the diet it was able to immunostimulate components of the cellular response of fish (increasing the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes). In addition, despite its strong antibacterial activity, it was not able to alter the population of beneficial bacteria of the genus Bacillus present in the intestine. In both in vivo experiments, diets supplemented with EO showed no toxic effects on fish under the conditions tested. In conclusion, supplementation with EOs was safe, showed an immunostimulating effect on different components of the immune response, may in some cases alter the intestinal morphology and appear to have little impact on the fish microbiota. / FAPESP: 2014/14039-9 / CNPq: 140487/2014-0

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar entre 10 óleos essenciais, os dois com maior capacidade mitigadora das emissões de metano proveniente da fermentação in vitro da microbiota ruminal de bovinos da raça Nelore (Etapa I), e o subsequente impacto da adoção destes dois óleos essenciais como estratégia nutricional para mitigação das emissões de metano in vivo por bovinos Nelore (Etapa II). Na primeira etapa, pela técnica de produção de gases in vitro foram avaliados a produção de gases acumulada, a degradabilidade, o fator de partição, a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e a produção de metano com o uso dos óleos essenciais extraídos das seguintes plantas: anis estrelado (Illicium verum), citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus), cravo botão (Eugenia caryophyllus), eucalipto staigeriana (Eucalyptus staigeriana), eucalipto globulus (Eucalyptus globulus), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), ho wood (Cinnamomum camphora), melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia), orégano (Origanum vulgare) e tomilho branco (Thymus vulgaris). Todos os óleos essenciais foram testados em quatro doses; 0, 50, 250 e 500 mg/l de meio de incubação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos, 10 tratamentos, quatro doses e duas réplicas dentro de cada bloco. Os procedimentos estatísticos foram obtidos com auxílio do programa SAS 9.3. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e regressão, com graus de liberdade desdobrados em efeitos linear e quadrático. A produção de gases acumulada sofreu efeito linear negativo (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão dos óleos essenciais de citronela, ho wood, orégano e tomilho. A degradabilidade do substrato, a produção total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal não foram afetadas (P>0,05) por nenhum dos tratamentos. As menores produções líquidas de metano estiveram associadas às menores produções acumuladas de gases, nas quais os óleos essenciais de orégano e de tomilho tiveram maior poder mitigador de metano em doses acima de 250 mg/l. Esses mesmos óleos essenciais (tomilho e orégano) mostraram ser os mais promissores para o uso em dietas de bovinos por apresentarem as maiores eficiências na mitigação da produção de metano sem afetar a degradação do substrato, sugerindo provável efeito inibitório sobre a população de arqueias metanogênicas. Na etapa II, os óleos essenciais de orégano e de tomilho foram avaliados através de um delineamento experimental em quadrados latinos 3x3 replicados com três períodos de 21 dias cada, no qual seis bovinos da raça Nelore foram alimentados com dieta total composta de 70% silagem de milho e 30% concentrado a base de milho e farelo de soja. Os óleos essenciais foram inclusos na dieta na quantidade de 3 ml por kg de concentrado. Foram mensurados o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total (da MS, da FDN e da FDA), os parâmetros ruminais (pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta) e a emissão de metano (através da técnica do gás traçador SF6). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com auxílio do programa SAS 9.3, utilizando o procedimento MIXED. O efeito de tratamento foi separado pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A inclusão dos óleos essenciais de orégano ou de tomilho na dosagem avaliada in vivo, não foi suficiente para promover mudanças significativas (P>0,05) em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. / The objective of this study was to identify two out of 10 essential oils with the greatest capacity to mitigate methane emissions through an in vitro fermentation assay using ruminal microorganisms of Nellore cattle (Step I), and the subsequent impact of the use of these two essential oils as a nutritional strategy to mitigate methane emissions in vivo trial with Nellore cattle (Step II). In the step 1, it was evaluated through in vitro gas production technique the accumulated gas production, degradability, partitioning factor, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, short chain fatty acid production and methane production, with the use of essential oils extracted from the following plants: anise (Illicium verum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus), eucalyptus staigeriana (Eucalyptus staigeriana), eucalyptus globulus (Eucalytus globulus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and white thyme (Thymus vulgaris). All essential oils were tested in four doses; 0, 50, 250 and 500 mg / l of incubation solution. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four blocks, 10 treatments, four doses and two replicates within each block. The statistical procedures were done with the help of the SAS 9.3 program. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance and regression, with degrees of freedom unfolded in linear and quadratic. Accumulated gas production had a linear negative effect (P <0.05) with increasing the inclusion level of the essential oils of citronella, ho wood, oregano and thyme. Substrate degradability, total short chain fatty acid production and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration were not affected (P> 0.05) by treatments. The lower liquid methane yields were associated with lower accumulated gas production, in which oregano and thyme essential oils were the more potent at doses greater than 250 mg / l. These essential oils (thyme and oregano) were the most promising for use in cattle diets because they were the most effective for methane mitigation without affecting substrate degradation, suggesting a probable inhibitory effect on the methanogenic arqueas. In step II, the essential oils of oregano and thyme were evaluated through an experimental design in replicate 3x3 Latin squares with three periods of 21 days each, in which six Nellore cattle were distributed in the control, oregano oil and thyme oil treatments, were fed a total diet composed of 70% corn silage and 30% of concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal. The essential oils were included in the diet 3 ml per kg of concentrate. Intake, total apparent digestibility (DM, NDF and ADF), ruminal parameters (pH, concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen and short chain fatty acids) and methane emission (through SF6 tracer gas) were measured. The inclusion of the essential oils of oregano or thyme in the dosage evaluated was not sufficient to promote significant changes (P> 0.05) in any of the outcomes evaluated.

Emulsion-based delivery systems offer many potential benefits for incorporating omega-3 oils into foods and beverages. Nanoemulsions are emulsion-based delivery systems that are gaining popularity because of their ease of preparation, small particle size, relatively high stability, high bioavailability, and production of optically transparent emulsions. Fish oil (FO) nanoemulsions are potentially more susceptible to lipid oxidation because of their high degree of lipid unsaturation, high surface area of exposed lipids, and greater light penetration. In the first study, spontaneous emulsification, a low-energy method, was used to fabricate FO nanoemulsions. The influence of surfactant-to-oil-ratio (SOR) on particle size, turbidity, and physical stability was evaluated. Furthermore, the oxidative stability of these nanoemulsions was compared to emulsions produced by microfluidizer, a high-energy method. The effect of particle size and SOR on oxidation was monitored by measuring lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Optically transparent nanoemulsions were formed and maintained physical stability after being held at 37 °C for 14 days. FO nanoemulsions produced by high- and low-energy methods had similar oxidative stabilities at 55 °C for 14 days. These results demonstrate that spontaneous emulsification can produce fish oil nanoemulsion that are physically stable and oxidize at similar rates as traditionally prepared nanoemulsions, and are therefore potentially suitable for fortification of clear food systems. Additionally, carrier oils can also impact the physical and oxidative stability of FO nanoemulsions. Medium chain triglycerides, lemon oil, and thyme oil were chosen as carrier oils and added to the oil phase at different ratios of FO to carrier oil for emulsions produced by the microfluidizer. Medium chain triglycerides and lemon oil produced stable FO nanoemulsions but the thyme oil only produced stable FO nanoemulsions at lower concentrations of carrier oil. On the other hand, at FO to carrier oil ratios of 75/25, lemon oil and thyme oil nanoemulsions had high oxidative stability because of natural of their antioxidants. These findings suggest that lemon oil and thyme oil can produce FO nanoemulsions that are physically and chemically stable and can be used for food system fortification.

