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Addressing issues of high complexity, such as societal or environmental transformations, require collaboration among a multitude of actors. Therefore, inter-organisational collaborations has evolved for approaching such large-scale problems. During the last decade, the orgasational theory of ecosystems has emerged further. Knowledge ecosystems is one evolved area that has limited empirical research. To evaluate how programs can be organised to sustain value to the actors, and provide further empirical research of ecosystems, this thesis explores the value creation and value capture mechanisms of a knowledge ecosystem. The thesis analyses a case study of a neutral collaborative platform, CLOSER, in Sweden. A conceptual framework, based on the open systems perspective, network theory, and the theoretical definition of a knowledge ecosystem, is used to analyse the empirical results. The value creation and value capture mechanisms for knowledge ecosystems in this empirical case study are identified as communication channels, projects and business initiatives. The findings from this study confirm the literature surrounding knowledge ecosystems and their value mechanisms. It is also elaborated that the incentives of individual participants in the ecosystem must be taken into consideration to enhance value creation and value capture, even in knowledge ecosystems. From a system level perspective, there also needs to be proper building mechanisms in place to handle the deliverance of the knowledge outside of the internal network of the ecosystem. This to ensure nothing is lost, or lessened. The notion that business ecosystems grow from knowledge ecosystems is also adressed. However, future research is still needed to provide empirical evidence of the theory. / Samhälls- eller miljötransformationer kräver samarbete mellan en mängd olika aktörer. Organiseringsfromer som bygger på interorganisatoriskt samarbete har därför utvecklats för att tillsammans kunna ta fram lösningar på sådana storskaliga problem. Ett område inom organisationsteori som har vuxit under det senaste decenniet är ekosystem, där kunskapsekosystem är ett koncept som under senare dit har blivit mer prevalent inom teoretisk forskning. Däremot saknas det underlag inom forskningen på uhr kunskapsekosystem fungerar i praktiken. Denna avhandling tillhandahåller ny empirisk forsknning inom området genom en empirisk studie på hur värde kan skapas och tas till vara på i ett kunskapsekosystem. Det görs genom att analysera hur program kan organiseras inom ett kunskapsekosystem för att upprätthålla värde för aktörerna. Avhandlingen analyserar en fallstudie av en neutral samarbetsplattform CLOSER, i Sverige. Ett konceptuellt ramverk, baserat på ett systemperspektiv, nätverksteori och den teoretiska defenitionen av ett kunskapsekosystem, används för att analysera de empiriska resultaten.  Mekanismerna för värdeskapande och värdefångande inom kunskapsekosystem i denna empiriska fallstudie identifieras som kommunikationskanaler, project och affärsincitament. Resultaten bekräftar delvis det som står i befintlig litteratur kring värdeskapande mekanismer inom kunskapsekosystem, men framhäver även att det inte räcker att fokusera på de gemensamma målen i ett storskaligt samarbete bland en mängd olika aktörer. De individuella målen som aktörerna har måste också beaktas, inklusive deras affärsmodeller, för att se till att hela ekosystemet arbetar i samma riktning. Ur ett systemnivåperspektiv måste det också finnas ordentliga uppbyggnadsmekanismer för att förmedla kusnkap utanför systemets interna nätverk för att säkerställa att värdefull kunskap inte går till spillo. Uppfattningen att affärsverksamhetsekosystem växer fram ur kunskapekosystem diskuteras också. Framtida forskning behövs dock för ayy ge empiriska bevis för den teorin.

