Playing the Villain argues that the portrayal and punishment of terrorists in the Western media perpetuates colonialist attitudes, due to the visual connections between these modern images and past or fictional representations of iconic, punished villains. A theory of scapegoating related to intervisuality supports this argument, by explaining that as a ritual dependent on and developed by cultural history and mythology, scapegoating requires engagement with recognisable visual motifs that repeat and perpetuate Western, colonialist attitudes. Underlying, repeated narrative patterns ensure that the scapegoating ritual functions in a way that is cathartic and builds national unity following social crisis. This need for catharsis requires that there be a scapegoated villain whose demise may be celebrated, and that the villain is objectified and fetishised through visual representation and spectacle.

In Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education, the Constitutional Court upheld the law that prohibited the use of corporal punishment in schools. The decision was primarily premised on protecting children against all forms of violence from a public source. Recently, the same Court in Freedom of Religion South Africa v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Others has abolished the defence of reasonable chastisement that was available at common law to parents when administering corporal punishment to discipline recalcitrant children. The effect of the decision is that parents no longer have a defence if they are charged with Assault as a result of Corporal Punishment. The decision has far-reaching consequences as; on the one hand, it unfairly curtails parents’ rights of discipline against their children and seeks to dictate to parents on how to discipline their children. On the other hand, the decision places the rights of children as being of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child. The study employs the doctrinal method which is “desktop-based”, and uses primary and secondary sources, such as case law, statutes, articles and books. The findings of this study are that the defence of reasonable chastisement infringes on the rights of children afforded to them by both the Constitutional law and international instrument. Outlawing Corporal Punishment serves as a great step towards fighting the battle of domestic violence. The Constitutional Court Judgment is not the end of it all; parents must be taught of other alternative way to disciples children. It is of crux to note that discipline is the essential part of parenting and it will be detrimental to raise children without discipline. / Mini Dissertation(LLM (Child Law))--University of Pretoria 2020. / Centre for Child Law / LLM (Child Law) / Unrestricted

This dissertation examined the student discipline policies of 1,025 Texas school districts, as well as data from the Texas Education Agency’s Academic Excellence Indicator System in order to identify demographic patterns regarding corporal punishment policies in Texas schools. the study also studied the relationship between a district’s corporal punishment policy and student achievement. the dissertation utilized legal research methods and document analysis as its research methodology. Document analysis was the primary methodology used to answer the research questions whereby individual school district policies were identified and classified based on a number of demographic characteristics as well as the variations in corporal punishment policies among the various districts. the results of the study found that although more Texas school districts permit corporal punishment than have banned the practice, 60 percent of Texas school children go to school in districts where corporal punishment is not permitted. Corporal punishment is generally permitted in rural areas, with the majority of school districts in West Texas and the Texas Panhandle still allowing it by policy. a case study affirmed a finding from a national study regarding the type and locale of a student that is most likely disciplined using corporal punishment. the study determined that the larger Texas school districts have moved away from using corporal punishment as a disciplinary tactic. No district categorized as “Major Urban” by the Texas Education Agency permits corporal punishment of students. None of the larger districts categorized as “Urban” or “Major Suburban” that prohibit corporal punishment were identified as “Academically Unacceptable” under the State accountability system. This study also found that districts that prohibit corporal punishment and have a large number of minority students tend to have higher AEIS ratings. This study’s findings suggest that the elimination of corporal punishment in highly populated Texas school districts may be an indication that corporal punishment in the schools is gradually changing from being a largely Southern occurrence to being a primarily Southern rural phenomenon. This information could prove valuable for policy makers and legislators who are under a misconception that their constituents support corporal punishment.

A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Foundation and Management at the University of Zululand, 2019. / Corporal punishment was a world phenomenon based on the belief that for learners to behave correctly, they need to be punished through pain inflicting means. However, some countries started realizing that corporal punishment had adverse effects on learners and learning and therefore abolished it. South Africa followed suit and banned corporal punishment in 2000 and in its place, the Department of Basic Education and Training introduced Alternatives to Corporal Punishment (ACP). Despite the introduction of alternatives to corporal punishment, cases of application of corporal punishment are still being reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alternatives to corporal punishment in maintaining learner discipline in secondary schools within the King Cetshwayo District. Mixed method approach was followed. Semi structured interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 13 principals, 30 educators and 322 grade 12 leaners were involved in responding to the questionnaires. For the qualitative side, 2 Circuit Managers and 2 principals, 2 educators and 2 RCL learners participated in the semi structured interviews in this study. SPSS version 25 was used to analyse quantitative data and thematic analyses was used to analyse qualitative data. Results showed that there are alternatives to corporal punishment that are considered effective by all the respondents. These include inviting parents to school to discuss the behaviour of their children, the involvement of the School Governing Body, convening tribunal. The study also revealed that learners and educators hold different views when it comes to the effectiveness of other alternatives, which include, rendering community services by learners, suspension of learners for 14 days, additional work that can be done by learners at school and depriving learners from participation in extra- mural activities. The study recommends further research on the learner’s perception on ill-discipline in schools and the strategies that can be used by the teachers in maintaining discipline. This study concludes that the circuit managers, teachers, principals and learners take all the alternatives to corporal punishment wherein the parents are involved as effective. This study proposed the model for guiding the implementation on the alternatives to corporal punishment / National Research Foundation of South Africa

