The aim of this research is to produce a model allowing me to estimate the credit risks in the aggregate and the sectors levels of the Swedish economy in response to the evaluation of key macroeconomic variables. In order to estimate the credit risk models for the Swedish economy, one-factor models were used and the employed data were covering the period from 2003 to 2011. One factor models’ estimations for the sectors facilitate a comparison of default rates’ determiners between different sectors. The analyze part of the thesis starts with the estimation of the credit risk model at the aggregate economy level and it follows by the estimation of the models for different sectors. Ten different sectors are analyzed and for all sectors, the default rate models are produced. Furthermore, the paper presents some examples of applying the estimated models to macro stress testing. The findings demonstrate that in the transport and in the sector others, the most significant macroeconomic indicators were GDP, interest rates and repo rates. But, in all other sectors: GDP, interest rates and inflation rates showed the highest significant results. All coefficients were significant at the 5 % confidence level either in aggregate level or in sectors level. The interest rates showed positive relations with the default rates while the GDP and the inflation rates showed opposite relations. Reciprocal analyzes of the sectors indicated that compared to other sectors, the default rates in the financial sector strongly depended on the GDP and in the construction sector it weakly depended on inflation rates. In addition, the credit risks were varying between the sectors. At the education and the sector others, default rates were low, fluctuated between 0 and 0.05%. In contrast, at the manufacturing, the wholesale, the transportation, and the finance sectors the default rates were very high. It fluctuated between 0.03% and 0.16%. Finally, estimated models were used for the sensitive analyze of default rates by creating shocks over the independent variables. So, these calculations provided that, the default rates in financial activities sector were the most sensible sector during the shock at the GDP and the default rates in the construction sector were the most insensible ones during the shock at the interest rates and the inflation rates. To conclude, the results of this thesis can help understand the relationship between credit risk and macroeconomic indicators. This research provides important findings on how the macroeconomic indicators influence the default rates of Swedish economy either at the aggregate or at the sectors level. The calculated models can be used for the default rates’ prediction or stress testing.

A systematic investigation into the growth of one-dimensional nanostructures of select II-VI compounds with the wurtzite crystal structure. Two process parameters are systematically altered to observe how each affects deposition. The results of which give a further understanding into the formation of one nanostructure over another, as well as experimental parameters for optimizing the growth of particular CdSe nanomaterials. A statistical analysis is conducted on the experimental data to quantitatively determine the variability and robustness of the experimental setup and process. The information complied from this extensive study will yield a more complete understanding of the experimental setup and how improvements can be made to reduce variability, increase yield, and gain insight into the mechanisms controlling this class of materials.

The aim of this research is to study changes resulting from parents attending a study group designed by class teacher that include reading a chosen book and engaging in teacher¡¦s designated activities relating to grade 1 elementary school mathematics contents; and trying ideas at home with school children. By referring to literature she decided on a study group format and adopted equal interaction and co-operative discussion setting. The math contents are: Number (1-10); Knowing about Geometric Shapes, Classifications (Color, Shapes). Data collection included questionnaire about study group meetings, children¡¦s interviews, parents¡¦ interviews, teacher¡¦s diaries, video tapes of in-class activities. Analyzes of interviews is by Goldin (2000). The findings are four: through the above mentioned study group (1) parents upgraded themselves in math ability and in confidence and set goals relating to different age of children; (2) children were given the opportunities to learn in a variety of ways; (3) promoted parent-child interaction, especially at home; and, (4) enhanced parent-teacher relationships and stimulated creativity in teacher¡¦s instruction.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate eighth-grade students¡¦ understanding of the equal sign and analyzed error types of quadratic equation in one variable. To achieve this purpose, the investigator did a survey and development instruments. Participants were 215 eighth-grade students who formed a convenient sample. There are three results. First, participants with a relational definition of the equal sign added to about 80% of the sample. Second, the performance of students with relational definitions is higher than the performance of students with operational definitions. Third, students¡¦ understanding of the equal sign was related to their respective problem-solving performance on quadratic equation in one variable. In this study, participants with an operational definition of the equal sign tended to guess randomly or leave a blank. Problem-solving performance of participants with a relational definition of the equal sign involved multiple strategies. The researcher suggested that teachers should strengthen students¡¦ understanding of equal sign and related students¡¦ prior algebraic knowledge.