Yip Chi Ming = 守恆及開放系統的能譜反問題 / 葉志明. / Thesis submitted in 2000. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [244]-247). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Yip Chi Ming = Shou heng ji kai fang xi tong de neng pu fan wen ti / Ye Zhiming. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Sturm-Liouville Problem --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Historical review of inverse problems --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conservative systems --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Open systems --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the following chapters --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Conservative Spectral Problem --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- The system --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Properties of conservative systems --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Asymptotic expansion of eigenvalues --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Forward spectral problem --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- FDM and FEM --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Solving transcendental equation --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Phase shift problem --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Square well potential --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Forward Spectral Problem for Open Systems --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- The system --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Properties of open systems --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Asymptotic behaviour of QNM eigenvalues --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Doubling of modes --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Generalized norm of QNMs --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Completeness --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Eigenfunction expansion for QNMs - two component formalism --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Forward spectral problem --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Conservative Inverse Problem --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sun-Young-Zou (SYZ) method --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Perturbative inversion --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The regulators (δn) --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Total inversion (TI) --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Numerical results --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- Rundell and Sacks method (RS method) --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Completeness --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The integral equation --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Uniqueness --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- RS formalism --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Numerical results and difficulties --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Summary --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3 --- Phase shift problem --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Reduction to spectral problem --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Modified RS algorithm for finite-range phase shift problem --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.130 / Chapter 4.4 --- Bound states --- p.131 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Open Inverse Problem --- p.136 / Chapter 5.1 --- SYZ method --- p.136 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Perturbative Inversion (PI) and Total Inversion (TI) --- p.137 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Numerical results --- p.138 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Other choices of (δn) --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- RS method --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The integral equation --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Cauchy data --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Completeness conjecture --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Numerical verification of completeness condition --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Inversion for Cauchy data --- p.166 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Cauchy data on 0 < x≤ α --- p.167 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Comparison system --- p.169 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusions and Further Studies --- p.188 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions of this thesis --- p.188 / Chapter 6.2 --- Further studies --- p.189 / Chapter Appendix A. --- Singular Value Decomposition --- p.199 / Chapter Appendix B. --- Asymptotic Behaviour of Phase Shifts --- p.203 / Chapter B.1 --- Asymptotic behaviour of phase shift data --- p.203 / Chapter B.2 --- Levinson's theorem --- p.204 / Chapter Appendix C. --- Forward Problem for Conservative Systems --- p.207 / Chapter C.1 --- Finite difference method --- p.207 / Chapter C.2 --- Finite element method --- p.209 / Chapter C.2.1 --- Solving transcendental equation --- p.215 / Chapter Appendix D. --- FDM and FEM for Open Systems --- p.220 / Chapter D.1 --- Finite difference method --- p.220 / Chapter D.2 --- Finite element method --- p.222 / Chapter Appendix E. --- Asymptotic Behaviour of NM Eigenvalues --- p.226 / Chapter Appendix F. --- Asymptotic Behaviour of QNM Eigenvalues --- p.232 / Chapter Appendix G. --- QNM Forward Problem 一 Transcendental Equation --- p.239 / Chapter Appendix H. --- Forward Problem - Calculation of Phase Shifts --- p.243 / Bibliography --- p.245

Lo Ting Shek = 從開放系統頻譜或散射相移到逆有限支合集勢函數的研究 / 盧庭碩. / "April 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-146). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lo Ting Shek = Cong kai fang xi tong pin pu huo san she xiang yi dao ni you xian zhi he ji shi han shu de yan jiu / Lu Tingshuo.