In the Canadian criminal justice system, there is a procedure which provides additional protections to Indigenous offenders during sentencing and its related events. This procedure is commonly referred to as the Gladue process. This thesis defends the plausibility of extending Gladue-like procedures to non-Indigenous offenders on the grounds that failing to do so would be a failure of consistency of the law. The law must be consistent in the sense that it must treat like cases alike. It will be argued in this thesis that there are other individuals and groups who may be similarly deserving of additional protections during sentencing because of their significant circumstances of vulnerability. This includes black individuals, LGBTQIA+, and mentally ill persons, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. This thesis does not aim to diminish the unique experience of Indigenous persons, but rather, it suggests that extending Gladue-like processes to particular non-Indigenous persons and groups may be required based on consistency of the law and attention to intersectionality. It is my hope that this thesis brings about greater awareness to the sentencing procedures pertaining to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous offenders alike, and that it may spark discussion on the subject of extending additional legal protections to vulnerable persons. This thesis relies heavily on the hybrid theory of punishment, as presented by H.L.A. Hart, which combines both utilitarian and retributivist elements in justifying the act of punishment. Hart’s theory aligns with the Canadian legislation on sentencing and provides a convincing justification for punishment while allowing the inclusion of restorative punishment practices for vulnerable persons. It will be argued that extending restorative practices to non-Indigenous offenders is, in some cases, plausible, and at times, necessary. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / Within Canadian legislation Indigenous offenders are provided an additional procedure during sentencing and its related events. This system is commonly known as the Gladue process. Gladue provides a good model for how the sentencing of vulnerable individuals and groups should be handled. However, this process or something similar to it is not provided to other offenders who may also experience vulnerability or should be comparably deserving of additional protections or mitigating factors during sentencing. This thesis argues for the plausibility of extending Gladue-like procedures to other, similarly situated, non-Indigenous offenders based on arguments for consistency of the law and respect for intersectionality. The law must treat like cases alike, and in doing so, must pay particular attention to the intersections between layers of vulnerability. The main contribution of this thesis is to make suggestions for change in Canada’s sentencing procedures of vulnerable individuals and groups.

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This paper discusses corporal punishment as a disciplinary method in American public schools. The effectiveness of corporal punishment is investigated. Chapter I introduces corporal punishment as a pertinent educational issue. Chapter II discusses the historical development of corporal punishment. Chapter III discusses the legal ramifications of corporal punishment. Chapter IV looks at surveys and studies that have been conducted in regard to the issue. Chapter V discusses a survey of teachers in Lewisville, Texas. Teachers responded to 42 statements pertaining to corporal punishment. Chapter VI concludes that research indicates that corporal punishment will not be effective unless it is administered harshly and consistently. The paper concludes that corporal punishment will not be necessary if higher educational institutions train teachers in alternative methods.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Darbe nagrinėjami bausmės tikslai ir jų įgyvendinimo problemos. Atskleidžiama bausmės samprata, pateikiama kaip bausmės sąvokos įtvirtinamos Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose. Apžvelgiamos bausmių teorijos ir jų kritika bei tai, kokią įtaką jos turi Lietuvos baudžiamajai politikai. Aptariami bausmės požymiai, esmė, turinys ir elementai. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas bausmės tikslams apibrėžtiems baudžiamajame įstatyme, nagrinėjamos jų teorinės bei praktinės problemos. Atskleidžiama bausmės tikslų samprata Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose. Atskirai nagrinėjami baudžiamajame įstatyme įtvirtinti bausmės tikslai. Pateikiama kaip teismam skiriant bausmes pavyksta įgyvendinti teisingumo principą bei kaip šis tikslas atsispindi teismų praktikoje. Nagrinėjama kokią įtaką bausmės vykdymas turi bausmės tikslų pasiekimui, kaip teismas skirdamas bausmes sieja jas su bausmės tikslai. / The master this is concentrates on the aims of punishment and their implementation issues. The concept of punishment is disclosed. The theories of punishment and their criticisms are overviewed, their impact on Lithuanian criminal policy is considered. Separate characteristics and elements of punishment as well as its essence and contents are discussed. Close attention is paid to the aims of punishment defined in the criminal law; their theoretical and practical problems are discussed. The concept of punishment aims foreseen in the criminal law is disclosed. All punishment aims foreseen in the criminal law are overviewed and problems related to their implementation discussed. It is also analyzed what influence the enforcement of the punishment has on the achievement of the punishment aims, how the court applying the punishment links it with the aims of the punishment.