Indicadores de qualidade ambiental tem o objetivo de medir as variações de qualidade atribuídas pelas atividades humanas sobre os ecossistemas ambientais. Muitos desses indicadores resultam da composição de variáveis distintas voltadas para objetivos específicos diversos. Definir quais são as variáveis mais importantes dentro de um processo de avaliação ambiental é, sem dúvida, um dos maiores desafios dos responsáveis por esse tipo de estudo. Dentro do processo produtivo, é muito comum que se construa um banco de dados com informações de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental, composto de informações que não se integram de modo simplificado, indicando ações de ajustes ou mitigação de possíveis impactos sobre a qualidade do compartimento ambiental estudado. Quando se trata da avaliação da qualidade das águas é incomparável o volume de informações que geralmente se processa para viabilizar a medição da qualidade. Comumente se utilizam medições quantitativas e qualitativas de parâmetros físico-químicos, biológicos e hidrobiológicos, associados a efeitos antrópicos, geológicos, geomorfológicos, conectados entre si, ou dispersos em medições individuais. Diante do desafio de definir um modo de avaliação específico para a qualidade das águas na área de influência direta de uma mina a céu aberto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia que possa indicar quais roteiros devem ser seguidos para que uma avaliação ambiental da qualidade das águas garanta que as variáveis escolhidas sejam medidas e classificadas ao longo das diferentes fases operacionais de uma mina céu aberto, iniciando no planejamento, se estendendo durante as fases de implantação, operação e descomissionamento. É essencial que as diretrizes estabelecidas sejam prontamente utilizadas pelos gestores operacionais de modo que mudanças de procedimentos operacionais possam ser realizadas em função do objetivo principal da manutenção da qualidade ambiental. A proposta metodológica foi aplicada em um projeto de mineração a céu aberto, Mina de N5Sul no Complexo Minerador de Carajás, no estado do Pará, Brasil, sendo possível efetuar medições ambientais para uma mesma rede de monitoramento da qualidade das águas em três fases distintas: planejamento, instalação e operação, onde os resultados iniciais demonstraram que mudanças nos procedimentos operacionais foram aplicados com sucesso para a manutenção da qualidade das águas no entorno da mina. Além disso, é de fundamental importância que a rede de medições seja mantida até a fase de descomissionamento, pois com a composição do banco de dados de informações será possível avaliar de forma efetiva os impactos da operação de uma mina sobre a qualidade das águas do entorno ao longo do tempo de sua vida útil. / Environmental quality indicators are intended to measure quality changes attributed by human activities on environmental ecosystems. Many of these indicators results from the composition of different variables have focused on several specific objectives. Defining which are the most important variables within an environmental assessment process is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges for those responsible for this type of study. Inside of the production process, it is very common to build a database with environmental quality monitoring information consists of information that are not integrated in a simplified manner, indicating needs of adjustments or mitigation of potential impacts on the quality of environmental compartment studied. When it comes to the assessment of water quality, is unparalleled the amount of information that usually is processed to enable the measurement quality. Commonly are used quantitative and qualitative measurements of physical and chemical parameters, biological and hydro-biological associated with anthropogenic effects, geological, geomorphological, connected with each other, or dispersed in individual measurements. Faced to the challenge of defining a specific evaluation mode for the water quality in the area of direct influence of an open pit mine, this paper proposes a methodology that can indicate which routes should be followed for an environmental assessment of water quality to ensure that the chosen variables are measured and classified throughout the different operational phases of an open pit mine, starting in the planning, extending during the deployment phase, operation and decommissioning. It is essential that the guidelines established can be readily used by operational managers, so that changes in operational procedures to occur based on the primary objective of maintaining environmental quality. The methodology was applied in a mining project in the open, N5Sul mine in Complex Miner Carajás, in the state of Pará, Brazil, where it was possible to make environmental measurements for the same quality monitoring network of water in three distinct phases : planning, installation and operation, where initial results showed that changes in operational procedures have been successfully applied to the maintenance of water quality in the vicinity of the mine. Besides, it is very important that the network is maintained until the decommissioning phase, as to the composition of bank information will be possible to assess effectively the impact of a mine operation on the quality of the surrounding water over time of its life.