<p><strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong></p><p>Ispitana je ekstrakcija timijana (<em>Thymus vulgaris L.</em>) primenom ugljendioksida u superkritičnom stanju kao ekstragensa. Razrađen je postupak tečne hromatografije pod visokim pritiskom (HPLC) za određivanje farmakolo&scaron;ki aktivnih fenolnih jedinjenja, timola i karvakrola, koji obezbeđuje visok stepen reproduktivnosti određivanja (za timol K_w = 1,29%). Za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu analizu proizvoda na bazi timijana, etarskog ulja i ekstrakata, primenjen je metod gasne hromatografije (GC) sa masenom spektrometrijom (MS). Sadržaj etarskog ulja određen oficinalnim postupkom koji propisuje jugoslovenska farmakopeja iznosi 1,75% (V/m). Dominantna komponenta etarskog ulja timijana je timol čiji je sadržaj 50,06% (m/m), dok je karvakrol prisutan, praktično, u tragovima (1,15%). Od prisutnih parafina u etarskom ulju, največi sadržaj ima n-tetradekan (16,11%). U totalnom ekstraktu timijana dobijenom metilen- hloridom primenom ekstrakcije sa povremenim ispu&scaron;tanjem ekstrakta (Ekstrakcija po Soxhlet-u), koji je dobijen u prinosu 4,95% (m/m), dominantna komponenta je n-tetradekan (47,18%), dok je sadržaj timola 16,11%.<br />Kinetika ekstrakcije timola se može uspe&scaron;no predstaviti analogno izrazu za kinetiku reakcije prvog reda, primenom koje se dobija največa vrednost konstante brzine ekstrakcije (k) 0,2209 h^-1 za selektovani protok superkritičnog ugijendioksida 97,725 dm³/h.<br />Primenom timijana stepena usitnjenosti d₂ srednjeg prečnika 0,35 mm za ekstrakciju superkritičnim ugijendioksidom (100 bar; 40&deg;C; 2,5 sata) postiže se kvantitativna ekstrakcije prisutnog etarskog ulja. Po svom sastavu ovaj ekstrakt je najsličniji etarskom ulju timijana dobijenom destliacijom pomoću vodene pare. Produžavanje vremena ekstrakcije iznad 2,5 sata ima za posledicu povećani prinos, pre svega, parafina.<br />Primenom ugljendioksida male moći rastvaranja (80 bar; 40⁰C;&nbsp; d=0,1918 g/cm³) ne postiže se kvantitativna ekstrakcija etarskog ulja. Povećavanjem radnog pritiska od 100 do 400 bar, usled povećanja moći rastvaranja, dobijaju se ekstrakti koji su po svom sastavu sve sličniji totalnom ekstraktu dobijenom ekstrakcijom metilenhloridom.<br />Za modelovanje ekstrakcionog sistema timijan - superkritični ugljendioksid je primenjena jednačina Reverchon-a i Sesti Osseo-a:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Y = 100 [1-exp(-t/t_i)]<br />gde je: Y - normalizovani ekstrakcioni prinos (%); t - vreme ekstrakcije (s) i t_i -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vreme unutra&scaron;nje difuzije (s)<br />odnosno njen modifikovani oblik:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Y = 100 [1 - ehr (at + b)]<br />Izračunate vrednosti standardne gre&scaron;ke regresije (S_Y,X) ukazuju da u osnovi modifikovana jednačina bolje fituje normalizovane prinose kako totalnog ekstrakta, tako i timola, u odnosu na polaznu jednačinu.<br />Jednačine:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a m_rel + b<br />i<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a <em>d</em>_C02 + b<br />gde je: S - rastvorljivost totalnog ekstrakta (g/dm³), odnosno timola (mg/dm ) u ugljendioksidu; m_rel - relativna masa ugljendioksida (g CO2/g timijana) i <em>d</em>_CO2 zapreminska masa ugljendioksida (g/cm³)<br />se mogu, takođe, uspe&scaron;no primeniti za modelovanje ekstrakcije ispitivanog sistema.<br />Primenom ugljendioksida u tečnom stanju (65 bar; 23&deg;C) se dobija ekstrakt timijana sličan po svom sastavu ekstraktu dobijenom ekstrakcijom superkritičnim ekstragensom na pritisku 100 bar.<br />U cilju dobijanja ekstrakta timijana koji je po svom kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu najsličniji etarskom ulju dobijenom oficinalnim postupkom destilacije pomoću vodene pare, neophodno je za ekstrakciju koristiti ugljendioksid zapreminske mase 0,6302 g/cm³( 100 bar;40&deg;C), biljni materijal stepena usitnjenosti d₂, vreme ekstrakcije 2,5 sata i protok ekstragensa 97,725 dm³/h.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong></p><p>The extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by supercritical carbon dioxide as an extragent was investigated. The developed HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) method for determination of pharmacologically active phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, showed a high reproducibility (Kw for thymol 1.29%). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of thyme products, essential oil and extracts, were carried out by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The content of essential oil determined by an official procedure given by Yugoslav pharmacopoeia was 1.75% (V/w). The predominant compound of the essential oil is thymol (50.06%; w/w), while carvacrol is present, practically, in traces (1.15%; w/w). The content of n-tetradecane in the thyme essential oil (16.11%; w/w) is higher than that of other paraffins. In the total thyme extract obtained by methylene chloride using extraction with periodical exchange of the extract (Soxhlet extraction) in a yield of 4.95%(w/w), the predominant compound was n-tetradecane (47.18%), while the content of thymol was 16.11%.</p><p>The extraction kinetic of thymol can be successfully expressed by analogy to first order reaction kinetic, and a highest value of extraction rate constant (k) of 0.2209 h-1 for the selected flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide of 97.725 dm3/h.<br />A quantitative extraction of thyme essential oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (100 bar; 40&deg;C; 2.5hours) was obtained using thyme of the grinding degree d2 (mean particle diameter 0.35 mm). The composition of this extract is very similar to that of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation. A higher yield of extraction, primarily of paraffins, was obtained by prolonging the extraction time over 2.5 hours. The use of carbon dioxide of low solubility power (80 bar; 400C; d =0.1918 g/cm3) did not yield a quantitative extraction of thyme essential oil.<br />Ву increasing extraction pressure from 100 to 400 bar, i.e. solubility power, the extract composition was more and more similar to the composition of total extract obtained by methylene chloride.<br />То model extraction of the system thyme - supercritical carbon dioxide use was made of the Reverchon - Sesti Osseo equation:</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Y = 100 [1-exp(-t/ti)]</p><p>where: Y - normalized extraction yield (%); t - extraction time (s) and ti - internal diffusion time (s)<br />i.e. of its modified form:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Y = 100 [1 - ехр (at + b)]<br />The calculated values of standard error of regression (SY,X) show that the modified equation is generally a better fit for the normalized yields of total extract and thymol compared to the original equation.<br />Equations:</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a mrel + b<br />and<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a dC02 + b<br />where: S - solubility of total extract (g/dm3), i.e. of thymol (mg/dm3) in carbon dioxide; mrel - relative mass of carbon dioxide (g CO2/g thyme) and dCO2 carbon dioxide density (g/cm3)</p><p>could be successfully used for modelling of the investigated extraction system.<br />The composition of thyme extract obtained by liquid carbon dioxide (65 bar; 23&deg;C ) is very similar to that obtained by supercritical extragent at a pressure of 100 bar.<br />То obtain a thyme extract whose qualitative and quantitative characteristics are most similar to those of the essential oil obtained using official procedure by steam distillation, it is necessary to use a carbon dioxide density of 0.6302 g/cm3 (100 bar; 400C), grinding degree of thyme d2, extraction time of 2.5 hours and extragent flow rate of 97.725 dm3/h.</p>

Increased systemic infections and growing resistance of Candida species in immunosuppressed people have prompted research for additional treatment options. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the potential of lemongrass, oregano, and thyme essential oils tested individually, combined, and combined with the antifungal agents fluconazole and caspofungin to kill Candida albicans isolates in a controlled laboratory setting. This study was grounded on the theoretical concepts of the epidemiologic triangle model. The experimental data collected were used to investigate risk factors related to age, gender, race, and comorbidities. Kill rates of lemongrass, oregano, and thyme essential oils individually and combined, kill rates of fluconazole, caspofungin, and the kill rates when the antifungals were each combined with the 3 essential oils were compared using 117 isolates recovered from bloodstream infections between January 2009 through August 1, 2017. The data collected were analyzed using 2-way repeated ANOVAS. According to study results, there were statistically significant increases in kill rates when the isolates were exposed to any of the combinations of essential oils tested. Using binomial and multinomial regression to analyze age, gender, race, and comorbidities resulted in the age group 25-34, kidney failure, and solid organ tumor cancer all being statistically significantly associated with an increased risk for Candida albicans bloodstream infections, and multiple organ failure negatively associated with the risk. Health care practitioners can use the results of this study to reduce the number of patients becoming infected with life-threatening yeast infections, which could reduce the costs associated with infections.