Orientador: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Durao_LisanMarcosMarques_M.pdf: 1224728 bytes, checksum: b2631019a5882f7a0fca6cb609bfff9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Sistemas quânticos abertos, ou não isolados, podem ser caracterizados a partir de uma entropia estatística. A entropia é um conceito fundamental na física e usualmente é interpretada como falta de informação a respeito do estado do sistema. O programa usual da física estatística para sistemas não isolados é propor um Hamiltoniano para o "Universo", descrito por uma distribuição de Gibbs e aplicando uma abordagem do tipo "Sistema + Reservatório", de onde podemos avaliar o operador densidade reduzido do sistema através de um processo de traço parcial. Outra maneira de obter o operador densidade seria obter a entropia de Von Neumann do sistema completo e a partir dela o operador densidade total pelo princípio de máxima entropia para então tomar o traço parcial com respeito as coordenadas do reservatório. Por outro lado, podemos tentar obter esse operador densidade e as propriedades termodinâmicas do sistema diretamente do princípio de máxima entropia Tal tarefa pode exigir o uso de outras formas de entropia não necessariamente extensivas. Partindo de uma abordagem do tipo sistema + reservatório, estudamos a entropia de uma partícula Browniana acoplada com um reservatório harmônico. Usando isso como o ponto de partida para a maximização de entropias dependentes de um parâmetro, busca-se uma correspondência entre as constantes emergentes do nosso modelo e os parâmetros ajustáveis de algumas bem conhecidas entropias generalizadas a fim de determinar qual ansatz é mais apropriado para nosso sistema / Abstract: The main goal of our project is the characterization of open quantum systems by means of a statistical entropy. Entropy is a fundamental physical quantity and is usually interpreted as the lack of knowledge about the state of the system, which means it is an informational metric. The statistical mechanical program for non-isolated quantum systems consists in creating a Hamiltonian for the "universe" within the so-called system-plus-reservoir approach from which one can evaluate the reduced density operator of the system of interest through the partial trace of the full density operator with respect to the reservoir coordinates. Notice that, in so doing we are tacitly assuming that the equilibrium state of the whole universe can be described by a Gibbsian distribution. Alternatively one can evaluate the Von Neumman entropy for the whole universe from which the above mentioned full density operator can be obtained via the maximum entropy priciple, and then, by the same partial tracing procedure, obtain the desired reduced density operator. Now we can ask ourselves what happens if one insists in obtaining a density operator and the thermodynamical properties for the system of interest directly from a maximum entropy principle. Such a task can require the use of other forms of entropy not necessarily extensive. Starting from the system-plus-reservoir approach we study the entropy and mean values of a Brownian particle coupled to a harmonic reservoir. Using this as the starting point to the maximization of non-extensive "parameter depending" entropies, we aim at finding a correspondence between the constants arising from our model and the adjustable parameters of some well-known generalized entropies which may turn out to be more appropriate to our needs / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Cette thèse traite du problème où une équipe d'agents coopératifs et autonomes, évoluant dans un environnement stochastique partiellement observable, et œuvrant à la résolution d'une tâche complexe, doit modifier dynamiquement sa composition durant l'exécution de la tâche afin de s'adapter à l'évolution de celle-ci. Il s'agit d'un problème qui n'a été que peu étudié dans le domaine de la planification multi-agents. Pourtant, il existe de nombreuses situations où l'équipe d'agent mobilisée est amenée à changer au fil de l'exécution de la tâche.Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au cas où les agents peuvent décider d'eux-même de quitter ou de rejoindre l'équipe opérationnelle. Certaines fois, utiliser peu d'agents peut être bénéfique si les coûts induits par l'utilisation des agents sont trop prohibitifs. Inversement, il peut parfois être utile de faire appel à plus d'agents si la situation empire et que les compétences de certains agents se révèlent être de précieux atouts.Afin de proposer un modèle de décision qui permette de représenter ces situations, nous nous basons sur les processus décisionnels de Markov décentralisés et partiellement observables, un modèle standard utilisé dans le cadre de la planification multi-agents sous incertitude. Nous étendons ce modèle afin de permettre aux agents d'entrer et sortir du système. On parle alors de système ouvert. Nous présentons également deux algorithmes de résolution basés sur les populaires méthodes de recherche arborescente Monte-Carlo. Le premier de ces algorithmes nous permet de construire des politiques jointes séparables via des calculs de meilleures réponses successives, tandis que le second construit des politiques jointes non séparables en évaluant les équipes dans chaque situation via un système de classement Elo. Nous évaluons nos méthodes sur de nouveaux jeux de tests qui permettent de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques des systèmes ouverts. / This thesis addresses the problem where a team of cooperative and autonomous agents, working in a stochastic and partially observable environment towards solving a complex task, needs toe dynamically modify its structure during the process execution, so as to adapt to the evolution of the task. It is a problem that has been seldom studied in the field of multi-agent planning. However, there are many situations where the team of agents is likely to evolve over time.We are particularly interested in the case where the agents can decide for themselves to leave or join the operational team. Sometimes, using few agents can be for the greater good. Conversely, it can sometimes be useful to call on more agents if the situation gets worse and the skills of some agents turn out to be valuable assets.In order to propose a decision model that can represent those situations, we base upon the decentralized and partially observable Markov decision processes, the standard model for planning under uncertainty in decentralized multi-agent settings. We extend this model to allow agents to enter and exit the system. This is what is called agent openness. We then present two planning algorithms based on the popular Monte-Carlo Tree Search methods. The first algorithm builds separable joint policies by computing series of best responses individual policies, while the second algorithm builds non-separable joint policies by ranking the teams in each situation via an Elo rating system. We evaluate our methods on new benchmarks that allow to highlight some interesting features of open systems.