Com o passar dos anos a sociedade tem se tornado gradativamente mais dependente de recursos minerais para o seu funcionamento e para o desenvolvimento de produtos. A maior parte das coisas que cercam o homem necessita de alguma espécie de bem mineral como matéria prima para sua fabricação. Por isso, cada vez mais, a mineração tem sido objeto de estudos, buscando aprimoramento e desenvolvimento nos métodos de extração de minérios. Existem duas formas utilizadas para a extração de bens minerais, uma por uso de métodos de lavra a céu aberto (OP) e outra através da aplicação de métodos para lavra subterrânea (UG). A definição de qual método deve ser aplicado em cada caso depende de diversos fatores, como profundidade e geometria do corpo mineral, competência da rocha portadora do minério e da rocha encaixante, entre outros, mas ao final, aspectos econômicos predominam para a definição da viabilidade de cada um dos possíveis métodos. Porém, existem casos em que a melhor escolha para minerar o depósito não se dá por umas dessas duas opções, e sim, pela combinação de ambas, ou seja, a aplicação da lavra a céu aberto seguida da extração dos recursos remanescentes por lavra subterrânea. A grande dificuldade, nestes casos, é definir qual o momento ideal para a transição de método, de maneira que os resultados do projeto integrado sejam otimizados e que um método não inviabilize o outro. Para isso é necessário analisar as duas opções de lavra individualmente, lavrando somente a céu aberto e lavrando somente por métodos subterrâneos, além de analisar-se a viabilidade do projeto através da combinação dos dois métodos, comparando as opções técnica e economicamente e selecionando a que apresente a melhor resposta ao final, para então tomar-se a decisão de qual alternativa de projeto é o mais indicado para cada caso. / Over the years, the society has become progressively dependent on mineral resources for its operation and for development of products. The majority of the things that surround the men needs some kind of mineral material as raw material for its manufacture. Therefore, increasingly, mining has been studied aiming to improve and develop methods of mineral extraction. There are two ways that are utilized to mineral extraction, one by open pit methods (OP) e another by application of underground methods (UG). The definition of which one should be applied in each case depends on many factors, such as depth and geometry of the mineral body, strength of the mineralized and bounding rock, among others, but at the end, economic aspects are predominant for the definition of viability of the methods. However, there are some cases where the best choice to mine the deposit is not one of these options, but the combination of both methods, it means, the application of open pit mining followed by extraction of remaining resources by underground mining. The great challenge, in these cases, is to define what is the right moment for the transition of the methods, making sure that the results are optimized and one method do not impede the development of the other one. In this sense, it is necessary to analyze both options individually, mining the deposit only by open pit and mining only by underground, and also analyze the combination of the two methods, comparing these options technically and economically at the end, and then decide which project alternative is the best for each case.

Today’s quarries face a change in the operational processes, where the development of automated transport systems and machines have intensified the necessity for reliable and stable data transfer. Within the dynamic environment, with piles building up suddenly, frequently changing mining faces due to blasting, as well as a frequently changing general environment that affect the network coverage negatively, there is a need for a solution that can adapt to the changing environment. The aim of this research has been to investigate the requirements for a dynamic infrastructure, and develop a platform based on today’s available technical solution components that can act as a dynamic platform for the evolving autonomous quarry. This by also reducing the time the worker is exposed to the harsh environment that the quarry presents. The research was conducted through a combination of a product development strategy and Design Research Methodology to develop a concept that fulfills the customer needs that are identified. An iterative process, where the needs were translated in to prototypes, has created learnings through every step of the development process. The result is a relocatable platform for communications relay, which is mounted on a trailer with a fixed mast to distribute short-wave communications in the area where the mobile unit is needed. The trailer is equipped with a four-point leveling system that also act as a stabilization system for the unit and ensures that the platform maintains a horizontal plane at all times. This platform is a first step towards a fully autonomous management of the communication infrastructure which in the future will be needed when a stable process and connection is necessary in the frequently changing environment. The relocatable platform is a necessity for adaption of the short-wave communication in the constantly changing environment. Since this is a first iteration and concept in the development of a dynamic platform, extensive field tests are required to determine which subcomponents are in need of further development or optimization. The completed prototype for the platform is functional and field ready for further testing in its real environment for further collecting of data points. This concept is a subcomponent of a larger system, where the goal is to increase the productivity and reduce the environmental impact from today’s quarry industry. Through reduction of human interaction and management of the relocation of the mobile unit, the workers safety is increased and the harsh environmental exposure is reduced.

