The increasing cultural diversity in the United States has brought not only richness, but also complex challenges, to various segments of American society, particularly with regard to public schools. As the student population continues to diversify while teacher population remains predominately White, female, and middle class, teacher awareness in the classroom might be an integral piece to assist students marginalized by stereotypes in feeling more empowered in the school community. Through qualitative data collection and analysis, and framed by Basil Bernstein’s language code theory, this study explored teachers’ perceptions of how classroom interactions, in light of differences in communication, might impact students of different socio-economic backgrounds from the teacher. The findings of this study indicated that the participants expressed a desire to connect with all of their students, regardless of their background. They also discussed challenges that made relationships difficult, such as feelings of disconnect from their Title I students and their families based on differences in home life and background. This dissonance was often difficult for the participants to reconcile due to pressures and difficulties in their teaching situations, such as the large number of students and the scheduling of classes, curricular pressures, and other district expectations such as after-school ensembles. Implications for practicing music teachers and teacher education include ways to understand students’ communities and rethinking ways of approaching relevant terminology in education.

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Chez les insectes phytophages, la sélection de la plante-hôte qui constitue un site de ponte et d'alimentation est cruciale pour la survie et le bon développement de la descendance. Les sens chimiques – olfaction et gustation - sont déterminants pour un insecte lors du choix de sa plante hôte. Ainsi, une expérience olfacto-gustative des signaux chimiques d'une plante permet aux insectes d'optimiser la période de recherche et d'identification de celle-ci. Dans ce travail, nous avons testé l'effet d'une expérience pré-imaginale et imaginale pour un nouveau substrat de développement (enrichi en vanilline) sur l'induction de préférence olfactive et alimentaire à ce substrat chez trois espèces de lépidoptères foreurs de graminées ayant des spectres alimentaires différents, Sesamia nonagrioides (polyphage), Busseola fusca (oligophage) et Busseola nairobica (monophage). Il s'est avéré que la préférence olfactive des femelles pour les odeurs de ce substrat peut être induite par une expérience préalable pré-imaginale et imaginale pour ce nouveau substrat et que cette induction est transmise de façon transgénérationnelle. Elle n'est cependant pas liée à une augmentation de la sensitivité des antennes des femelles à la vanilline. De plus, elle dépend de l'espèce étudiée. Elle se manifeste plus rapidement chez l'espèce la plus polyphage (au bout de deux générations), plus tardivement chez l'espèce monophage (au bout de cinq générations) et est, par contre, absente chez l'espèce oligophage. Même si plusieurs mécanismes peuvent être impliqués dans cette induction, nos résultats valident à la fois la théorie d'Hopkins, le principe néo-Hopkins et l'héritage chimique chez les espèces qui ont présenté cette induction. Concernant les larves, nous avons pu montrer que celles-ci suivent, en général, la préférence olfactive des femelles pour les odeurs d'un nouveau substrat mais que cette préférence n'est pas corrélée avec leurs préférences alimentaires. / Among herbivorous insects, the selection of the host plant as an egg laying site and food is crucial for the survival and development of the offspring. The chemical senses - olfaction and gustation – of an insect are crucial in host plant selection. An olfactory-gustatory experience of plant chemical signals allows insects to optimize their search period and host identification. In this study, we tested the effect of pre-imaginal and imaginal experience for a new artificial diet (enriched in vanillin) on the induction of olfactory and food preference for this diet in three species of lepidopteran stem borers with different food spectra, namely Sesamia nonagrioides (polyphagous), Busseola fusca (oligophagous) and Busseola nairobica (monophagous). It was shown that the olfactory preference of females for the odor of the new diet could be induced by pre-imaginal and imaginal experience for this new diet and that this induction was transmitted transgenerationally. It was however not linked to an increase in the sensitivity of the female antennae to vanillin. In addition, it depended on the species studied. It occurred after two generations only in the polyphagous species, after five generations in the monophagous species, and it was absent in the oligophagous species. Although several mechanisms may be involved in this induction, our results validate both the theory of Hopkins, neo-Hopkins principle and the chemical legacy in the species in which the induction occurred. The larvae exhibited generally the same olfactory preference than the adult females for the odors of the new diet but this preference was not correlated with their food preferences, indicating in larvae a discrepancy between olfaction and gustation.

