Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-10T18:01:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa.pdf: 5126272 bytes, checksum: a3bdd5baa6428581b82237fd62ec38c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-22T19:36:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa.pdf: 5126272 bytes, checksum: a3bdd5baa6428581b82237fd62ec38c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-22T19:36:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa.pdf: 5126272 bytes, checksum: a3bdd5baa6428581b82237fd62ec38c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um equipamento para a determinação experimental da curva característica de sucção, e a determinação experimental da permeabilidade efetiva a fluidos imiscíveis em sistemas multifásicos (três fases), especificamente gasolina, água e ar, enfocandose as diversas propriedades envolvidas no fluxo multifásico de fluidos em solos não saturados. Para tanto foi projetado, construído e colocado em operação, no Laboratório de Geotecnia Ambiental da Escola Politécnica da UFBA, um equipamento constituído de quatro permeâmetros de parede flexível, sistema de medição de vazão nas três fases, sistema de aquisição de dados automatizado, sistema de aplicação e controle de pressão em todas as fases de forma independente e sistema de aplicação de vazão constante (bomba de fluxo). É apresentado neste trabalho uma descrição detalhada de todas as unidades componentes do equipamento desenvolvido, assim como os procedimentos adotados para a realização dos ensaios, as dificuldades encontradas e as soluções adotadas. Visando avaliar o funcionamento do equipamento desenvolvido, foram realizados testes de pré-operação e aferição, com o solo sedimentar da formação Barreiras. Os resultados dos testes realizados indicam que o equipamento desenvolvido e as técnicas experimentais implementadas podem se constituir em importantes ferramentas para a obtenção de dados referentes a interação e transporte da gasolina, em solos não saturados. / Salvador

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, plays a crucial role in regulation of xenobiotic metabolism. AhR is also involved in dioxin-induced metabolic disorders and alteration of circadian rhythm. Furthermore, circadian clock disruption and metabolic dysfunction are integrally associated with each other. This study was designed to understand the mechanisms by which AhR contributes to regulation of circadian clocks, fat metabolism and glucose homeostasis. In the first aim, I have tested whether AhR interacts with the core clock gene, brain and muscle AhR nuclear translocator like-1(BMAL1), disrupting circadian locomotor output cycle kaput (CLOCK)/BMAL1 complex activity, and leading to the suppression of period1 gene (Per1) expression rhythm. My studies indicate that AhR activation by its agonists 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and beta-naphoflavone (BNF) disrupts the rhythm and inhibits the expression of Per1 in mouse liver and hepatoma cell lines, respectively. Mechanistically, the disruption of the rhythm and the inhibition of Per1 expression occur secondary to the interaction between AhR and BMAL1, which attenuates transcriptional activity of the core clock complex CLOCK/BMAL1. These results suggest alteration of the circadian clock as a novel signaling event downstream of AhR activation. The integral relationship between the clock and metabolic function further suggest that AhR activation may cause metabolic dysfunction. In the second aim, I have tested whether AhR activation inhibits Per1 gene induction and influences circadian clock resetting through activation of JNK pathway. AhR activation by it agonists TCDD and BNF decreases light-induced phase shifts in the early night and inhibits light-induced Per1 expression in both suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and liver. Inhibition of Per1 induction results from increased phospho-JNK induced by AhR activation. Taken together, activation of AhR disrupts circadian clock resetting which also could cause metabolic dysfunction. In the third aim, I have tested whether AhR deficiency regulates nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a; (PPARa) and alters glucose homeostasis. PPARa, a clock-controlled gene (CCG) that acts as a fat metabolism sensor, is important for lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. AhR knockout (AhRKO or AhR-/-) mice exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, accompanied by decreased expression of PPARa, key gluconeogenic genes, glucose-6 phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and key fatty acid oxidation enzymes, carnitine palmitoyl transferase1b (CPT1b) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO). Conversely, AhR agonists increase PPARa; expression in a BMAL1-dependent manner. In addition, AhRKO mice display altered rhythm for clock genes, clock-controlled genes (CCGs) and physiological blood glucose. These data suggest that AhR may modulate the glucose homeostasis through regulation of CCGs such as PPARa and that PPARa may be an important link between the circadian clock and metabolism. In the fourth aim, I have tested the effects of AhR ablation or attenuation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice. Recent studies suggest that PPARα expression is elevated with HFD feeding as an adaptive response to attenuate hepatic steatosis, and PPARa deficiency protects against HFD-induced insulin resistance. AhR-/- as well as AhR heterozygous (AhR+/-) mice are protected from the HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and show reduced inflammatory cytokine expression. In addition, AhR-/- and AhR+/- mice display protected insulin signaling, a higher adiponectin and a lower leptin and insulin in serum. Food intake and physical activity are not significantly different among WT, AhR-/- and AhR+/- mice with HFD feeding. Indirect calorimetry has demonstrated that the AhR+/- mice have higher oxygen consumption, CO2 production and heat production. In addition, Real-time PCR data show that uncoupling protein 1(Ucp1) is higher in brown adipose tissue which supports the higher heat production; moreover, the muscle gene profile reveals that the fatty acid beta-oxidation genes and mitochondrial respiratory genes are higher in AHR+/- mice which further support higher energy expenditure in these mice. Collectively, these data suggest that AhR signaling could be a potential target for treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and AhR antagonist may be developed into a drug for these metabolic diseases.