Na última década, muitas minas a céu aberto têm alcançado alturas de 600 metros ou mais, algumas com perspectiva em projeto de alcançar mais de 1100 m. A literatura especializada revela que os mecanismos de ruptura para taludes altos ainda não são bem entendidos. Existem dúvidas tanto em relação aos mecanismos de ruptura, como quanto à estimativa da resistência do maciço rochoso em tal escala. Recentemente, há uma tendência crescente da aplicação de análises numéricas para estudar a estabilidade de taludes altos, mas ainda não se consegue reproduzir todos os fenômenos envolvidos. Análises reportadas na literatura consideram apenas a configuração final da cava, sem levar em conta o processo evolutivo da escavação, e o dano induzido ao maciço decorrente deste processo. Este trabalho analisa este efeito e suas conseqüências na avaliação da segurança. Realizaram-se análises bidimensionais de tensão-deformação em taludes de rocha. Tais análises foram realizadas com modelos elástico linear e elasto plástico de amolecimento da coesão e de endurecimento do atrito, considerando a mobilização não simultânea das componentes de resistência no critério de Mohr-Coulomb, e a danificação do maciço rochoso. Avaliação preliminar da segurança de um talude hipotético mostrou que estas considerações são muito importantes. Foram considerados a altura do talude, o ângulo do talude e as tensões in situ. 0 histórico de tensões modifica os parâmetros de resistência do maciço ao longo do talude por danificação. A região do pé do talude, em cada estágio de escavação, está sujeita a concentração de tensões induzidas que geram danificação ao maciço nestas áreas. A danificação em regiões do pé do talude pode explicar o inicio do processo de rupturas do tipo progressivo. / Along the last decade, many open pit mines have reached up to 600 meters or more in height, and some of them are planned to reach more than 1100 meters. The specialized literature shows that the failure mechanisms for high rock slopes are not well understood as yet. Doubts exist in relation to failure mechanisms, as well as to rock mass strength estimation in such scale. In recent years, there is a growing trend for the use of numerical analyses in order to study high rock slope stability, but they are not capable to reproduce all the phenomena involved. Analyses reported in the literature consider only the final configuration of the open pit, without taking into consideration the excavation evolution process, and damage induced to the rock mass resulting from this process. This work analyzes this effect and its consequences on the slope safety evaluation. Two dimensional stress strain analyses in rock slopes are described. Such analyses were conducted with linear elastic model and elasto plastic strain cohesion softening - friction hardening model considering the non-simultaneous mobilization of the strength components in the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, by including the rock mass damage. An approximate safety evaluation of a hypothetical slope shows that these considerations are very important. The stress path modifies the rock mass strength parameters close to the slope face by damage. The regions of the slope toe at each excavation stage are subjected to induced stress concentration causing damage to rock. This damage can explain the beginning of the progressive failure mechanism.

Im Ergebnis der Arbeit kann eine Einbeziehung von Haldenerzen anstelle von Tagebauerzen unter Beibehaltung der wirtschaftlichen Kennzahlen wie z. B. Rentabilität und Gewinn durchgeführt werden. Dafür wurden entsprechende Einbeziehungskriterien für das Haldenerz entwickelt. Bei der Einbeziehung wird ein Teil der Tagebaugeräte freigesetzt, welche für den Abbau von zusätzlichem Abraum verwendet werden können. Diese Maßnahme bietet die Möglichkeit des Abbaues von Abraumspitzen und der Kostensteuerung. Letztere sieht eine Erhöhung der Abraumförderung in den Perioden hoher Preise und eine Verringerung bei niedrigeren Preisen vor. Für die Preisänderungen wurden Einbeziehungskriterien entwickelt, die den Kapitalwert bzw. Gewinn maximieren. Dabei wurden die Einbeziehungskriterien so modifiziert, dass eine Stilllegung der Tagebaue während der Einbeziehung vermieden werden kann.

