Submitted by Fernanda Ciolfi (fernanda.ciolfi@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2016-07-06T12:44:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Gerard Machado.pdf: 2230326 bytes, checksum: 325bc3f8e5b3ef063d165882ed59d1f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T12:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Gerard Machado.pdf: 2230326 bytes, checksum: 325bc3f8e5b3ef063d165882ed59d1f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-23 / The global energy sector is going through a revolutionary moment with the internet of things in the electric power system, the smart grids in Brazil this movement is still embryonic, but is gaining momentum in recent years driven by the need for operational efficiency and the new standard more participatory consumer.Electrical networks are essential for physical and economic well-being of a nation, in this way, with the implementation of smart grid solutions is imperative that information security is considered to protect critical assets. Traditionally the focus of cybersecurity has always been in IT, in order to protect the information and unauthorized access to information systems, use, modification or some kind of action that would compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of information. Cybersecurity for smart grid requires a combined focus of information security for IT systems to the communications network and the physical equipment of the electric grid.Thus, the thesis aims to develop a ranking methodology level cybersecurity maturity in smart grids. The methodology is based on two pillars, the first in identifying assets, threats and impacts and the second in carrying out a assessment for the analysis and classification of the 126 requirements maturity level that are grouped into 16 groups of requirements, always applied in a specific use case.The methodology was applied in two use cases of operating systems in a smart grid of a major power distribution company. The results clearly identify the proprietary system has 51% of the requirements at the lowest level while the new system 47% of applications are at the highest level. / O setor el?trico mundial est? passando por um momento revolucion?rio com da internet das coisas no sistema el?trico de pot?ncia, ou seja, as redes el?tricas inteligentes, no Brasil este movimento ainda ? embrion?rio, mas est? ganhando for?a nos ?ltimos anos impulsionado pela necessidade de efici?ncia operacional e o novo padr?o de consumidor mais participativo.As redes el?tricas s?o essenciais para o bem-estar f?sico e econ?mico de uma na??o, desta forma, com a implanta??o das solu??es de redes el?tricas inteligentes ? imprescind?vel que a seguran?a da informa??o seja considerada para proteger os ativos cr?ticos. Tradicionalmente o foco da seguran?a cibern?tica sempre foi na IT, com o objetivo de proteger as informa??es e os sistemas de informa??o de acessos n?o autorizados, utiliza??o, modifica??o ou algum tipo de a??o de que comprometa a confidencialidade, integridade ou disponibilidade da informa??o. A seguran?a cibern?tica para smart grid requer um foco combinado de seguran?a da informa??o para os sistemas de IT, para a rede de comunica??o e para os equipamentos f?sicos da rede el?trica.Desta maneira, a disserta??o tem por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia de classifica??o do n?vel de maturidade de seguran?a cibern?tica nas redes el?tricas inteligentes. A metodologia baseia-se em dois grandes pilares, primeiro na identifica??o dos ativos, amea?as e impactos e o segundo na realiza??o de uma an?lise e classifica??o do n?vel de maturidade de 126 requerimentos que s?o agrupados em 16 grupos de requerimentos, sempre aplicados em um caso de uso espec?fico.A metodologia foi aplicada em dois casos uso de sistemas de opera??o de uma rede el?trica inteligente de uma grande companhia de distribui??o de energia. Os resultados permitiram identificar claramente que o sistema propriet?rio possui 51% dos requerimentos no n?vel mais baixo enquanto no novo sistema 47% dos requerimentos est?o no n?vel mais alto.

Demand response (DR) is one of the integral mechanisms of today's smart grids. It enables consumer energy assets such as flexible loads, standby generators and storage systems to add value to the grid by providing cost-effective flexibility. With increasing renewable generation and impending electric vehicle deployment, there is a critical need for large volumes of reliable and responsive flexibility through DR. This poses a new challenge for the electricity sector. Smart grid development has resulted in the availability of large amounts of data from different physical segments of the grid such as generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. For instance, smart meter data carrying valuable information is increasingly available from the consumers. Parallel to this, the domain of data analytics and machine learning (ML) is making immense progress. Data-driven modelling based on ML algorithms offers new opportunities to utilise the smart grid data and address the DR challenge. The thesis demonstrates the use of data-driven models for enhancing DR from large consumers such as commercial and industrial (C&I) buildings. A reliable, computationally efficient, cost-effective and deployable data-driven model is developed for large consumer building load estimation. The selection of data pre-processing and model development methods are guided by these design criteria. Based on this model, DR operational tasks such as capacity scheduling, performance evaluation and reliable operation are demonstrated for consumer energy assets such as flexible loads, standby generators and storage systems. Case studies are designed based on the frameworks of ongoing DR programs in different electricity markets. In these contexts, data-driven modelling shows substantial improvement over the conventional models and promises more automation in DR operations. The thesis also conceptualises an emissions-based DR program based on emissions intensity data and consumer load flexibility to demonstrate the use of smart grid data in encouraging renewable energy consumption. Going forward, the thesis advocates data-informed thinking for utilising smart grid data towards solving problems faced by the electricity sector.