Esta tese tem o objetivo de apresentar um modelo matemático, para simular a dispersão de poluentes na atmosfera, que considera a variação temporal do campo de vento e dos coeficientes de difusão turbulenta, além disso, representar uma fonte móvel através de fontes pontuais. Sendo assim, usa-se a ideia do método da decomposição de Adomian e a técnica GILTT (Generalized Integral Laplace Transform Technique) no intuito de resolver a equação de advecção difusão, a qual descreve o fenômeno citado. Ainda, implementa-se o modelo proposto com o conjunto de dados do experimento de OLAD (Over Land Alongwind Dispersion) e, por fim, comparam-se os resultados obtidos e os dados de concentração coletados no experimento mencionado. / This thesis aims to present a mathematical model to simulate the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, which considers the temporal variation of the wind field and the eddy diffusivity. Moreover, it represents a moving source through point sources. To reach this goal, it uses the idea of the Adomian decomposition method together with the GILTT technique (Generalized Integral Laplace Transform Technique) in order to solve the advection-diffusion equation, which describes the phenomenon. It further implements the model proposed with the dataset of OLAD (Dispersion Over Land Alongwind) experiment and finally the results obtained and the concentration observed are compared.

Compostos farmacêuticos são detectados em diversas matrizes ambientais. Estes compostos, quando não eliminados por técnicas avançadas de tratamento, contribuem para impactos ambientais negativos. Especificamente, efluentes hospitalares apresentam altas concentrações destes compostos principalmente pela excreção por pacientes. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa contribuir com a pesquisa científica em relação a efluentes hospitalares no Brasil, propondo alternativas de tratamento com ozônio para a remoção de fármacos. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi realizado um diagnóstico em um hospital visando identificar o consumo das principais classes farmacêuticas. A partir deste estudo, desenvolveu-se um planejamento de experimentos para avaliar os parâmetros mais adequados do processo de ozonização para a remoção de cafeína (CAF), amoxicilina (AMX) e ampicilina (AMP) em soluções aquosas. Foram avaliados experimentalmente os processos O3, O3/UV, O3/Fe2+, O3/UV/Fe2+. Investigou-se a influência da concentração inicial de fármaco, do pH, da potência de luz UV aplicada e da concentração inicial de Fe2+ utilizado como catalisador homogêneo. A variável de resposta foi a eficiência de mineralização. Os parâmetros obtidos pelo planejamento experimental foram aplicados para o Atenolol (ATE) e para soluções aquosas contendo a mistura de todos os compostos analisados (CAF, AMX, AMP e ATE). Um estudo cinético para determinação das constantes de reação foi realizado para a cafeína e atenolol. Para avaliar o tratamento com efluente hospitalar, uma caracterização (detecção de compostos farmacêuticos e parâmetros físico-químicos e toxicológicos) foi realizada antes e após o processo que apresentou a melhor eficiência de mineralização. Com o objetivo de extrapolar os estudos realizados e avaliar outros poluentes emergentes, além dos compostos farmacêuticos, realizaram-se experimentos com 90 compostos como drogas de abuso, hormônios e produtos de higiene pessoal que também podem estar presentes em efluentes hospitalares, avaliando a influência do pH e da dosagem de ozônio aplicada. Como principais resultados, os antibióticos e cardiovasculares foram as classes farmacêuticas mais consumidas no hospital. Pelo planejamento de experimentos, observou-se que todos os compostos avaliados foram rapidamente degradados (100% em menos de 15min) e as melhores eficiências de mineralização atingiram 70,8%, 60,4% e 63,6% para CAF, AMX e AMP, respectivamente. O sistema O3/UV/Fe2+ obteve a melhor eficiência de mineralização para o ATE (67,9%) e para a mistura dos compostos (69,5%). O estudo cinético possibilitou o cálculo das constantes cinéticas: kO3 =697,46 M-1 s-1 e kOH = 6,41x109 M-1 s-1 para a cafeína; e kO3 =146,56 M-1 s-1 e kOH = 15,29x109 M-1 s-1 para o atenolol. A eficiência de mineralização para os experimentos com efluente hospitalar atingiu 54,7% para o sistema O3/UV, sendo eficiente para a completa eliminação de diversos compostos farmacêuticos e remoção da toxicidade. Em relação à remoção dos 90 poluentes emergentes, observou-se que 53,3% dos compostos foram completamente degradados utilizando uma razão mMO3/mMC=0,3 em pH neutro. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o presente trabalho contribui para o avanço da pesquisa sobre efluentes hospitalares, pois apresenta uma alternativa de tratamento eficiente para a completa remoção de diversos compostos farmacêuticos, minimizando o impacto negativo destes no meio ambiente. / Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) are detected in various environmental matrices. These compounds, whether not eliminated by advanced treatment techniques, contribute to bacterial resistance and negative environmental impacts on water resource. Specifically, hospital wastewaster exhibit high concentrations of these compounds mainly by the excretion by patients. In this context, this paper aims to contribute to scientific research regarding hospital wastewater in Brazil, proposing treatment alternatives by ozone to remove PhCs. To achieve this purpose, it conducted a diagnosis in a hospital to identify the consumption of major pharmaceutical classes. With this result, it developed an experimental design to evaluate the most appropriate parameters of the ozonation process for the removal of caffeine (CAF), amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP) in aqueous solutions. This study evaluated the following processes experimentally: O3, O3/UV, O3/Fe2+ O3/UV/Fe2+. The influence of ozone dose, initial PhCs concentration, pH, power UV light applied and Fe2+ initial concentration used as homogeneous catalyst were investigated. Mineralization efficiency was the response variable. Parameters obtained by the experimental design were applied for Atenolol (ATE) and aqueous solutions containing the mixture of all compounds analyzed (CAF, AMX, AMP and ATE). A kinetic study for the determination of reaction constants was carried out for caffeine and atenolol. To evaluate the hospital wastewater treatment, a characterization (detection of pharmaceutical compounds and physico-chemical and toxicological parameters) was performed before and after the process that showed the best mineralization efficiency. In order to extrapolate the studies and evaluate other emergent pollutants, in addition to pharmaceutical compounds, were conducted experiments with 90 compounds such as illicit drugs, hormones and personal care products, which also may be present in hospital wastewater, evaluating the influence of pH and ozone dosage. Main results showed that antibiotics and cardiovascular were the most consumed pharmaceutical classes in the hospital. For the design of experiments, it was observed that all the evaluated compounds were rapidly degraded (100% in less than 15 minutes) and the best mineralization efficiency reached 70.8%, 60.4% and 63.6% for CAF and AMX AMP, respectively. The system O3/UV/Fe2+ obtained the best mineralization efficiency for ATE (67.9%) and mixture of compounds (69.5%). The kinetic study allowed the determination of the kinetic constants: kO3 = 697.46 M-1 s-1 and kOH = 6.41x109 M-1 s-1 for caffeine; and kO3 = 146.56 M-1 s-1 and kOH = 15.29x109 M-1 s-1 for atenolol. Mineralization efficiency for hospital wastewater experiments reached 54.7% by the system O3/UV, being efficient for complete elimination of various PhCs and removal of toxicity. Regarding the removal of 90 emergent pollutants, it was observed that 53.3% of the compounds were completely degraded using a ratio mMO3/MMC = 0.3 at neutral pH. The results indicated that this work contributes to the advance of research on hospital wastewater, because it presents an effective alternative treatment for complete removal of various pharmaceutical compounds, minimizing the negative impact on the environment.