FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Devido à degradaÃÃo progressiva dos corpos hÃdricos em geral, tem-se dado bastante atenÃÃo a alternativas para a recuperaÃÃo da qualidade de suas Ãguas. TÃcnicas de aeraÃÃo e oxigenaÃÃo artificial via injeÃÃo de ar ou oxigÃnio puro na Ãgua (plumas de bolhas) podem ser utilizadas para tal finalidade. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho desenvolveu um modelo integral para avaliaÃÃo da transferÃncia de massa de plumas de bolhas circulares em ambientes nÃo estratificados, o qual à baseado em uma distribuiÃÃo radial do tipo Gaussiana das propriedades do escoamento e em relaÃÃes matemÃticas para o coeficiente de entrada turbulenta e o fator de amplificaÃÃo da quantidade de movimento devido à turbulÃncia. O impacto da transferÃncia de massa na hidrodinÃmica de plumas de bolhas foi investigado considerando diferentes diÃmetros de bolha, vazÃes de gÃs e profundidades em sistemas de aeraÃÃo e oxigenaÃÃo. Os resultados revelaram impacto significativo quando bolhas finas sÃo consideradas mesmo em profundidades moderadas. Bolhas mÃdias apresentaram, em geral, comportamento semelhante ao de bolhas grossas. As simulaÃÃes tambÃm indicaram que, em condiÃÃes de vazÃes relativamente baixas e elevadas profundidades, dissoluÃÃo e turbulÃncia podem afetar a hidrodinÃmica da pluma de bolhas, o que demonstra a importÃncia de se levar o fator de amplificaÃÃo da quantidade de movimento em consideraÃÃo. SimulaÃÃes utilizando o modelo proposto e modelos clÃssicos disponÃveis na literatura resultaram em boa concordÃncia tanto para processos de aeraÃÃo quanto de oxigenaÃÃo. Finalmente, foram apresentados estudos de caso para os dois processos. / Due to the progressive degradation of water bodies in general, alternatives have been studied so as to restore their water quality. Artificial aeration/oxygenation by injecting air/pure oxygen in the water (bubble plumes) can be used for this purpose. Hence, this study presents an integral model to evaluate gas transfer from circular bubble plumes in unstratified environments which is based on a radial Gaussian type distribution of plume properties and functional relationships for the entrainment coefficient and factor of momentum amplification due to turbulence. The impact of gas-liquid mass transfer on bubble plume hydrodynamics is investigated considering different bubble sizes, gas flow rates and water depths. Also simulations were run for aeration and oxygenation systems in order to provide the analysis of these effects. The results revealed a significant impact when fine bubbles are considered, even for moderate water depths. Medium bubbles present overall similar behavior as coarse bubbles. Additionally, model simulations also indicate that for bubble plumes with relatively low gas flow rates and high water depths, both dissolution and turbulence can affect bubble plume hydrodynamics, which demonstrates the importance of taking the momentum amplification factor relationship into account. For deeper water conditions, simulations of bubble dissolution using the present model and classical models available in the literature resulted in a very good agreement for both aeration and oxygenation processes. Finally, case studies involving those processes are presented.

A common industrial ventilation and pollution problem results when a thermally buoyant polluted plume of air must be exhausted away from a work area to allow achievement of air pollution standards. Generally, a close fitting canopy hood is one of the most effective means of exhaust containment; however, physical restrictions or the operation itself often prevent such an arrangement, and a hood located to the side of the operation is required. This arrangement requires the exhaust to bend and contain the vertically rising plume with a horizontal sweep of exhaust air across the surface of the operation. A review of available literature revealed a lack of the necessary theory and data needed to design a side draft hood based on plume dynamics. The purpose of this study, then, is to develop the theory relating the side draft hood size and required exhaust volume to the hot source characteristics and to test the theory in the laboratory.

No description available.

No description available.

Mantle plumes are anomalously hot, narrow upwellings of mantle material that originate at the core-mantle boundary. As plumes rise they may form volumetrically large "heads" (~1000 km in diameter) with narrower (~100 km) "tails." Plume head melting is thought to form Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), vast outpourings of basaltic lava (~106 km3), while plume tail melting forms linear chains of ocean island basalts (OIBs) similar the Emperor-Hawaii Seamount chain. Mantle plume derived melts indicate that these structures sample deep Earth geochemical and lithological heterogeneities. Studying plume-derived lavas can clarify important planetary-scale questions relating to the accretion of the Earth, primordial geochemical reservoirs, the fate of subducted materials, planetary differentiation, and convective mixing. / Ph. D. / Mantle plumes are hot, narrow upwellings of plastically flowing mantle material. These structures are thought to originate at the core-mantle boundary. Because mantle plumes originate in the deep interior of the planet, they are though to sample both primitive materials that are remnants of Earth’s formation as well as recycled crustal materials that have been subducted from the surface into the deep interior of the planet. When mantle plumes near the surface of the planet they begin to partially melt during a process known as adiabatic decompression melting. When these melts cool, they crystallize to form basalts. These rocks and their associated minerals can be studied to determine lava temperatures and pressures of formation. The geologic record suggests that relatively recently mantle plumes cool and eventually become magmatically inactive. In this project, we used the Galapagos plume as a case study to investigate why it has systematically cooled over the last 90 Ma. The Galapagos mantle plume is possibly the oldest active plume and records a 90 Ma volcanic evolution. We studied Galapagos-related lavas and olivine crystals across the entire 90 Ma evolution of the plume to better understand the life-death cycle of mantle plumes. Our data suggest that the plume may be cooling due to an increase in the amount of recycled oceanic crust. Alternatively, a recycled oceanic crust component could have always been present in the source of the plume, though was diluted during high degrees of partial melting when it was hottest at 90 Ma.

