This thesis represents the work that has been done by the author in the area of vibration analysis and control of smart structures during his PhD candidature. The research was concentrated on flexible structures, using piezoelectric materials as actuators and sensors. The thesis consists of four major parts. The first part (Chapter 2) is the modelling of piezoelectric laminate structures using modal analysis and finite element methods. The second part (Chapter 4) involves the model correction of pointwise and spatial models of resonant systems. The model correction solution compensates for the errors associated with the truncation of high frequency modes. The third part (Chapter 5) is the optimal placement methodology for general actuators and sensors. In particular, optimal placement of piezoelectric actuators and sensors over a thin plate are considered and implemented in the laboratory. The last part (Chapters 6 to 8) deals with vibration control of smart structures. Several different approaches for vibration control are considered. Vibration control using resonant, spatial H-2 and H-infinity control is proposed and implemented on real systems experimentally. It is possible, for certain modes, to obtain the very satisfactory result of up to 30 dB vibration reduction. / PhD Doctorate

Sensors is one of the major areas of current research. Thin film micro/nano sensors are gaining attention worldwide, as there is necessity of miniaturization. There are varieties of sensors available by utilizing different materials in bulk and thin film form for measuring parameters like temperature, pressure, flow, humidity etc. Apart from these, there are various sensors available to measure impact force. Impact sensor offers potential application possibilities in robotics, aerospace, structural & mechanical engineering and related areas. Many physical principles have been explored for the realization of impact sensor. The present thesis reports the efforts made in developing impact sensor using piezoelectric thin film. The necessary brief background information on impact sensors is presented in Chapter 1. This includes the description of available literature on impact sensors and their probable applications. In Chapter 2, a review of the various techniques such as thin film deposition techniques, film thickness measurement techniques, thin film characterization techniques, used in our work are explained in detail. Chapter 3 explains the direct and indirect methods of characterization used for confirming the piezoelectric property of zinc oxide thin films. The detailed experimental work carried out in realizing the impact sensor using piezoelectric thin films is presented in chapter 4. This includes design of the sensor, calibration setup used & the procedure followed and results obtained. Finally, we present the summary of the work carried out in the thesis, conclusions arrived at and the scope for carrying out further work in the direction of making the sensor more efficient.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Andre Fenili / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2016. / Uma viga em rotação é equipada com sensores e atuadores piezoelétricos em conjunto com um controlador proporcional-derivativo (PD) ou um controlador do tipo regulador linear quadrático (LQR) para comparação. O objetivo dos controladores é a minimização da deflexão na extremidade livre da estrutura devido ao seu movimento em torno do eixo de rotação. Utilizando o efeito piezoelétrico ¿ a geração de uma voltagem quando a estrutura está sujeita a uma tensão mecânica ¿ e, inversamente, a geração de uma deformação quando sujeito a uma voltagem, a estrutura do tipo viga é considerada como um sistema inteligente, tendo a capacidade de detectar e corrigir deflexões ao longo de seu comprimento. Usando as equações de Lagrange, a equação governante do movimento é obtida para a viga. A força (momento) e a rigidez da cerâmica piezoelétrica são subsequentemente adicionadas à equação governante da viga. A função de Heaviside é usada para a localização do atuador piezoelétrico ao longo da viga. A posição do atuador piezoelétrico varia a partir da extremidade engastada até a extremidade livre da viga ocupando três diferentes posições. O comprimento do atuador piezoelétrico é de um terço do comprimento da viga. O melhor posicionamento do piezoelétrico dentre os investigados é determinado para os três primeiros modos de vibração. Duas técnicas de controle linear são investigadas com o objetivo de eliminar a vibração na estrutura flexível: PD e LQR. O grau de liberdade associado ao movimento de rotação da viga (e suas derivadas) é prescrito por meio de um perfil pré-definido. / A rotating beam is fitted with piezoelectric sensors and actuators in conjunction with a proportional-derivative (PD) controller and a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller in order to minimize the deflection of the tip due to the rotational motion of the structure. Utilizing the piezo effects, the generation of a voltage, when subjected to a strain, and conversely the generation of a strain when subjected to a voltage, the system is considered as smart, having the ability to sense and correct deflections of the tip of the beam. Using the equations of Lagrange, the governing equation of motion is derived for the beam. The force (moment) and the stiffness of the piezo ceramic are subsequently added to the governing equation of the beam. In a model of the system, a Heaviside function is used to manipulate the position of the piezo. The position of the piezo will be varied from the root of the beam (the clamped end) to the free end of the beam, occupying three different positions; the length of the piezo is a third of the beam¿s length. The best position of the piezo is determined for three modes of vibration. Two linear control techniques are investigated in order to eliminate vibration in the flexible structure. The degree of freedom associated with the rotational motion is obtained by a predefined profile.

