Tri-state structures are used to implement multiplexers and buses because these structures are faster than AND/OR logic structures. But testing of tri-state structures has some issues associated with it. A stuck open control line of a tri-state gate will cause some lines in the circuit to float and take unknown values. A stuck-on control line can cause fighting when the two drivers connected to the same node drive different values. This thesis develops new gate level fault models and dynamic test patterns that take care of these problems. The models can be used with traditional stuck-at and transition fault automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) to ensure high fault coverage. This research focuses on producing good test coverage with reduced effort for tristate and pass transistor structures. We do circuit level modeling to help develop and validate gate level models, which can be used in production ATPG. We study the two primary effects of interest, capacitive coupling and leakage, and analyze the tri-state structures using these two effects. Coupling and leakage can cause a Z or X state to be seen as 0 or 1 in some cases. We develop parameterized models of behavior of common structures using these effects and some parameters such as number of fan-ins. We also develop gate level models of tri-state circuits that would replace the tri-state library cells in the ATPG engine. This work develops a methodology to make tri-state and pass transistor circuit structures more usable in the industry.

Firefighters wear a plethora of personal protective equipment (PPE) in- cluding a Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) device. This device produces an audible alarm signal when it senses a lack of movement to help rescue teams detect and find firefighters who have become incapacitated on the fireground. Although this alarm works the majority of the time, there are instances where it has failed to be detected or found. Using a passive sonar approach, this study begins to provide a scientific background to improve the signal. The construct of the passive sonar equation helps to define a signal-to-noise ra- tio with information about the environment, source and receiver. This work presents studies of the noise level of the environment (NL), source level (SL) of the PASS device, and detection threshold of the receiver (DT) on the fire scene. To study NL and SL, equipment used by firefighters was recorded and analyzed for the sound pressure level, frequency content, and directionality compared to the PASS alarm. The NL on a fire scene has been found to be broadband, high intensity noise. The loudest piece of equipment was found to be a chainsaw and the quietest to be a pumper truck. The DT involves the ability of firefighters to detect and classify the PASS signal. Physical acous- tic experiments, using an acoustic manikin, show that PPE gear affects the sound reaching the ear by reducing the average received level and introducing peaks and nulls in head related transfer functions. In audiological tests on normal-hearing human subjects, this manifested itself by increasing the sound pressure level required to detect the PASS alarm while wearing PPE gear. Recommendations based on these findings are provided / text

Introduktion: I juli 2012 uppdaterades regelverken för farmakovigilans inom Europa och flera förändringar gjordes i de bestämmelser som rör säkerhetsstudier på godkända läkemedel. En sammanställning av dessa behövdes för att lyfta fram viktiga bestämmelser och ge en tydligare överblick av de myndighetskrav som berör PASS (Post-Authorization Safety Studies) och PSP (Patient Support Programs).   Syfte: Projektet syftar till att analysera och tolka regelverk och riktlinjer gällande PASS och PSP inom Europa samt utreda vad som gäller för PASS i de skandinaviska länderna. Detta för att lyfta fram viktiga bestämmelser och underlätta tolkningen för berörda företag.   Material och metoder: Huvuddelen av projektet bestod av en litteraturstudie där fokus låg på lagar och riktlinjer inom Europa. Informationsinhämtning skedde även genom intervjuer med personal på Bayer AB och Läkemedelsverket. Jämförelser har sedan gjorts mellan svenska, norska och danska regelverk.   Resultat: Myndighetskraven för PASS och PSP skiljer sig åt i vissa avseenden. Etikgodkännande krävs för PASS men inte för PSP och slutrapporten från en PASS granskas av läkemedelsmyndighet medan PSP inte ger någon slutrapport. För PASS krävs i Sverige och Norge ett etikgodkännande vilket inte krävs i Danmark. I Danmark ska dokumentation om studien skickas till läkemedelsmyndigheten om Danmark är referensland eller rapportör för produkten. I Sverige och Norge krävs ingen kommunikation med läkemedelsmyndigheten.   Konklusion: PASS syftar till att studera säkerheten hos läkemedel medan PSP primärt är ett stöd för patientvården i vilket vissa säkerhetsaspekter kan fångas upp sekundärt. Trots att regelverken rörande farmakovigilans gäller för samtliga EU-länder har olika tolkningar gjorts i de skandinaviska länderna och de lokala regelverken skiljer sig åt i vissa avseenden.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Zürich, 1907. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [287]).