The application of composite action ushered a new era in the use of double-layer spaceframes as efficient floor systems in addition to their competitiveness as roof coveringstructural systems. Earlier research on space frames demonstrated large improvementsin their static behaviour caused by the introduction of composite action. Theseimprovements included an increase in ductility to avoid progressive collapse, a largeincrease in load-carrying capacity and a considerable reduction in materialconsumption.In this work, the effect of introducing composite action in changing the dynamiccharacteristics of space frames, in particular the natural frequencies and damping ratioswas presented. The study was expanded to determine the effect of composite action inchanging the response to dynamic excitations. The measured responses included thelateral displacements and changes in the internal member force distribution undershaking table vibrations.Three aluminium space frame models of the square on square (SOS) configuration weremanufactured. The first model was non-composite, while composite action was appliedto the other two models with a top aluminium deck and a timber deck, respectively.Two common cases of support conditions were used in connecting the models to theloading frame, which was the platform of the shaking table.Initial displacement method (snap test) was used to determine the frequency of vibrationand the damping ratio of test models in the vertical and horizontal directions usinglogarithmic decrement method. All models were then exposed to shaking tablevibrations to determine the changes in dynamic responses between different models.These tests were repeated for the three models after the successive removal of panelsfrom one direction to identify the changes to their characteristics and behaviour withdifferent aspect ratios.The second part of the study was carried out numerically by using the finite elementpackage ABAQUS. It started by selecting a valid finite element model from nineproposed models using experimental test results on physical structures. A parametricstudy was conducted using the validated finite element model to expand the study toinclude two common space frame configurations; the square on large square (SOLS)and square on diagonal (SOD), and two other cases of support configurations, namely,fully edge-supported and supports at corners and middle edges of models.Based on the work done in this study, it can be concluded that composite actionchanged the dynamic characteristics of space frames, which was clear in the increase oftheir vibration frequencies in all directions as a result of the increase in stiffness.Furthermore, the increase in stiffness resulted in a general reduction in the dampingratio of space frames covered with aluminium deck, while the high friction with topjoints and the nature of timber as a good energy absorbent material resulted in a variableeffect on the damping ratio associated with the increase in aspect ratio.The effect of composite action was clear in reducing the lateral displacement ofcomposite models by more than 50% compared to the non-composite case. Moreover,composite action resulted in changing the distribution of internal forces in diagonal andlower chord members such that forces became more concentrated at corners and edgesparallel to the direction of vibrations in both cases of corner and edge-supportedmodels.

abstract: Energy management system (EMS) is at the heart of the operation and control of a modern electrical grid. Because of economic, safety, and security reasons, access to industrial grade EMS and real-world power system data is extremely limited. Therefore, the ability to simulate an EMS is invaluable in researching the EMS in normal and anomalous operating conditions. I first lay the groundwork for a basic EMS loop simulation in modern power grids and review a class of cybersecurity threats called false data injection (FDI) attacks. Then I propose a software architecture as the basis of software simulation of the EMS loop and explain an actual software platform built using the proposed architecture. I also explain in detail the power analysis libraries used for building the platform with examples and illustrations from the implemented application. Finally, I will use the platform to simulate FDI attacks on two synthetic power system test cases and analyze and visualize the consequences using the capabilities built into the platform. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2019

Cranial vault thickness (CVT) has been reported at many different osteometric landmarks and features on the vault. Historically, only a few landmarks are used, often bregma, lambda, vertex, and right and left euryon, and frequently comparisons are based only on “thick” versus “thin” to describe the vault overall. What is inherent in this strategy is the use of a few locations to characterize the entire vault. The problem remains that there is little information concerning CVT variation throughout an individual's vault, and the causes of variation within recent Homo sapiens important to investigating thickness variation between species in Homo. This work describes thickness variation over the entire superior vault and compares the sexes, age groups and populations in recent H. sapiens. A proportional grid is applied to the superior vault to measure thickness at 219 sampling points in a geographically diverse sample of recent H. sapiens. Thickness values are analyzed in their two-dimensional spatial relationships to determine patterns of vault thickness. Males were identified to be thicker than females at more lateral locations and along the midsagittal plane, although this finding is not statistically significant. Individuals over the age of 45 years are found to be statistically significantly thicker than individuals younger than 31 years at more lateral locations of the vault. Aboriginal Australians are statistically significantly thicker at more lateral locations of the vault than any other populations, whereas Northern Canada/Greenland individuals were thinner than other populations at these locations. The trend of thicker vaults in the older age group and the Australians is identified across the vault, although is not statistically significant at more locations. Several thickness patterns are identified. The boss thickening pattern is the most common pattern, followed by a midsagittal pattern, a posterior pattern, and an anterior pattern. Some specimens do not demonstrate thickness variation and are coded as undifferentiated. Each pattern is observed alone and in combination with others, signifying that pattern causes are not mutually exclusive. Boss thickening is interpreted as the result of passive bone thickening during normal bone and brain growth during fetal and adolescent development. The midsagittal thickness pattern coincides with inferred strain along the sagittal suture from nuchal muscle engagement during mastication. Previous researchers have proposed adaptive explanations for thickness variation, such as protection from interpersonal violence; the patterns of cranial vault thickness reported here point to normal growth and development of the brain as a driving force, a relationship that could drive thickness variation in other Homo species. Comparing thickness at bregma, and the frontal and parietal eminences for recent H. sapiens and H. erectus, there is no statistical difference between African and Asian H. erectus, and between the on average thicker H. sapiens populations and H. erectus, based on published data. Future work will investigate the presence or absence of thickness patterns in these fossil species.