Submitted by Thais Silva do Amaral null (thais_rpss@yahoo.com) on 2016-06-03T19:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Silva do Amaral-Dissertação.pdf: 3804617 bytes, checksum: 8083e47078da73695bac6f8aa62e3778 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-08T13:24:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_ts_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1221750 bytes, checksum: e72ea0e2cee4ebb7654b4a0d18d9289f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-08T13:24:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_ts_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1221750 bytes, checksum: e72ea0e2cee4ebb7654b4a0d18d9289f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-12 / Polímeros derivados do petróleo como polietileno tereftalato (PET) e polietileno naftalato (PEN), são utilizados em larga escala como substratos em diversos dispositivos eletrônicos. A crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente nos leva a buscar alternativas sustentáveis na utilização de materiais para fabricação de novas tecnologias. Neste trabalho, com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade da substituição destes substratos por polímeros naturais, foi explorada uma biocelulose, a celulose bacteriana (CB), secretada por bactérias Acetobacter xylinum, que é um polímero de obtenção ―verde‖, não gerando resíduos ou altos impactos ambientais para ser produzida, além de possuir características desejáveis para ser utilizado como substrato em novos materiais, como resistência mecânica com módulo de Young de 134 GPa, tamanho nanométrico das fibras e transparência. Membranas funcionais foram obtidas pelo crescimento de nanofios de óxido de zinco na sua superfície. Os nanofios de ZnO foram obtidos com comprimento médio de 1,69 ± 0,08 μm e diâmetro de 37,2 ± 4,2 nm. Os materiais foram avaliados estruturalmente pela Difratometria de Raios-x (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução (HRTEM), e quimicamente utilizando Espectroscopia de Espalhamento Raman e Espectroscopia Vibracional na Região do Infravermelho (FT-IR). Também foram realizadas de medidas de Impedância Elétrica e Análise termogravimétrica (TG/DTG). Por fim os materiais foram testados em três diferentes aplicações: como membrana para fotodegradação de corantes, sensor piezoelétrico e substrato removível para obtenção de fios de ZnO não suportados que se mostraram aplicações viáveis para o material. / Petroleum-derived polymers such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), are largely used as substrates in various electronic devices. The growing concern with the environment leads us to seek sustainable alternatives in the use of materials for the manufacture of new technologies. In this work, in order to assess the feasibility of replacing these substrates by natural polymers, bacterial cellulose (BC) was explored, secreted by bacteria Acetobacter xylinum is a ―green‖ polymer that don’t generate waste or high environmental impacts to be produced, and has desirable characteristics for use as new substrate materials, such as mechanical strength with Young's modulus of 134 Gpa, nano-sized fibers and transparency. Functional membranes were prepared by growing ZnO nanowires on the BC dried membranes surface. The obtained ZnO nanowires presented an average length of 1.69 ± 0.08 m and diameter of 37.2 ± 4.2 nm. Materials were evaluated structurally by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), chemically using Raman Scattering spectroscopy and Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Infrared Region (FT-IR). Electrical Impedance measurements and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG) were performed as well. Finally the materials were tested in three different applications: as a membrane for dyes photodegradation, piezoelectric sensor and removable substrate for obtaining unsupported ZnO nanowires that are viable applications for the material.