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-17T23:45:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LÍGIA MARIA RIBEIRO LIMA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2010.pdf: 2788036 bytes, checksum: 1c5b62f6d7f3b6dd45a34fd6b83130c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T23:45:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LÍGIA MARIA RIBEIRO LIMA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2010.pdf: 2788036 bytes, checksum: 1c5b62f6d7f3b6dd45a34fd6b83130c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a dinâmica da adsorção de gasolina (adsorbato) utilizando bagaço de cana-de-açúcar na forma de pó como adsorvente, em um leito fixo em escala ampliada, por meio da análise das curvas de ruptura. A coluna utilizada para adsorção consiste de um cilindro de vidro com altura de 60,0 cm e diâmetro de 6,0 cm. Inicialmente foram feitas análises de caracterização química e física do bagaço de cana na forma de pó, como: composição química; porcentagem de matéria seca, umidade, cinzas, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, celulose e lignina. Para a avaliação da estrutura porosa da biomassa bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foram realizadas três análises do material na forma de pó: área superficial, volume poroso e diâmetro poroso. Com base nos dados obtidos pelos ensaios experimentais para obtenção das curvas de ruptura, pode-se avaliar a dinâmica do leito fixo em escala ampliada através da análise dos resultados verificados pelo planejamento experimental e pela aplicação da modelagem fenomenológica, utilizando o modelo da Força Impulsora Linear. Foi possível observar que os maiores valores dos tempos de quebra das curvas foram encontrados para as menores vazões com as três concentrações de entrada de efluente simulado. Analisando o diagrama de Pareto observou-se que a influência da interação da concentração inicial de gasolina com a vazão de operação é o fator mais significativo seguido da altura do leito fixo de biomassa. Verificou-se também que a concentração de gasolina é o fator menos importante no processo de adsorção de biomassa. Avaliou-se por meio da obtenção dos valores da constante de transferência de massa, utilizando o modelo da Força Impulsora Linear, que houve uma tendência para o aumento do coeficiente de transferência de massa, à medida que a vazão aumentou. Com esses resultados, pode-se concluir que os coeficientes de transferência de massa no sólido, calculados em função da vazão volumétrica podem ser representados por uma relação linear nas condições experimentais estudadas. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of adsorption of gasoline (adsorbate) using sugar-cane bagane in powder form as adsorbent, in a fixed bed in enlarged scale, through the analysis of breakthrough curves. The column used for adsorption consists of a glass cylinder with 60.0 cm height and 6.0 cm diameter. Initially were made analyses of chemical and physical characterization of cane bagane in powder form, as: chemical composition; dry matter percentage, humidity, ashes, organic matter, rude protein, cellulose and lignin. For evaluation of porous structure of the biomass sugar-cane pulp three analyses of the material were accomplished in powder form: superficial area, porous volume and porous diameter. With base in data obtained by experimentals for obtaining of breakthrough curves, dynamics of fixed bed can be evaluated in scale enlarged through the evaluation of results verified by experimental planning and th rough application of phenomenological modelling, using Lineal Impelling Force model. It was possible to observe that largest values of times of break of the curves were found for smallest flow rates with the three concentrations of entrance of simulate eff luent. Analyzing Pareto diagram was observed that the influence of interaction of initial concentration of gasoline with the operation flow rate is the most significant factor followed by height of fixed bed of biomass. It was also verified that the concentration of gasoline is the less important factor in biomass adsorption process. It was observed through the values obtained of mass transfer constant, using Lineal Impelling Force model, that there was a tendency for increase of mass transfer coefficient, as the flow rate increased. With those results, can be concluded that mass transfer coefficients in the solid, calculated in function of volumetric flow rate can be represented by a lineal relationship in the studied experimental conditions.