Na última década, muitas minas a céu aberto têm alcançado alturas de 600 metros ou mais, algumas com perspectiva em projeto de alcançar mais de 1100 m. A literatura especializada revela que os mecanismos de ruptura para taludes altos ainda não são bem entendidos. Existem dúvidas tanto em relação aos mecanismos de ruptura, como quanto à estimativa da resistência do maciço rochoso em tal escala. Recentemente, há uma tendência crescente da aplicação de análises numéricas para estudar a estabilidade de taludes altos, mas ainda não se consegue reproduzir todos os fenômenos envolvidos. Análises reportadas na literatura consideram apenas a configuração final da cava, sem levar em conta o processo evolutivo da escavação, e o dano induzido ao maciço decorrente deste processo. Este trabalho analisa este efeito e suas conseqüências na avaliação da segurança. Realizaram-se análises bidimensionais de tensão-deformação em taludes de rocha. Tais análises foram realizadas com modelos elástico linear e elasto plástico de amolecimento da coesão e de endurecimento do atrito, considerando a mobilização não simultânea das componentes de resistência no critério de Mohr-Coulomb, e a danificação do maciço rochoso. Avaliação preliminar da segurança de um talude hipotético mostrou que estas considerações são muito importantes. Foram considerados a altura do talude, o ângulo do talude e as tensões in situ. 0 histórico de tensões modifica os parâmetros de resistência do maciço ao longo do talude por danificação. A região do pé do talude, em cada estágio de escavação, está sujeita a concentração de tensões induzidas que geram danificação ao maciço nestas áreas. A danificação em regiões do pé do talude pode explicar o inicio do processo de rupturas do tipo progressivo. / Along the last decade, many open pit mines have reached up to 600 meters or more in height, and some of them are planned to reach more than 1100 meters. The specialized literature shows that the failure mechanisms for high rock slopes are not well understood as yet. Doubts exist in relation to failure mechanisms, as well as to rock mass strength estimation in such scale. In recent years, there is a growing trend for the use of numerical analyses in order to study high rock slope stability, but they are not capable to reproduce all the phenomena involved. Analyses reported in the literature consider only the final configuration of the open pit, without taking into consideration the excavation evolution process, and damage induced to the rock mass resulting from this process. This work analyzes this effect and its consequences on the slope safety evaluation. Two dimensional stress strain analyses in rock slopes are described. Such analyses were conducted with linear elastic model and elasto plastic strain cohesion softening - friction hardening model considering the non-simultaneous mobilization of the strength components in the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, by including the rock mass damage. An approximate safety evaluation of a hypothetical slope shows that these considerations are very important. The stress path modifies the rock mass strength parameters close to the slope face by damage. The regions of the slope toe at each excavation stage are subjected to induced stress concentration causing damage to rock. This damage can explain the beginning of the progressive failure mechanism.

Im Ergebnis der Arbeit kann eine Einbeziehung von Haldenerzen anstelle von Tagebauerzen unter Beibehaltung der wirtschaftlichen Kennzahlen wie z. B. Rentabilität und Gewinn durchgeführt werden. Dafür wurden entsprechende Einbeziehungskriterien für das Haldenerz entwickelt. Bei der Einbeziehung wird ein Teil der Tagebaugeräte freigesetzt, welche für den Abbau von zusätzlichem Abraum verwendet werden können. Diese Maßnahme bietet die Möglichkeit des Abbaues von Abraumspitzen und der Kostensteuerung. Letztere sieht eine Erhöhung der Abraumförderung in den Perioden hoher Preise und eine Verringerung bei niedrigeren Preisen vor. Für die Preisänderungen wurden Einbeziehungskriterien entwickelt, die den Kapitalwert bzw. Gewinn maximieren. Dabei wurden die Einbeziehungskriterien so modifiziert, dass eine Stilllegung der Tagebaue während der Einbeziehung vermieden werden kann.