Thesis (Master of Marketing)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / This thesis sought to investigate students’ preferences regarding university accommodation. The object was to identify the aspects and elements of housing that students deemed most desirable. The research also aimed to ascertain which socio-demographic variables might serve as predictors of preference in student housing. The thesis focused on student housing at a university in Cape Town, South Africa. The researcher adopted a stated preference approach, applying direct measurement and conjoint analysis methods to answer the research questions. The study commenced with qualitative exploratory research, including a literature review and focus group interviews with students. This was followed by collection of cross-sectional quantitative data using person-administered, structured questionnaires distributed among students at the university. SPSS software was used to analyse a total of 457 completed questionnaires. The direct measurement results indicated that most students prioritised convenience, safety, cost and privacy when it came to choosing accommodation. The three most important attributes as ranked by respondents were having unlimited free WiFi, the inclusion of a 24-hour computer lab in the building, and 24-hour on-site security. In addition, respondents favoured the presence of a convenience shop/kiosk in the residence, followed by sharing showers with students of their own gender, and being within walking distance of campus. Preferences for some but not all the dimensions of accommodation appeared to be influenced by gender, age group and study level. When indicating their willingness to pay (WTP) for a variety of elements relating to accommodation, it emerged that the question of sharing the space in their room – their living and learning space – was very important to the students. The results showed that, apart from having unlimited WiFi and 24-hour on-site security, the aspects for which respondents were prepared to pay most concerned the private space of the individual, e.g. room privacy and room size, as well as having their own toilet and shower. WTP attributes also varied among students according to age group, gender and level of study. Results from the stated preference (conjoint) experiment analysis showed that students were most sensitive about the sharing of ablutions and number of roommates, strongly preferring private rooms and facilities, or sharing with fewer other students. Monthly rent is next most influential, followed by distance from campus. The model also showed significant differences in the preferences of students based on their gender. Research in this field is overdue because, owing to recent increases in the tertiary student population in South Africa, there is a growing shortage of student accommodation. Current and future student housing needs must be assessed, and any such assessment requires a thorough grasp of current student accommodation preferences. The results of this research thus contribute to the knowledge and understanding available to managers and developers of student accommodation regarding students’ requirements and preferences. The findings can serve as a set of guidelines for developers of student housing and as a foundation for formulating associated marketing strategies. Despite the existence of extensive research on student housing, few studies have focused on the preferences of students in developing countries, and even fewer in South Africa. This research seeks to fill this gap by increasing awareness and understanding of students’ preferences with regard to university accommodation.

Orientador: Ana Liz Garcia Alves / Resumo: Sabendo do impacto do olfato e do paladar no comportamento alimentar dos cavalos, a indústria está utilizando novos aromatizantes e realizando testes de palatabilidade, pois percebe a importância das propriedades organolépticas de seus produtos. Foram utilizados 5 equinos machos, de mesma raça, com idade e pesos semelhantes. Os animais foram apresentados a três compostos alimentares durante período de adaptação e testes de aceitabilidade e preferência. Foi realizada coleta de dados objetivos como quantidade consumida e tempo de consumo, bem como foi uso de uma escala numérica para buscar uma observação mais ampla. Com tais dados buscou-se determinar se a aceitabilidade entre alimentos com e sem aromatizantes e se há maior aceitabilidade entre os aromatizantes testados (menta e banana). O aroma de menta quando comparado aos demais, apresentou menor presença de interesse (P=0,036) e maior rejeição total (P<0,001) pelos animais durante o período de adaptação, e maior rejeição parcial (P<0,001) no teste de aceitabilidade. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para determinar a existência de maior aceitabilidade dos equinos por um dos aromas avaliados, porém o aroma de menta apresentou maior rejeição durante o período de adaptação e no teste de aceitabilidade. A ausência de diferença entre o aroma controle e banana não permitiu estabelecer se há maior aceitabilidade entre um alimento com ou sem aromatizante. / Abstract: With the knowledge of the importance of olfaction and taste on the feeding behavior of horses, the industry makes use of flavoring agents and palatability tests, because gives importance to the organoleptic properties of their products. On this study, were used five male horses, from same breed and approximate age and weight. The animals were introduced to three feeding compounds during an adaptation period e acceptability and preference tests. Were collected objective data as quantity consumed for each compound and consumption time, as well as was used a numeric scale to achieve a wider observation. And by this, was aimed to determine the acceptability between feeds with and without flavoring agents, and if there is a higher acceptability between the tested flavors (banana and mint). The mint flavor when compared to the others, presented the smaller presence of interest (P=0,036) and the higher total rejection (P<0,001) by the animals during the adaptation period, and the higher partial rejection (P<0,001) on the acceptability test. Could not be found significative difference to determine the existence of a higher acceptability by horses of one of the flavors evaluated, but the mint flavor presented the higher rejection during the adaptation period and in the acceptability test. The absence of difference between the control and banana flavors did not allow to stablish if there is a higher acceptability between a feed with or without flavoring agents. / Mestre

Obesity is a contributing factor to many diseases. Unhealthy food choices are a behavior that can lead to obesity. Teaching children to make healthy food choices at an early age could lead to healthy food choices throughout a lifetime, which would mitigate potential for obesity. A number of different treatments have evaluated healthy food choices in children; however, many did not evaluate or show maintenance effects. The purpose of this study was to utilize correspondence training to acquire healthy food choices in preschoolers and to evaluate of natural communities of reinforcement as a maintenance procedure. Results showed that correspondence training is likely to increase healthy food choices in most preschoolers; however, maintenance of healthy snack choices is variable.