Background: Tue Businessweek magazine proposed lists of attending doctors in medical centers and regional hospitals based on the recommendation of hospital presidents, directors and supervisors of medical societies, and surveyed doctors. The current study aims to investigate the criteria existing in Businessweek¡¦s selection and factors related to the nomination of Taiwan¡¦s best 100 doctors. Material and Method: Subjects are the 667 doctors nominated in Businessweek¡¦s ¡§100 Especially Recommended Doctors¡¨ and ¡§600 Doctor-Recommended Doctors,¡¨ published respectively on May 5th and October 3rd, 2008. Biographical data of the subjects is firstly reorganized according to such items as specialty, hospital, education, professional training, experience and current status; introduction to specialties on websites of the hospitals where the subjects serve is also taken into consideration during data reorganization. Secondly, additional social network variables, including special positions in such non-hospital and non-school institutions as societies, foundations and publishing companies, are implemented. Collected data is analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Out of the 667 doctors, the 131 ones especially recommended by Businessweek tend to either serve in northern Taiwan or have graduated from National Taiwan University. In terms of social network, ¡§directors¡¨ of a department/branch/center are 3.082 times more likely to be nominated among the 131 than those who do not have the title, while those with special positions in medical societies are 5.314 times more likely to be nominated than those without any special position. Conclusion: The physicians not only training in the medical profession, but also need to expand social network.

Trade Integration between China and ASEAN, which is behind North American Free Trade Agreement and European Union. It will become the third largest economy in the world. The prupose of this study tries to look for ¡§substantial¡¨ strategies and methods of China-ASEAN free trade area between China and ASEAN. In the conclusion, this study discovers China-ASEAN free trade area is an important tool for China, because of China could use it achieving regional stability, resource strategies, South-West development, and connection of East Asia integration. In process of trade integration, China not only adds trade and investment in Southeast Asia, but also provides economic assistance and joins ASEAN plus one. To came to China¡¦s WinWin pruposes.

Nowadays the technologies of communication are widely developing due to the huge requirements in the world, such as asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), and high definition television (HDTV). We are seeking for high performance and quality communication schemes. The scheme of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) catches everyone's eyes due to the advantages of the OFDM. Not only high bit rate in the long haul transmission but also reconfigurable network is the charming contention, and the penalties are reduced by the cyclic prefix which can reduce the inter-symbol interference (ISI). In this thesis, I will introduce the demand for optical fiber communications, then, interpret the motivation and the organizations in a nutshell. Next, the theoretical studies will be discussed, including mathematical formulations and basic theories of one tap equalizer, a cyclic prefix, a training symbol synchronization, and a discrete multitone (DMT) modulation. In addition, the experimental setups are successfully constructed and used for verifying the impact of one tap equalizer and the training symbol synchronization. Also, the performance of the systems are measured. Finally, the thesis is concluded.