La demande mondiale en ressource minérale en général et celle du phosphate en particulier connait une forte croissance depuis plusieurs années. C’est dans ce contexte tendu que chaque industriel cherche à être pionnier et à réduire ses coûts afin d’assurer sa pérennité tout en étant soumis aux contraintes légales dans une perspective de développement responsable. Face à des enjeux comparables, plusieurs industries manufacturières se sont orientées avec succès depuis plusieurs décennies vers l’approche japonaise du Lean Management. C’est pour cette raison que nous avons réfléchi à proposer à travers ce projet de recherche une méthodologie pour le Lean Mining Responsable visant à améliorer l’efficacité et l’efficience de l’industrie minière. L’ensemble des méthodes, briques logicielles et concepts proposés dans cette thèse ont été construit à partir d’un retour d’expérience réalisé sur le système minier d’extraction du phosphate de l’axe centre de l’OCP SA. Nos travaux, réalisés sous la forme d’une recherche action, se caractérisent par des apports à 3 niveaux :Apports méthodologiques ; nous proposons la Méthodologie ASCI-LM pour évaluer l’impact sur l’organisation industrielle liés à la mise en place d’outils et de méthodes en contexte minier. Cette approche constitue un guide méthodologique permettant une recherche action dans le contexte de l’industrie minière. Ce guide méthodologique explique comment formaliser les modèles de connaissance (cartographie des flux) et comment imbriquer les modèles informatiques permettant d’évaluer informatiquement des scenarios organisationnels liés à des problèmes de coordination des activités en contexte minier.Briques logicielles pour l’aide à la décision ; l’interdépendance spatio-temporelle qui caractérise la chaîne minière, rend difficile la prédiction de l’impact de la décision prise. Ce point est un facteur-clé qui explique la démotivation de l’industrie minière à l’égard de la mise en œuvre du Lean Mining. Un système d’aide à la prise de décision pour l’industrie minière aura comme objectif de pouvoir reproduire la réalité et par la suite de tester l’impact de différentes décisions en prenant compte de : l’état du gisement, le programme de maintenance, la disponibilité des machines, les demandes à satisfaire… Les décisions prises dans le processus extractif auront comme impact sur : l’évolution des stocks de minerai, l’occupation des machines mobilisées, la satisfaction de la demande… Nous proposons deux briques logicielles dont la première porte sur la planification minière pour assurer un pilotage intégré de la mine et aider à la prise de décision dans un délai court. La deuxième brique logicielle que nous avons imaginée évalue / optimise les méthodes d’organisations industrielles de la mine lors de la constitution des « mélanges » de minerai ; le mélange de minerai constitue l’output commercialisable du système minier et qui est envoyé aux clients internes ou externes de la supply chain minière. Nouvelles méthodes d’organisation industrielle ; Nous avons proposé une méthode de constitution des mélanges de minerai qui change complètement celle utilisée actuellement. Cette dernière est basée sur une logique de nomenclature figée alors que nous proposons des nomenclatures dynamiques que nous avons appelés « blending dynamique ». Ces nomenclatures dynamiques visent à définir les mélanges optimaux qui varient au fil du temps en fonction des minerais extrait du chantier et de leur composition chimique. Malgré les réticences qui pouvaient y avoir pour adopter cette approche (ce qui est logique dans une organisation « historique »), les mineurs ont montré un grand intérêt vis-à-vis de l’approche qui a été validée sur le terrain et qui est même généralisable sur d’autres contextes. / Global demand for mineral resources in general, and phosphate in particular, has been growing strongly for several years. In this increased competitive environment, every industry seeks to be pioneering and to reduce its costs to ensure its sustainability while complying with new responsible development regulations. Faced with this kind of challenges, a number of manufacturing industries have turned to the Japanese Lean Management approach. With this in mind, we designed our research project to develop a Lean