Models of the fate and transport of river plumes and the bacteria they carry into lakes are developed. They are needed to enable informed decisions about beach closures to avoid economic losses, and to help design water intakes and operate combined sewer overflow schemes to obviate exposure of the public to potential pathogens. This study advances our understanding of river plumes dynamics in coastal waters by means of field studies and numerical techniques. Extensive field measurements were carried out in the swimming seasons of 2006 and 2007 on the Grand River plume as it enters Lake Michigan. They included simultaneous aerial photography, measurements of lake physical properties, the addition of artificial tracers to track the plume, and bacterial sampling. Our observed results show more flow classes than included in previous studies (e.g. CORMIX). Onshore wind can have a significant effect on the plume and whether it impacts the shoreline. A new classification scheme based on the relative magnitude of plume-crossflow length scale and Richardson number based on the wind speed is devised. Previous studies on lateral spreading are complemented with a new relationship in the near field. The plume thickness decreased rapidly with distance from the river mouth and a new non-dimensional relationship to predict thickness is developed. Empirical near field models for surface buoyant plumes are reviewed and a near field trajectory and dilution model for large aspect ratio surface discharge channels is devised. Bacterial reductions due to dilution were generally small (less than 10:1) up to 4.5 km from the river mouth. E. coli decay rates were significantly affected by solar radiation and ranged from 0.2 to 2.2 day-1 which were within the range of previous studies in Lake Michigan. Total coliform survived longer than E. coli suggesting different die-off mechanisms. Mathematical models of the bacterial transport are developed that employ a nested modeling scheme to represent the 3D hydrodynamic processes of surface river discharges in the Great Lakes. A particle tracking model is used that provides the capability to track a decaying tracer and better quantify mixing due to turbulent diffusion. Particle tracking models have considerable advantages over gradient diffusion models in simulating bacterial behavior nearshore that results in an improved representation of bacteria diffusion, decay and transport. Due to the complexity and wide variation of the time and length scale of the hydrodynamic and turbulent processes in the near field (where plume mixing is dominated by initial momentum and buoyancy) and far field (where plume mixing is dominated by ambient turbulence), a coupling technique is adapted. The far field random walk particle tracking model incorporates the empirical near field model. It simulates the transport, diffusion and decay of bacteria as discrete particles and employs the near field output as the source and transports the particles based on ambient currents predicted by the 3D hydrodynamic model. The coupled model improves dilution predictions in the near field. The new techniques advance our knowledge of the nearshore fate and transport of bacteria in the Great Lakes and can be ultimately applied to the NOAA Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System to provide a reliable prediction tool for bacterial transport in recreational waters.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 23, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-253).

No description available.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Cretaceous Ambohiby Complex is an alkaline ring complex located in the central part of Madagascar and covers a mountainous area of approximately 225km2. The complex intrudes into Precambrian basement gneisses and consists of the following rock types in a chronological order; gabbros, monzonite, alkali-syenite, micro-granite and granites. Both mafic and felsic rocks are dominated by sodic mineralogies. Pyroxenes are generally aegirine, aegirine-augite, and hedenbergite and commonly occur in granites, micro-granites, syenites and monzonite. In gabbros and mafic dykes, augite is the more common composition. Amphiboles are represented by bluish to brownish-green varieties with arfvedsonite to eckermannite compositions in granites, and magnesia-arfvedsonite compositions in micro-granites. Ferro-edenite is present in some alkali-syenites and monzonite. Feldspars are usually single phase and are therefore hypersolvus. In granites, micro-granites and alkali-syenites, path and string perthite is very common. Graphic intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspars is also common in granites and some alkalisyenites. Major elements variation diagrams plotted against SiO2 indicate that the mafic and felsic rocks of the Ambohiby Complex were formed by processes similar to those of Fractional crystallization. Chondrite normalised mafic rocks have slightly positive Eu anomalies while the felsic rocks have negative Eu anomalies, indicating fractionation of plagioclase feldspars. The Chondrite normalised gabbroic rocks shared similar trends of heavy rare earth with Chondrite normalised Marion Hotspot data. This suggests that the basaltic parent magma for the Ambohiby Complex, possibly related to the Marion hotspot plume. The Fractional crystallization model with an inclusion of olivine in the mineral assemblage seems to fit very well with the actual Ambohiby felsic end member rocks (i.e. granites). It is therefore clear that differentiation mainly occurred by fractional crystallization but variable initial Sr and Nd values indicate the magmas assimilated crustal material during emplacement. The Rb-Sr geochronology gave an age of 90±2.4 Ma for the intrusion of the Ambohiby Complex, which confirms that the Ambohiby Complex is associated with the Gondwana break-up. In addition the Marion Hotspot plume is believed to have been located in the southern tip of the island at around 90 Ma ago.