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Resumo: A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biótipo B é uma das principais pragas agrícolas no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial de predação de Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers (Acari: Phytoseiidae) em cultivo protegido de tomate, bem como a dinâmica dos fatores de mortalidade de mosca-branca. Para tanto, foram conduzidos experimentos em laboratório e estufa. Inicialmente foi avaliada a preferência de predação por ovos e ninfas de B. tabaci. Posteriormente foi determinada a resposta funcional e numérica de A. tamatavensis sobre imaturos de B. tabaci. Também foi avaliada a eficiência de A. tamatavensis no controle de B. tabaci sobre plantas de tomate. Por último, a dinâmica dos fatores naturais de mortalidade de mosca-branca foi comparada entre cultivos de tomate infestados com B. tabaci na presença ou ausência de A. tamatavensis. Os resultados mostram que A. tamatavensis tem preferência por estágios iniciais de B. tabaci (ovos, ninfas do primeiro e segundo instar). A resposta funcional é do tipo II e o ácaro alimentado com ovos de B. tabaci pode ovipositar 1,4 ovos/dia. A liberação de 26 ou 78 ácaros predador/m2 logo após a infestação de mosca-branca apresentam o mesmo nível de controle. Com isso estão estabelecidas as bases para um programa de controle biológico da mosca-branca. / Abstract: The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B is one of the main agricultural pests in Brazil and worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predation potential of Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in protected tomato cultivation, as well as the dynamics of whitefly mortality factors. Experiments were carried out in laboratory and greenhouse. Initially, the predation preference for eggs and nymphs of B. tabaci was evaluated. Subsequently, the functional and numerical response of A. tamatavensis on immature B. tabaci was determined. The efficiency of A. tamatavensis to control B. tabaci on tomato plants was also evaluated. Finally, the dynamics of natural whitefly mortality factors were compared between B. tabaci infested tomato crops in the presence and absence of the predator A. tamatavensis. The results showed that A. tamatavensis has a preference for early stages of B. tabaci (eggs, first and second instar nymphs). The functional response is type II and the mite feeding upon B. tabaci eggs can oviposit 1.4 eggs/day. The release of 26 or 78 predatory mites/m2 soon after whitefly infestation has the same level of control. This establishes the foundation for a whitefly biological control program. / Doutor

Choice has been demonstrated to have positive effects on behavior like increasing task engagement, positive affect, and accuracy in the completion of tasks. However, the effects of choice have been primarily observed with individuals receiving behavior analytic interventions. It is unknown whether the choice of intervention modality would have similar positive effects on the implementer. Social scripts are a social skill intervention that provides a model of appropriate language through the presentation of antecedent stimuli that increase the likelihood of desired behavior in learners. Social script can be delivered in two different modalities, auditory and textual, which facilitate the choice for instructors for this study. The purpose of the study was to (a) evaluate the effects of multiple available intervention modalities on the frequency of implementation, (b) assess instructor preference of two social skill interventions, and (c) to determine the feasibility of those interventions. The results of this study indicate the multiple choices of modalities did not affect the frequency of implementation but did have an effect on instructor preference. Two instructors in this study showed a mixed preference until the choice was available and their preference switched to auditory scripts. Overall, teachers in this study rated the social script intervention highly. There was a 9.2% increase in acceptability from pre- to post-test.

Implementation of behavior analytic interventions has traditionally relied on professionals possessing the required skills and expertise within controlled settings. While effective, this can be both expensive and time consuming. Research has demonstrated parent’s ability to implement a variety of interventions within the natural environment. As a result, parents are increasingly involved in treatment implementation. Getting the cooperation, support, and active participation of clients is essential to successful intervention. Therefore, buy-in at the earliest stages of treatment may result in the greatest effect. One of the earliest steps in treatment is the collection of data. Data collection methodology, validity, and reliability have been well studied. Parents as data collectors has also been reported. However, indications regarding the best data collection methods for parents to use, as well as any evident correlation between preference and accuracy, has not been reported. Through repeated measures using a multiple baseline across subjects, the study assessed the rate of acquisition of three data collection procedures by evaluating their performance accuracy before and after training. Preference rankings and perceptions for the data collection procedures were also obtained. Finally, the study examined correlations between preference for and proficiency with each data collection procedure. Results showed that training improved performance of Partial Interval Recording for 2 participants with one participant displaying skill mastery. Though training also increased participant performance using the Structured ABC method, skill mastery was not displayed. All participants achieved skill mastery using the Behavior Rating Scale method through repeated exposure.