This thesis examines the spatial and temporal variation in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in Guernsey and the impacts on pre-existing asthmatics. Whilst air quality in Guernsey is generally good, the levels of NO2 exceed UK standards in several locations. The evidence indicates that people suffering from asthma have exacerbation of their symptoms if exposed to elevated levels of air pollutants including NO2, although this research has never been carried out in Guernsey before. In addition, exposure assessment of individuals is rarely carried out and research in this area is limited due to the complexity of undertaking such a study, which will include a combination of exposures in the home, the workplace and ambient exposures, which vary depending on the individual daily experience. For the first time in Guernsey, this research has examined NO2 levels in correlation with asthma patient admissions to hospital, assessment of NO2 exposures in typical homes and typical workplaces in Guernsey. The data showed a temporal correlation between NO2 levels and the number of hospital admissions and the trend from 2008-2012 was upwards. Statistical analysis of the data did not show a significant linear correlation due to the small size of the data sets. Exposure assessment of individuals showed a spatial variation in exposures in Guernsey and assessment in indoor environments showed that real-time analysis of NO2 levels needs to be undertaken if indoor micro environments for NO2 are the be assessed adequately. There was temporal and spatial variation in NO2 concentrations measured using diffusion tubes, which provide a monthly mean value, and analysers measuring NO2 concentrations in real time. The research shows that building layout and design are important factors for good air flow and ventilation and the dispersion of NO2 indoors. Environmental Health Officers have statutory responsibilities for ambient air quality, hygiene of buildings and workplace environments and this role needs to be co-ordinated with healthcare professionals to improve health outcomes for asthmatics. The outcome of the thesis was the development of a risk management framework for pre-existing asthmatics at work for use by regulators of workplaces and an information leaflet to assist in improving health outcomes for asthmatics in Guernsey.

Grandes cidades, como São Paulo, são afetadas de forma significante pela poluição atmosférica. É de grande importância a caracterização das fontes emissoras da poluição atmosférica, não somente nas regiões centrais, mas também nas regiões periféricas, pois a composição da poluição pode não ser homogênea em toda a extensão da cidade. Neste estudo foram caracterizados os componentes da poluição atmosférica em quatro regiões dentro cidade de São Paulo. Para este fim foram Coletados Material Particulado (PM2.5) durante vinte dias no período de inverno de 2011 e vinte dias durante o período de verão de 2011. O material foi coletado através de filtros de policarbonato com 24 h de exposição, e foi submetido a análises gravimétricas, determinação da concentração de Black Carbon por refletância e determinação da composição elementar por Fluorescência de Raios-X. A identificação das diferentes fontes geradoras de material particulado foi baseada na análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A variação da concentração da massa do material particulado fino (PM2.5) em g/m3 não teve diferença significativa entre os locais amostrados, mas mostrou diferença entre as estações do ano, sendo maior no período do inverno em todos os locais. A proporção do Black Carbon teve um comportamento diferente da massa. O Black Carbon não variou significantemente entre as estações do ano, porém apresentou diferença entre os locais amostrados, destacando-se no Parque do Ibirapuera e na Zona Leste. Foram encontrados 3 Fatores que explicam 75% da variabilidade. O Fator 1 é constituído pelos elementos Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, P, S Cr e K e foi atribuído como sendo associado à ressuspensão de solo e emissões veiculares, O Fator 2 é composto por V, P, BC, e S e foi interpretado como sendo representativo de emissões veiculares de combustíveis com alto teor de enxofre. O Fator 3 é 7 associado aos elementos BC e Ni e foi interpretado como sendo produzido por emissões veiculares em geral / Large cities such as São Paulo are significantly affected by air pollution. It is of great importance to characterize the emission sources of air pollution, not only in the central regions of the city of São Paulo, but also in peripheral regions, do to the fact that the composition of pollution may not be homogeneous across the city area. This study shows the Characterized the components of air pollution in four different areas of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Particulate matter (PM 2.5) was collected during the winter of 2011 and summer of 2011. It was collected 24-h PM2.5 samples, employing gravimetry to determine PM2.5 mass concentrations; reflectance to quantify black carbon concentrations and X-ray fluorescence to characterize elemental composition. A receiver model based on principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the involvement of the different sources for the generation of particulate matter. The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in g/m3 did not differ significantly among the locations. However, the results collected showed differences according the seasons evaluation, being higher in the winter for all regions sampled. The proportion of Black Carbon behaves differently than the mass. It does not vary significantly between the seasons, but between the different regions. The proportion of Black Carbon was higher in Ibirapuera Park and the East Zone. Was found 3 factors explaining 75% of the variability. Factor 1 consists of the elements Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, P, S Cr e K and was related to crustal emission (soil) and vehicle emissions, Factors 2 consists of the elements V, P, BC, e S and can be related to vehicular emissions of fuels with high sulfur content. Factor 3 consists of the elements BC and Ni was associated to vehicle emission

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