Sustainable Mining methodology aimed at improving the mining industry’s efficiency and effectiveness at the OCP-SA center axis phosphate mine. We first conducted a detailed review of the Lean Mining (LM) literature to assess how well such an approach had already been implemented, which points are directly relevant to the mine and which are not. We also reviewed the implementation methodologies and assessed how effectively they were used. This analysis highlighted multiple shortcomings including in relation to the methodological approaches, the software bricks for decision support systems, the industrial organization methods and adequate factoring in of all energy-related aspects.We first recommend applying the ASCI (Analyze, Specification, Conception, Implementation) methodology to LM in order first to identify all the steps upstream of development of the relevant knowledge model and then the associated action model. This phase was developed based on a thorough analysis of mine soil characteristics in order to build a robust knowledge base. This methodology was then applied to the Ben Guerir mine. We believe that this methodological approach will be found useful by other industries in their effort to switch to LM.Our next step was to construct a model based on discrete event simulation for short-term decision support of mine extraction planning. This model closely matches current extractive process operations (drilling, blasting, etc.) and takes into account all the constraints whether they be in relation to the field (geology, blocks, state of the initial system, distances, ...) or to the equipment (capacity differences, technical downtime, ...). Other considerations that we factored in include the decisions taken upstream of the chain (priority source layers, maintenance program, orders, among others). The model yields the following output: deposits blocks to be extracted in order to meet the demand defined over the planning horizon, the equipment Gantt to define the route to be taken by each piece of equipment and the cumulative feed curves for extracted source layers. The purpose is to extract material required by the downstream blending process, while avoiding any non-value added activities, and to improve overall chain performance.The phosphate industry needs to define the blends used to produce the ore qualities to be shipped to domestic and international customers. We have proposed a new method for optimal definition of these blends designed to replace fixed bills of materials by dynamic ones that change over time. Our "dynamic blending" model serves to define, based on available source layer stocks i) the feedings to be conveyed from the deposit to the stock and ii) the optimal quantities to be extracted from each layer while meeting the customer’s quality specifications charter. The purpose of this approach is to produce the right quality, preserve the phosphate-rich layers for the future, streamline stocks and ensure a connection between the pushed upstream flow (deposit) and the pulled downstream flow (definition of blends). / إن الطلب العالمي على الموارد المعدنية بشكل عام، والفوسفاط على وجه الخصوص، يزداد بسرعة منذ عدة سنوات. وفي هذا السياق الذي يعنى بمنافسة قوية بين الأطر الفعالة، يسعى كل مصنع الى أن يكون الرائد في مجاله، وأن يقلل من تكاليف الإنتاج من أجل ضمان متانته في إطار خضوعه لقيود قانونية تحت منظور التنمية المسؤولة. في إطار مواجهة قضايا مماثلة، انتقلت العديد من الصناعات التحويلية، بنجاح لعدة عقود، إلى تطبيق النهج الياباني Lean Management. ولهذا السبب، فكرنا من خلال مشروع البحث هذا في اقتراح منهجية من أجل Lean Mining مسؤول، هدفه تحسين كفاءة وفعالية صناعة المعادن. جميع الطرق والمنهجيات ومفاهيم البرمجيات المقترحة في هذه الأطروحة يتم بناؤها على أساس تجارب منجزة على نظام الصناعة المعدنية لاستخراج الفوسفاط للمحور المركزي لـ OCP-SA. يتميز عملنا، الذي تم تنفيذه على شكل بحث-عملي، بمساهمات على 3 مستويات:مساهمات منهجية: نقترح منهجية ASCI-LM لتقييم تأثير تنفيذ أساليب على المنظمة الصناعية المتعلقة بالصناعة المعدنية. هذا النهج هو عبارة عن دليل منهجي للبحث-العملي في هذا المجال، الذي يشرح كيفية إضفاء الطابع الرسمي على نماذج المعرفة (رسم خرائط التدفقات) وكيفية تضمين النماذج المعلوماتية التي تجعل من الممكن تقييم سيناريوهات تنظيمية تتعلق بمشاكل التنسيق بين الأنشطة في سياق الصناعة المعدنية.