Dissertation ETH Zürich No. 18461, 2009. / Enth.: frz. Résumé. Die CD-ROM enthält die Arbeit im PDF-Format.

Dissertation ETH Zürich No. 18461, 2009. / Enth.: frz. Résumé. Die CD-ROM enthält die Arbeit im PDF-Format.

Arthur’s Pass township, located close to the Main Divide of the central Southern Alps, is highly exposed to natural hazards and has been affected by hazard events since it was founded in 1906. The village is a small alpine township, with a permanent resident population of approximately 54. Its location within the Arthur’s Pass National Park and on the main road between the east and west coasts of the South Island makes it popular with tourists, trampers, climbers and skiers, which can expand the local population to up to 500 people. Its position on the Bealey River floodplain within a highly dynamic tectonic and geomorphic environment makes it vulnerable to earthquakes, landslides, rockfalls, debris flows, heavy rain and snow, river flooding and riverbed erosion. Previous investigations on natural hazards in the area are limited to the Otira Gorge and State Highway 73, with little focus on hazards affecting the village area. Natural hazard events are persistent and frequent in the Arthur’s Pass region and the village is susceptible to being isolated from external resources during and after a disaster, making it necessary for the village to be self-sufficient during a large-scale disaster. The hazards were identified and analysed using aerial photographs and satellite images, historical data, supported by in-field reconnaissance at various times of the year to record seasonal changes. Hazard mapping used the same methods to illustrate the spatial and volumetric hazard changes over a range of time scales; >2% annual probability of occurrence (0-50 years recurrence interval), 2%-0.2% annual probability of occurrence (50-500 years recurrence interval) and <0.2% annual probability of occurrence (500+ years recurrence interval). The hazard maps show that that most hazards are not restricted to a specific temporal or spatial scale, and that they are often interdependent. It is difficult to determine the precise effects that climate change and global warming will have on natural hazards, but they are expected to increase the unpredictability of hazard events and alter weather patterns significantly in the long-term. A visitor questionnaire undertaken in the village indicated that many visitors do not regard the hazards as severe enough to represent a legitimate threat; hence the public perceptions of natural hazards are affecting the vulnerability of the village. Additionally, many people do not feel confident that they would know what to do if a disaster did occur in the village. This level of awareness can be improved by providing more information to visitors and displaying details on emergency procedures. The village does not currently have an emergency plan that specifies particular preparedness and response procedures; it relies heavily on a plan adapted from Mt. Cook/Aoraki village. Current emergency management in the village could be improved by the production of an emergency plan specifically for the region, the use of education schemes and information sessions, and the installation of warning signs. The provision of this detailed hazard investigation and hazard maps is intended to assist emergency managers to identify, prioritise, mitigate the hazards to reduce the vulnerability of the village to natural hazards in the short- and long-terms.

This study was to mechanically analyze the short forward pass and the long forward pass as used in football by a right-handed passer. The study will determine the basic mechanical movements utilized in executing each pass and present a comparative analysis of the two types of forward passes and illustrate the fundamental differences. It also will present a mechanical description of the forward pass that my be used by a quarterback for the purpose of improving his passing ability or by a coach as a teaching resource.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2004. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 133 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Taiwan is usually considered as a small open economy. Trade and exchange rate policies in Taiwan have substantially changed since the mid-1980s. Not only has trade been liberalized, but exchange rates of the New Taiwan Dollar(NTD) were also allowed to fluctuate. This paper applies the Threshold Regression Model that puted forward of Cancer and Hansen (2004) and combines the expectation-augmented Phillips curve with a threshold for the pass-through. The paper examines whether the short-run magnitude of the pass-through is affected by the business cycle, direction and magnitude of the exchange rate change. For that purpose, two variables are tested as thresholds: (1)output gap, (2)exchange rate change. The results indicate that the short-run pass-through is higher when the economy is booming, as well as the exchange rate depreciates above some threshold. And they have important implications for monetary policy and are possibly related to pricing-to-market behavior and menu costs of price a djustment.