Submitted by Bruno Albuquerque de Castro null (bruno.castro@feb.unesp.br) on 2016-06-01T17:52:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno_Albuquerque_de_Castro_MestradoEE.pdf: 3788528 bytes, checksum: 28b69717116921fa999eda08254ac160 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-02T19:10:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_ba_me_bauru.pdf: 3788528 bytes, checksum: 28b69717116921fa999eda08254ac160 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_ba_me_bauru.pdf: 3788528 bytes, checksum: 28b69717116921fa999eda08254ac160 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O monitoramento e a localização precoce de descargas parciais em aparelhos de alta tensão, como nos transformadores de potência, são de fundamental importância para a prevenção de problemas funcionais associados à degradação contínua dos materiais que compõe o isolamento elétrico destes tipos de aparelho. Alguns fatores críticos na operação dos transformadores, como o funcionamento em sobrecarga, superaquecimento, transitórios e sinais elétricos de grande conteúdo harmônico vinculados a sistemas chaveados, em longo prazo, fazem com que o sistema de isolação de um transformador apresente degradação de suas propriedades físicas e químicas intrínsecas aos diversos tipos de materiais utilizados para esta finalidade e, deste modo, surjam descargas parciais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar sensores piezelétricos de baixo custo para a identificação e localização de descargas parciais em transformadores de potência por meio de sistemas inteligentes do tipo Redes Neurais e sistema de inferência neuro fuzzy adaptativos. Ambos os sistemas foram treinados com algumas métricas de processamento de sinais e os resultados de erro médio de localização chegaram na casa dos milímetros. Variou-se o número de sensores acoplados e foi realizado um estudo sobre os resultados de localização obtidos. / Partial discharge damages in power transformers require high cost monitoring procedures based on corrective maintenance or even interruptions of the power system. The development of online non-invasive monitoring systems to detect partial discharges in power transformers has great relevance since it can reduce significant maintenance costs. Some critical factors in the operation of transformers such as overload, nonlinear loads, transient voltage surges by atmospheric origin and switching, can make the insulation system of transformers to lose their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, these operating conditions can cause early deterioration of the insulation, causing internal partial discharges that may develop into major defects and thus shorten the useful life of electrical equipment. This research aimed to apply a low cost piezoelectric sensors for partial discharge identification and location in power transformers through intelligent systems such as neural networks and adaptive fuzzy inference system. Both systems were trained with some signal processing metrics and the results for location error was in the region of millimeters. It was varied the number of coupled sensors and a study was conducted on the obtained location results.

This master's thesis deals with the Weight in Motion systems (WIM). The main goal is to create simulation software that detects dual tires assembly with respect to the angle with which the sensor is embedded into the road. Thesis also contains literature search of available solutions of weighing systems and the sensors which are used in these systems. Subsequently, the thesis contains software for recognizing simple assembly or dual tires assembly from real measured data. Software solutions were developed using programming language Python v3.7. All source codes were developed in PyCharm Community Edition 2020.

No / Injection moulding techniques have been miniaturised and refined to achieve micromoulding which aims to satisfy the need for mass production of low-cost micro- and nanoscale components. However, the microscale mould cavity features and extreme processing conditions which are inherent in the process can result in larger process variations than conventional injection moulding, with a corresponding increase in the probability of producing an unsatisfactory product. Accurate process diagnosis is required to ensure process reliability but integration of sensors onto the small and highly detailed mould units can be problematic and alternatives may need to be sought. Piezoelectric film ultrasonic transducers were integrated onto the extrusion barrel and mould insert of a micromoulding machine for real-time, non-destructive and non-intrusive process diagnosis with an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. Polymer degradation owing to excessive heating at the extrusion barrel was successfully probed by measuring the ultrasonic velocities in the polymer at the mould insert. Filling incompleteness of the mould cavity was also sensitively detected by monitoring the ultrasonic energy variation transmitted into the part at different points along the melt flow length. The developed ultrasonic sensors and technique enable optimisation and in-process quality assurance of the moulded parts which ensures that maximum process efficiency can be achieved.

Ces travaux concerne le développement de capteurs/effecteurs piézoélectrique et pyroélectrique de faible diamètre intégrable dans des structures textiles par exemple les tissus, ce qui permet soit d’avoir différentes informations sur le comportement mécanique et de température de ces structures (piézoélectricité directe) ou bien de changer les propriétés mécaniques de ces structures (piézoélectricité inverse), ce qui permettrait d’avoir des tissus à contention variable.A ce jour, sur le marché il n’existe pas de capteurs/effecteurs filamentaires piézoélectriques et/ou pyroélectriques flexibles de faibles diamètres intégrables dans les structures textiles. Les instrumentations des structures textiles qui existent se font par le biais de filaments résistifs agissant comme résistances entrecroisées qui permettent seulement d’avoir une information sur la localisation d’une pression sur ces structures textiles. Le but ces travaux est de remédier aux inconvénients des procédés connus ci-dessus. Ce but est atteint grâce à la fabrication de câbles filamentaires à l’aide d’un procédé de filage par voie fondue.Ces composites filamentaires sont caractérisé puis polariser avant de les introduire dans différents textiles par exemple les tissus, ce qui permet soit d’avoir différentes informations sur le comportement mécanique et de température de ces structures (capteurs de déformations et de température) ou bien de changer leurs propriétés mécaniques (effecteurs).Ces travaux ont été brevetés par la cellule Conectus Alsace et ils ont été sélectionnés pour le second prix International Théophile Legrand de l’innovation textile 2012. / The objective of this work is the development of composite filaments with piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. These composite filaments will be used as sensors or effectors into textile structures (e.g weaving structures). The instrumentation of textile structures with piezoelectric composite filaments (sensors) will give information about the deformations of these structures when they are submitted to stresses. If we focus on the pyroelectric properties, this integration will allow detection of temperature variation of the operating environment. By using inverse piezoelectricity (effectors), we could change mechanical properties of textiles structures. The decision to develop this type of composites filaments was take due to the literature review which shows that composite filamentous sensors or effectors does not exist commercially. The objective of this work was achieved through the development of ferroelectric composite filament by using a melt spinning process. These composite was constituted by a portion of ferroelectric copolymer P(VDF-TrFE), an inner conductive core acting as an inner electrode and an outer conductive layer serving as an outer electrode These composite filaments were characterized with mechanical and rheological tests before being polarized by an alternating field. Then we integrate them into weaving structures using an industrial weaving machine. The result of the stressing of this structure was a variation of the field across the composite electrodes This work has been patented with the help of Conectus Alsace and it was selected for the second International Award Théophile Legrand for Textile Innovation 2012.