أسس البرمجيات لدعم اتخاذ القرار: إن الترابط الزمكاني الذي يميز سلسلة التعدين اللوجستيكية يجعل من الصعب التنبؤ بأثر القرار المتخذ. هذا الترابط يعتبر العامل الرئيسي الذي يفسر إبطاء صناعة التعدين فيما يتعلق بتطبيق ونهج سياسة Lean Mining. يهدف نظام دعم القرار الخاص بصناعة التعدين إلى إعادة إنتاج الواقع ومن ثم اختبار أثر القرارات المتخذة، مع الأخذ بعين الاعتبار: هيئة المنجم، برنامج الصيانة، توفر الآلات، المطالب الواجب تلبيتها ... القرارات التي اتخذت في سلسلة عملية الاستخراج سيكون لها تأثير على: تطور مخزونات المادة الخام، مدى استعمال الآلات المخصصة لذلك، و تلبية المطالب ... نقترح اسسين اثنين من البرمجيات: يتناول الأول تخطيط التعدين لضمان الإدارة المتكاملة للمنجم والمساعدة في اتخاذ القرار في وقت قصير. أما الثاني فيهتم بتقييم / تحسين أساليب التنظيم في المنجم أثناء تكوين "خليط" انطلاقا من المواد الخام؛ ويعتبر هذا الأخير الناتج النهائي القابل للتسويق في إطار النظام اللوجستيكي للتعدين، ويتم إرساله إلى الزبناء الداخليين أو الخارجيين لسلسلة التوريد.أساليب جديدة للتنظيم الصناعي: لقد اقترحنا طريقة لتكوين خليط من المواد الخام والتي تختلف تماما عن الطريقة المستخدمة حاليًا. وتستند هذه الأخيرة على منطق التركيبة الثابتة في حين أننا نقترح تركيبات ديناميكية أطلقنا عليها إسم "المزج الديناميكي". تهدف هذه التسميات الديناميكية إلى تحديد الخلطات المثالية التي تتغير بتغير الوقت، اعتمادًا على المواد الخام المستخرجة وتركيبتها الكيميائية. وبالرغم من الإحجام عن تبني هذا النهج (وهو أمر طبيعي في إطار تنظيم ذو أسس "تاريخية عريقة")، فقد أظهر عمال المناجم اهتماما كبيرا بالنهج المقترح والذي تم التحقق من مصداقيته في هذا المجال والذي من الممكن تعميمه في مجال صناعي آخر.

Em função da globalização, os ambientes empresariais estão se tornando mais competitivos; assim, aumenta a preocupação e a necessidade de se prover um sistema de informações gerenciais que seja eficaz, confiável e relevante para auxiliar os gestores a tomarem decisões inteligentes. Com a utilização de princípios e métodos de custeio vinculados aos serviços inerentes aos métodos e operações de lavra, este trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo identificar e compreender as deficiências dos atuais sistemas de custeio e de produção e estruturar uma sistemática que apoie a avaliação do desempenho econômico-financeiro nas minerações a céu aberto. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o método do custo-padrão vinculado à produção e às regras de negócio e validá-lo mediante a comparação do realizado versus previsto nas minerações a céu aberto, através da utilização de conceitos de desperdícios, do princípio do custeio por absorção parcial, do controle e gestão de custos e de produção para avaliação de resultados. A unidade de extração mineral estudada utiliza o método de lavra por bancadas em cava e terceiriza as operações de descobertura, perfuração, detonação, escavação, carregamento e transporte. A empresa contratada utiliza o princípio de custeio por absorção total e o método de custeio de centros de custos. Assim, a sistemática que apoia a avaliação do desempenho econômico-financeiro juntamente com o método do custo-padrão foi validada e desenvolvida em três serviços terceirizados com o objetivo de verificar a sua funcionalidade e a sua praticidade. Portanto, as novas informações gerenciais auxiliam o gestor identificar a produtividade e a lucratividade do empreendimento e os resultados dos serviços e de suas operações, além de todos os custos gerenciais já existentes. / In the light of globalization, the enterprise environments are becoming more competitive; thus, increases the concern and the need to provide a management information system that is effective, reliable and relevant to assist managers to make intelligent decisions. With the use of principles and costing methods linked to services inherent in mining operations and methods, this work is intended mainly identify and understand the weaknesses of the current costing and production system and structure a systematic that supports performance evaluation productive-economic-financial in surface mining. The second objective of this work is to use standard cost method linked to production and business rules and validate it by comparing the accomplished against foreseen in surface mining, through the use of concepts of wastes, the principle costing of partial absorption, cost control and management for production to evaluation of results. The mineral