We consider the optimal economic dispatch of power generators in a smart electric grid for allocating power between generators to meet load requirements at minimum total cost. We assume that each generator has a piece-wise linear cost function. We first present a polynomial time algorithm that achieves optimal dispatch. We then present a decentralized algorithm where, each generator independently adjusts its power output using only the aggregate power imbalance in the network, which can be observed by each generator through local measurements of the frequency deviation on the grid. The algorithm we propose exponentially erases the power imbalance, while eventually minimizing the generation cost.

Climate change and air pollution pose serious consequences including longer heat waves and sea level rise. California is taking several initiatives to address these problems, calling for an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels. The transportation sector in California has relied heavily on fossil fuels, significantly contributing to the emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, one of the main technologies the state has been motivating to combat this is the implementation of battery electric vehicles. These vehicles have not started gaining popularity until recently and there are still several market barriers that slow down electric vehicle adoption, such as availability of charging ports. Several other aspects need to be considered, such as the effects on grid demand and supply, as California expects to see a large- scale implementation of electric vehicles. This paper aims to provide information on California's long-term transportation electrification goals and analyze how the state is progressing towards their stated goals, given current electric vehicle market trends, charging availability, and electric demand and supply capacity.

Distributed generation is becoming increasingly prevalent on power grids around the world. Conventional designs and grid operations are not always sufficient for handling the implementation of distributed generation units; the new generation may result in undesirable operating conditions, or system failure. This paper investigates the primary issues involved with the implementation of distributed generation and maintaining the integrity of the power grid. The issues addressed include power flow, system protections, voltage regulation, intermittency, harmonics, and islanding. A case study is also presented to illustrate how these issues can be addressed when designing distributed generation installation on an existent distribution system. The case study design is performed on the campus distribution system of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, with the design goal of implementing renewable energy sources to make the campus a net zero energy consumer.

Two field experiments determined an effective intertrap distance (ITD) for early detection and delimitation sparse gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae, Lymantria dispar L.) populations in mountainous terrain. This study found that current Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service trapping guidelines are not sufficient for early detection of small gypsy moth populations in mountainous terrain. Detection trapping in mountainous terrain should have an ITD of not more than 804 m. Delimiting trapping should use a grid design with an ITD of 152 m. A related study determined natural adult male mortality in the climate of the intermountain West, which includes Utah, Nevada, western Wyoming, and southern Idaho. An interaction was found between mortality, temperature, and humidity. During high temperatures, most mortality occurred on the second day. When lower temperatures prevailed, the largest percent mortality occurred on the third or fourth day.

In America, buildings are often constructed with the intent of being utile only 30-40 years. All over the world though, there are buildings that are hundreds of years old that are still very functional. Historically, architecture was a part of mathematics, and in many periods of the past, the two were indistinguishable. Architects were often required to be also mathematicians in ancient times. The idea of this thesis is to identify the relationship between mathematics and architecture and to reintroduce them in order to create a module for successful design . Presence of mathematical boundaries help to attain visual consistency by relating a small scale to a larger scale. Spaces which meet these criteria are subconsciously realized as sharing critical qualities with natural and biological forms. Accordingly, they are perceived as more comfortable psychologically. Scaling coherence is a common element of traditional and vernacular architectures, but is often extensively deficient from contemporary architecture. Architecture has used proportional systems to create, or limit, the forms in building since its inception. In almost every building tradition, there exists a system of mathematical relations which governs the relationships between elements of design. These are often quite simple: whole number ratios or easily constructed geometric shapes. Many types of revival architecture have been employed in recent years, therefore it would be critical to identify why they have achieved a resurgence in popularity. However, historical allusions are generally superficial. No authentic scale or systems are used and the formerly unique qualities are not explored spatially. The attraction to, and association with, forms possessing harmonic proportions is a mitigating factor in design that needs to be addressed. The natural beauty stemming from proportion, mathematics, and the proper relationship of elements to the whole is what renders a building aesthetically and experientially pleasing to a human. Post-Modern architecture is all but going in the opposite direction of achieving this goal. The idea that a building should scale down to dimensions humans can relate to and reveal its stature in the experiential qualities must be extracted from traditional architecture and employed in contemporary techniques.