Using a cross-sectional sample of 94 medium to large-sized manufacturing organisations in Iran, this study utilised cluster, regression, and gap analyses to study the relationships among extent of use, predictive value, and information availability for 63 performance measures. Based on the results, it appears that the studied Iranian manufacturing organisations do not overemphasise financial measures at the expense of other important performance measures related to the competitive, strategic environment, operational efficiency, and the human resource development. The Iranian executives appear to overlook the innovation aspects of organisational performance. The implications of this research are highlighted in relation to the findings and the conclusions. The conceptual framework in Figure 1 is offered for future research, which deals with performance management and its interaction with the economic and cultural facets.

We begin by studying various topological properties of invariant sets of hyperbolic toral automorphisms in the linear case. Results related to cardinality, local maximality, entropy, and dimension are presented. Where possible, we extend the results to the case of hyperbolic toral automorphisms in higher dimensions, and further to general Anosov maps.

Due to extensive challenges to the efficient development and fielding of operationally effective and affordable weapon systems, the U.S. employs a complex management framework to govern defense acquisition programs. The Department of Defense and Congress recently modified this process to improve the levels of knowledge available at key decision points in order to reduce lifecycle cost, schedule, and technical risk to programs. This exploratory research study employed multiple methods to examine the impact of systems engineering reviews, competitive prototyping, and the application of a Modular Open Systems Approach on knowledge and risk prior to funding system implementation and production. In-depth case studies of two recent Major Defense Acquisition Programs were conducted to verify the existence and relationships of the proposed constructs and identify potential barriers to program success introduced by the new process. The case studies included program documentation analysis as well as interviews with contractor personnel holding multiple roles on the program. A questionnaire-based survey of contractor personnel from a larger set of programs was executed to test the case study findings against a larger data set. The study results indicate that while some changes adversely affected program risk levels, the recent modifications to the acquisition process generally had a positive impact on levels of critical knowledge at the key Milestone B decision point. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that the Government improve its ability to communicate with contractors during competitive phases, particularly with regard to requirements management, and establish verifiable criteria for compliance with the iii Modular Open Systems Approach. Additionally, the Government should clarify the intent of competitive prototyping and develop a strategy to better manage the inevitable gaps between program phases. Contractors are recommended to present more requirements trade-offs and focus less on prototype development during the Technology Development phases of programs. The results of this study may be used by policy makers to shape future acquisition reforms; by Government personnel to improve the implementation of the current regulations; and by contractors to shape strategies and processes for more effective system development. This research may be used by the Government to improve the execution of acquisition programs under this new paradigm. The defense industrial base can use this research to better understand the impacts of the new process and improve strategic planning processes. The research methodology may be applied to new and different types of programs to assess improvement in the execution process over time.

Recent advances in self-supervised learning have made it possible to reuse information-rich models that have been generally pre-trained on massive amounts of data for other downstream tasks. But the pre-training process can be drastically different from the fine-tuning training process, which can lead to inefficient learning. We address this disconnect in training dynamics by structuring the learning process like an open system in thermodynamics. Open systems can achieve a steady state when low-entropy inputs are converted to high-entropy outputs. We modify the the model and the learning process to mimic this behavior, and attend more to elements of the input sequence that exhibit greater changes in entropy. We call this architecture the Open System Neural Network (OSNN). We show the efficacy of the OSNN on multiple classification datasets with a variety of encoder-only Transformers. We find that the OSNN outperforms nearly all model specific baselines, and achieves a new state-of-the-art result on two classification datasets.