extraction unit studied uses the open pit mining method and outsources the mining operations of pre stripping, drilling, blasting, rock excavation, loading and transportation. The outsourced company uses the costing principle of total absorption and the costing method is the cost centers. Thus, the systematic that support the evaluation of productive-economic-financial performance and the standard cost method were developed and validated in three outsourced services with the goal of verifying its functionality and practicality. Therefore, the new management information assists the manager to identify the productivity and profitability of the enterprise and the results of its operations and services, in addition to all of the existing management costs.

Em função da globalização, os ambientes empresariais estão se tornando mais competitivos; assim, aumenta a preocupação e a necessidade de se prover um sistema de informações gerenciais que seja eficaz, confiável e relevante para auxiliar os gestores a tomarem decisões inteligentes. Com a utilização de princípios e métodos de custeio vinculados aos serviços inerentes aos métodos e operações de lavra, este trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo identificar e compreender as deficiências dos atuais sistemas de custeio e de produção e estruturar uma sistemática que apoie a avaliação do desempenho econômico-financeiro nas minerações a céu aberto. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o método do custo-padrão vinculado à produção e às regras de negócio e validá-lo mediante a comparação do realizado versus previsto nas minerações a céu aberto, através da utilização de conceitos de desperdícios, do princípio do custeio por absorção parcial, do controle e gestão de custos e de produção para avaliação de resultados. A unidade de extração mineral estudada utiliza o método de lavra por bancadas em cava e terceiriza as operações de descobertura, perfuração, detonação, escavação, carregamento e transporte. A empresa contratada utiliza o princípio de custeio por absorção total e o método de custeio de centros de custos. Assim, a sistemática que apoia a avaliação do desempenho econômico-financeiro juntamente com o método do custo-padrão foi validada e desenvolvida em três serviços terceirizados com o objetivo de verificar a sua funcionalidade e a sua praticidade. Portanto, as novas informações gerenciais auxiliam o gestor identificar a produtividade e a lucratividade do empreendimento e os resultados dos serviços e de suas operações, além de todos os custos gerenciais já existentes. / In the light of globalization, the enterprise environments are becoming more competitive; thus, increases the concern and the need to provide a management information system that is effective, reliable and relevant to assist managers to make intelligent decisions. With the use of principles and costing methods linked to services inherent in mining operations and methods, this work is intended mainly identify and understand the weaknesses of the current costing and production system and structure a systematic that supports performance evaluation productive-economic-financial in surface mining. The second objective of this work is to use standard cost method linked to production and business rules and validate it by comparing the accomplished against foreseen in surface mining, through the use of concepts of wastes, the principle costing of partial absorption, cost control and management for production to evaluation of results. The mineral extraction unit studied uses the open pit mining method and outsources the mining operations of pre stripping, drilling, blasting, rock excavation, loading and transportation. The outsourced company uses the costing principle of total absorption and the costing method is the cost centers. Thus, the systematic that support the evaluation of productive-economic-financial performance and the standard cost method were developed and validated in three outsourced services with the goal of verifying its functionality and practicality. Therefore, the new management information assists the manager to identify the productivity and profitability of the enterprise and the results of its operations and services, in addition to all of the existing management costs.