Abstract Banking industry which contributes significant annual economic growth rate is one of the most important industries in Taiwan. Since the trend that many countries give up the cash-based monetary system, the financial environment grows toward liberalization and globalization. Banking industry has shown more and more influence on the stability of economy. The financial Commissioner of MOU which signed on November 16, 2009 and effected on January 16, 2010 has taken the financial cooperation between Taiwan and China to a new stage. Under the framework of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), Mainland China will become an important part of Taiwan banking industry¡¦s future global distribution. With the impact of global financial tsunami and European sovereign debt crisis, the overall economic environment of Taiwan banking industry has been more difficult. On the other side, the number of competitor of the same nature increases since 16 new banks are approved to be set up from 1991 to 1992. According to the statistic of Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, there is a total of 38 domestic banks with 3,398 branches and a total of 28 foreign banks with 53 branches over Taiwan. The business volume and profitability of traditional banks has been reduced, and wallet share ratio has been declined too. Thus, it is a must that bank adjust their traditional role from borrowing funds to a assist of asset management as quickly as possible to support customers a omni-bearing service provider. After the implement of Financial Holding Company Act in July 2001, the financial legislation has been lifted. It allow not only the establishment of financial holding companies but also the cross-industry operation of banking, insurance, securities, venture capital, investment trust business that providing customers on stop shopping service. Moreover, based on the principle of equity, the financial authority allow non-financial holding companies including banking, insurance, securities could development cross-industry service. Thus, non-financial holding companies should review their future development strategies and opportunities. The study is based on the simplified financial and insurance market structure which includes a bank and three insurance companies. When a individual bank cooperates with certain insurance company, there are two cooperation models¡Xthe establishment of financial holding company and cross-industry strategic alliance. The establishment of financial holding company adopts ¡§joint marketing¡¨ mode which vertical and horizontal integrates the flow of business, cash, logistic, information and talent to create a synergy of business profit. However, if there are differences of business culture and philosophy, the benefit may not be shown and may even adversely affect the alliance. The strength of ¡§strategic alliance¡¨ lies in the flexibility of operation of business and organization. With the cross-industry operation mode, managers could develop business strategy according to the difference structure and property thus not only retains original business idea and thinking but also capture unique niche of cross-industry then achieve the goal progressively. Through literature review and analysis of banking and insurance strategies, the study develops the research framework, questionnaire and dimensions in the background and motivation of cross-industry alliance, the condition and term of alliance partner selection strategy and interactive communication in the process of strategic alliance and cooperation to discuss the factors that influence the channel strategies of bank-insurance companies and the critical factors that make successful business expansion. The study hope to provide a reference for future development of bank ¡Vinsurance business to enhance the competitiveness of bank insurance industry in Taiwan.

A convenient method for the preparation of hydroxyl lactams via regioselective reduction of N-alkyl-3-sulfonyl glutarimides is described. The useful building block is applied to synthesize polysubstituted pyridin-2-one, tacamonine and deplancheine.

Retailers in the US and Japan are taking the lead where as retailers in Taiwan are working its way up to follow this lead. Consumption trend in Taiwan¡¦s society is associated with these countries. Japan launched the so-called ¡§one priced¡¨ chain stores in 1722 and the US began operating these sorts of chain stores in 1959. Taiwan hasn¡¦t got involved in this ¡§one price operating strategy¡¨ till recent years. Due to the fact that businesses are operating under a rapidly changing environments as well as facing great competition, a huge amount of enterprises are working towards an internationalized and diversified multinational company. The living standards in Taiwan have been improving over the years; consumers now tend to put more emphasis on the quality and services of the product rather than on the price of the product. Government in Taiwan loosened the importing barrier and lowered the tariff in 1987. This action encouraged foreign companies to set up firms in Taiwan which has lead to a positive growth in Taiwan¡¦s retailer industry. The retailer industry was booming in the 1990s where the price of the product was determined by the retailer rather than the manufacturer. Therefore, retailers such as convenience stores and chain retail stores were acting as an important role in leading it to success. In comparison, these ¡§one priced¡¨ chain stores are making slight amounts of profit on each item and that¡¦s where the standard and efficiency matters. It provides customers with a pleasant shopping environment and it¡¦s seen as a kind of mini department store. The expanding and diverse strategy that the company adopts enables the company to operate more efficiently than its competitors. The risks and availability of cash flow are under sustainable circumstances. Otherwise, it might result in expanding the economics of scale but miscalculating the capacity of the market. It is suggested that evaluation of the competitive advantage is essential prior to the company becoming a multinational company. Changes in the economical, social and business environments challenge the operator¡¦s ability in dealing with these matters. Businesses are turning from physical-oriented into product-oriented competitors and that is where quality, innovation and creativity matters. In order to enhance its competitiveness, chain stores must grow by continuously improving and innovating of the products; enhancing its strategic management and backup support to create the value added product and services for the customers.