[pt] Os sensores de deformação convencionais, por exemplo, os strain gages resistivos e ópticos, consagrados pelo mercado, são empregados em diferentes ambientes e estruturas, oferecendo um nível de flexibilidade que permite sua integração a vários tipos de sistemas de medição. No entanto, requerem uma fonte de energia elétrica local ou não podem funcionar sem cabos, limitando o seu uso em alguns cenários, como em partes móveis de máquinas. Os dispositivos SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) podem ser usados como sensores de deformação piezoelétricos, pois possuem sensibilidade à deformação e podem operar de forma passiva por meio de antenas, podendo ser integrados a sistemas de monitoramento sem fio. Seu funcionamento é baseado em ondas de superfície geradas em um meio piezoelétrico. O estado de tensão na superfície do meio altera as características dessas ondas e induz mudanças na frequência de operação. O presente trabalho analisou a sensibilidade à deformação de dispositivos SAW ressonadores feitos de quartzo ST-X com frequência central de 433,92 MHz colados com diferentes adesivos, e testou sua operação como sensores passivos sem fio. A metodologia incluiu testes de tração não destrutivos em diferentes temperaturas e também simulações com elementos finitos. Os resultados experimentais mostraram relação linear entre a variação de frequência dos ressonadores e as deformações aplicadas, concordando com a literatura. A interrogação sem fio foi bem sucedida, confirmando o grande potencial dessa tecnologia. Os resultados numéricos, combinados a um modelo teórico, foram próximos aos experimentais, validando o modelo numérico. / [en] The conventional strain sensors, e.g., resistive and optical strain gages, established in the market, are deployed in different environments and structures, providing the flexibility of integration with different measurement systems. However, they require a local energy source to work or cables, limiting their use in some scenarios such as moving parts of machines. The SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) devices can be used as piezoelectric strain sensors since they have sensitivity to strain, can operate passively by antennas and can be integrated to wireless monitoring systems. Its working principle is based on surface acoustic waves generated on piezolectric medium. The stress state of the medium changes the characteristics of these waves and induces changes in the operating frequency. The present work analyzed the strain sensitivity of SAW resonators made of ST-X cut quartz operating at a central frequency of 433,92 MHz, bonded with different adhesives, and tested their operation as passive wirelesss sensors. The methodology included non-destructive tensile testing at different temperature, and also finite elements simulations. The experimental results showed linear relation between the frequency change and the applied strain, agreeing with the literature. The wireless interrogations was successful, confirming the great potential of this technology. The numerical results, combined to a theoretical model, matched well the experiments, validating the model.

The main objective of the presented thesis is to contribute to the development of diagnostic methods for piezoelectric sensor testing. The thesis describes the methods for piezoelectric sensors microcracks identification and diagnostics. The core of the thesis presents the development of a knock sensor prototype, design of suitable methods for the knock sensors diagnosis and evaluation of developed methods with focus on detection of microcracks in the sensor piezoceramic. The last part of the thesis deals with the influence of cracks and splits on the measured data from the piezoelectric transducer. The presented methods are focusing on impedance measurements and sensors frequency response measurements. Known properties of used piezoelectric material as an information source for measurement and diagnosis are provided. The main result of the work is the evaluation of the methods developed for the piezoelectric sensors self-diagnosis.