Carbonate reservoirs are usually diffcult to map and identify in seismic sections due to their complex structure, lithology and diagenetic frabrics. The Midland Basin, located in the Permian Basin of West Texas, is an excellent example of these complex carbonate structures. In order to obtain a better characterization and imaging of the carbonate buildups, an acoustic impedance inversion is proposed here. The resolution of the acoustic impedance is the same as the input seismic data, which is greatly improved with the addition of the low frequency content extracted from well data. From the broadband volume, high resolution maps of acoustic impedance distributions were obtained, and therefore the locations of carbonate buildups were easily determined. A correlation between acoustic impedance and porosity extracted from well data shows that areas with high acoustic impedance were correlated with low porosity values, whereas high porosities were located in areas of low acoustic impedance. Theoretical analyses were performed using the time-average equation and the Gassmann equation. These theoretical models helped to understand how porosity distributions affect acoustic impedance. Both equations predicted a decrease in acoustic impedance as porosity increases. Inversion results showed that average porosity values are 5% [plus or minus] 5%, typical for densely cemented rocks. Previous studies done in the study area indicate that grains are moderately to well-sorted. This suggests that time-average approximation will overestimate porosity values and the Gassmann approach better predicts the measured data. A comparison between measured data and the Gassmann equation suggests that rocks with low porosities (less than 5%) tend to have high acoustic impedance values. On the other hand, rocks with higher porosities (5% to 10%) have lower acoustic impedance values. The inversion performed on well data also shows that the fluid bulk modulus for currently producing wells is lower than in non-productive wells, (wells with low production rates for brine and hydrocarbons), which is consistent with pore fluids containing a larger concentration of oil. The acoustic impedance inversion was demonstrated to be a robust technique for mapping complex structures and estimating porosities as well. However, it is not capable of differentiating different types of carbonate buildups and their origin.

No description available.

This study developed an inexpensive and simple microsensor for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This developed VOC sensor is composed of a nano-porous polyimide (PI) film doped with carbon black (CB) as the sensing material. The conductivity of the PI/CB film changed after absorbing VOC contents in the air. In general, solid state based VOC sensors which use metal oxide as the sensing materials have to work at a temperature of about 300¡V350¢J. Alternatively, this research developed a VOC sensor capable of sensing VOCs at room temperature, resulting in a sensor system of low energy consumption. A post pore opening procedure by plasma etching is used to enhance the response of the sensor film. SEM images confirm that the micro-pores interconnect with their neighboring pores and also open to the outside air. The film prepared with pore opening procedure exhibit a response of 3 times faster than the film prepared without pore opening. Results indicate that the developed VOC sensor has a good repeatability for detecting VOCs. PI film with 1% (weight percent) of CB has the best sensitivity due to the well dispersion of CB. This research detected 100 ppm ethanol fifth times to show good reproducibility, and detected 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 1000 ppm benzene and ethanol for 24 hours to show long-term stability, and detected 101 ppm¡ã105 ppm widely VOCs concentration. Besides, this sensor has selectivity on specific gas like alcohol and aldehyde, the sensor material has special chemical bond that can connect with specific gas. Moreover, the sensitivity is about 155% at 25 oC and 80% at 60 oC, it is almost 2 times at 25 oC. The moisture can also be detected to avoid the impact on the sensor performance for detecting VOCs, the moisture capacitance changes is 16 times higher than VOCs. The sensor developed in this study provides a simple and straight forward method to fabricate low-cost VOC sensors.

Carbonate reservoirs are usually diffcult to map and identify in seismic sections due to their complex structure, lithology and diagenetic frabrics. The Midland Basin, located in the Permian Basin of West Texas, is an excellent example of these complex carbonate structures. In order to obtain a better characterization and imaging of the carbonate buildups, an acoustic impedance inversion is proposed here. The resolution of the acoustic impedance is the same as the input seismic data, which is greatly improved with the addition of the low frequency content extracted from well data. From the broadband volume, high resolution maps of acoustic impedance distributions were obtained, and therefore the locations of carbonate buildups were easily determined. A correlation between acoustic impedance and porosity extracted from well data shows that areas with high acoustic impedance were correlated with low porosity values, whereas high porosities were located in areas of low acoustic impedance. Theoretical analyses were performed using the time-average equation and the Gassmann equation. These theoretical models helped to understand how porosity distributions affect acoustic impedance. Both equations predicted a decrease in acoustic impedance as porosity increases. Inversion results showed that average porosity values are 5% [plus or minus] 5%, typical for densely cemented rocks. Previous studies done in the study area indicate that grains are moderately to well-sorted. This suggests that time-average approximation will overestimate porosity values and the Gassmann approach better predicts the measured data. A comparison between measured data and the Gassmann equation suggests that rocks with low porosities (less than 5%) tend to have high acoustic impedance values. On the other hand, rocks with higher porosities (5% to 10%) have lower acoustic impedance values. The inversion performed on well data also shows that the fluid bulk modulus for currently producing wells is lower than in non-productive wells, (wells with low production rates for brine and hydrocarbons), which is consistent with pore fluids containing a larger concentration of oil. The acoustic impedance inversion was demonstrated to be a robust technique for mapping complex structures and estimating porosities as well. However, it is not capable of differentiating different types of carbonate buildups and their origin.

The Winland R35 method [Log R35 = 0.732 + 0.588 (Log Kair) 0.864 (Log O)] is based on the relationship between porosity, permeability, and pore throat radius at the point of 35% mercury saturation in capillary pressure measurements and is generally reliable in rocks with only intergranular porosity (such as sandstone) where pore and pore throat geometry are related closely to rock texture. Carbonate pores are not always so; consequently, the Winland method is not as reliable for assessing reservoir quality in carbonate reservoirs. To evaluate alternatives to the conventional Winland technique, based on rock facies characteristics, samples from the Jurassic Smackover Formation in Alabama and the Permian Clearfork Formation in Texas were tested for reservoir quality with use of the Winland R35 and Pittman methods to determine if either method is more reliable in carbonate reservoir studies. Pittman's modification of the Winland method was found to be more accurate graphically. A third method for evaluating reservoir rock character is provided by Lucia. This method is based on geological rather than petrophysical characteristics, and it revealed that pore throat sizes at 35% mercury saturation may include a variety of depositional and diagenetic rock fabrics. The Winland and Pittman petrophysical evaluation techniques, as well as the Lucia geological evaluation technique - when based on depositional facies alone - do not provide reliable measures of reservoir quality. An alternative method based on genetic pore type presented by Ahr in 2005 was tested for comparison. Using a porosity-permeability plot based on the pore type, the relationship between porosity, permeability, and pore type was found to be strong and reproducible. When the ratio of permeability to porosity was used in combination with Ahr genetic pore types, the results indicate that barriers, baffles, and flow units can be reliably defined. This study demonstrates that the use of pore types in conjunction with capillary pressure measurements is a more reliable method for evaluating carbonate reservoirs than any alternative method that is based on depositional facies or rock fabrics alone.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 103 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-55).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Drexel University, 2002. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Not available / text

OWRT Project No. B-052-ARIZ / Agreement No. 14-34-0001-7136 / Project Dates: October 1976 - December 1977 / Includes authors' paper, "Foundational theories of solute transport in porous media: a critical review."