A oxidação de lipídeos produz compostos indesejáveis que alteram as características organolépticas de alimentos lipídicos e reduzem a qualidade nutricional. Nas indústrias alimentícia, cosmética e farmacêutica são adicionados antioxidantes sintéticos para retardar ou prevenir a deterioração lipídica. Devido aos estudos sobre a possível toxicidade dos antioxidantes sintéticos e ao apelo por compostos ativos naturais, o uso de antioxidantes naturais presentes em ervas e especiarias representa uma alternativa promissora. No presente trabalho foram estudadas as condições de obtenção de extratos hidroalcoólicos de especiarias e sua aplicação em óleo de soja refinado em teste acelerado. O estudo do efeito da temperatura e do grau de hidratação do etanol sobre o teor de compostos fenólicos totais dos extratos de alecrim, orégano, sálvia e tomilho foi realizado com aplicação de planejamento experimental e metodologia de superfícies de resposta. As condições para uma extração eficiente dos compostos fenólicos de alecrim e tomilho desidratados foram o uso de etanol 50% (v/v) e temperatura entre 45 a 50°C. Extrato de sálvia com maiores concentrações em fenólicos totais foram obtidos com etanol 50% (v/v) em uma faixa de temperatura de 57,5 a 60°C. O extrato de orégano requer uso de etanol 40-50% (v/v), em qualquer temperatura na faixa estudada (30 a 60°C). Os compostos identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas foram os ácidos cafeico e dihidrocafeico, timol e arbutina. Os extratos de alecrim, orégano e tomilho preparados nas condições otimizadas, bem como suas misturas binárias e ternárias, foram adicionados ao óleo de soja refinado e submetidos a teste acelerado em estufa a 60°C. Os resultados de Índice de Peróxido e Absortividade na faixa do ultravioleta evidenciaram que as misturas de extratos foram capazes de oferecer proteção antioxidante ao óleo de soja refinado. Combinações com alecrim apresentaram os melhores efeitos protetores, sendo a melhor combinação das proporções 15% de tomilho, 65% de alecrim e 20% de orégano, totalizando 100 mg de compostos fenólicos totais/g de óleo. / The lipid oxidation produces undesirable compounds that alter the organoleptic characteristics of food lipids and reduce the nutritional quality. In the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, synthetic antioxidants are added to retard or prevent the lipid deterioration. Due to the possible toxicity of synthetic antioxidants and the call for active natural compounds, the use of natural antioxidants present in herbs and spices is a promising alternative. Thus, this study evaluated the antioxidant activity of extracts of spices and their mixtures on refined soybean oil. The study of temperature and solvent mixture effects on the phenolic extraction from dried rosemary, oregano, sage and thyme was performed according to response surface methodology and mathematical models. The conditions for an efficient extraction of the phenolic compounds from rosemary and thyme were ethanol 50% at 45-50°C; from sage was ethanol 50% at a temperature range from 57.5 to 60°C, and from oregano was ethanol 40-50% at any temperature in the studied range (30- 60°C). The compounds identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were dihydrocaffeic and caffeic acids, thymol and arbutin. Selected hydroalcoholic extracts of rosemary, oregano and thyme were added to soybean oil subjected to accelerated storage tests. Peroxide values and absorptivity at UV showed that mixtures of extracts were able to provide antioxidant protection to soybean oil. Mixtures with rosemary showed better protective effects than the others. The region of the surface response of the mixtures in which the best protection is offered lies in the proportions of rosemary from 0.50 to 0.80, 0.10 to 0.30 of oregano and thyme from 0.05 to 0.30, in a total of 100 mf GAE/g oil.