Full Thesis / The purpose of this research is to assess the management of discipline by educators in selected secondary schools. There are three major objectives in this study. Firstly, the study sought to examine the major causes of lack of discipline in secondary schools. Secondly, the study sought to determine the extent to which educators are affected by lack of discipline in the classrooms. Thirdly, possible strategies and alternatives to be used by educators were investigated. Data was collected from educators in different schools situated in the Lejweleputswa district of the Free State province. The study employed both the qualitative and quantitative research approaches to gain primary data and a literature review for secondary data. Mostly qualitative data was supplemented by quantitative data and a literature review. The results have revealed that many educators struggle to manage discipline in secondary schools. Part of the problem is the lack of alternative disciplinary measures to corporal punishment as a discipline tool. Educators aim to put measures in place to manage discipline, without resorting to punitive measures (such as corporal punishment). There is a need to implement developmental workshops at schools to assist educators in managing discipline. It is therefore recommended by this study that educators should not only be introduced to alternative measures of keeping discipline, but a continuous mentoring and support programme to assist educators with these alternatives should be implemented at schools.

This paper deals with the history of capital punishment in South Africa and its historical background in Britain where it was abolished, except for a few instances, because it was found to serve no purpose which could not be served by other forms of punishment. In South Africa, capital punishment is a legal punishment form. Prior to 1290, C(lpital punishment was mandatory for murder, except in a few exceptional cases. Its application was amended by the Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, 107 of 1990. In terms of this Act, capital punishment was made discretionary for all capital offences., The new provisions do not remove all arguments against capital punishment. Consequently this paper recommends that capital p~shment sb_ould J:>~ _abolished. Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is an effective alternative that will protect society and satisfy aggrieved parties. Life imprisonment has none of the problems that are normally associated with capital punishment. / Criminal & Procedural Law / L.L.M.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of the reinforcement and punishment techniques in the natural environment, and the effect of their use upon the social interaction between parent and child. It was hypothesized that punishment would be more effective than reward in controlling oppositional behavior, but that reinforcement would be more effective in increasing child-initiated interaction with the parents.

Corporal punishment is banned by state statute in 31 of the 50 U.S states. The 19 states that still allow the practice are largely located in the South and the Rocky Mountain West. However, data indicate that the practice of corporal punishment is still largely a Southern phenomenon. In the 19 states that allow the practice to continue in schools, many have seen the use of the disciplinary technique decline. Existing research documents the negative effects and very little research supports any positive benefits of corporal punishment. This study analyzes school board policies from the 67 public school districts in the state of Florida to determine if trends in policies and incidents of corporal punishment are similar Texas and North Carolina. Research on Texas and North Carolina indicate corporal punishment is used more frequently in districts with smaller enrollments, and in more rural areas. Data from this study suggests that the decrease in the number of incidents of corporal punishment as well as the concentration of the practice among school districts in Florida school follows the same trends of declining use that exist in Texas and North Carolina public schools. Findings illustrate a need for continued research of corporal punishment on a district-by-district and potentially a school-by-school basis.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between parental use of corporal punishment and anxiety in youth. Parental warmth, child's age, and child's ethnicity were examined in order to explore their effects on the association. Parents and their children (ages 6 – 17; N=153) completed the parent and child versions of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire [APQ-P (parent) and APQ-C (child)], used to measure corporal punishment and parental warmth, and other questionnaires assessing anxiety [Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales parent (RCADS-P) and child (RCADS-C) versions; Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children parent (FSSCR-P) and child (FSSCR-C) versions] and externalizing symptoms (used as a control variable). Corporal punishment was significantly associated with the child reports of anxiety even when controlling for externalizing symptoms, but was not associated with the parent reports of anxiety. The results also indicated that age, ethnicity, and parental warmth did not moderate the association.

This research analyses the link between the practice and rhetoric of deportation and the South African state’s understanding of state sovereignty. Through this inquiry, I argue that although state agents often portray the political rationale for deportation and exclusion, economic interests equally form a crucial part in the practice of deportation policy in South Africa. The prominence of private economic interests reveals that the imperative to embrace the population or exercise exclusive political jurisdiction over state territory may be less influential than state officials assert when describing and justifying deportation. These findings have implications for how we think about the increasing dependence on deportation by states throughout the world. Keywords: Deportation, rhetoric, practice, policy, immigration, state, nation, sovereignty, politics, economics

Parents’ use of smacking with children has been the subject of much private and public debate within the UK in recent years. Within this qualitative study, narrative methods have been used to explore relationships between societal change and individuals’ own biographical narratives of growing up and becoming parents and for some, becoming health visitors. At the heart of this study ‘small’ stories of individual experience are set within the context of what Tilly (1984) referred to as ‘big structures and large processes’. This thesis weaves ideas about social and cultural narratives with the personal or autobiographical narrative and explores their interconnectedness, places of convergence and divergence and significance for self-identity.Initially print media texts that spanned the past twenty years were analysed to discover the dominant 'storylines' about parents’ use of smacking. Secondly, narrative interviews were carried out with parents, grandparents and health visitors (most of whom were also parents or grandparents). The approach to analysis was sequential and narratives were considered in terms of their form and their content, across all of the narrative data and then within six selected narrative exemplars.The stories recounted by participants are of personal 'transition' and the formation of new identities within a society that could be described as being in a 'state of flux' as the children's rights agenda is interpreted and played out in different ways. Identification of personal turning points during the life course and the use of Frank’s (1995) narrative types has allowed further understanding of the ways in which these stories are culturally constructed. Participants’ biographical narratives of chaos, quest and restitution, focusing upon experience of parental use of smacking, illustrate ways in which different experience of transition, triggers, turning points and evolution, work in a transformational way to reconstruct moral identity of parents and foster relationships of reciprocity amongst children and parents. Understandings of relationship between adults and children have implications for the cultural politics of childhood which are significant for the present and on into the future. It is this very notion of reciprocity amongst children and parents that is likely to foster as cultural knowledge, equal protection against assault.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Legal punishment is frequently regarded as a cornerstone of both the legal system and of society more broadly yet (surely to its detriment) it is a practice which lacks a firm philosophical foundation. In spite of exercising many extremely capable legal and philosophical minds (particularly during the twentieth century) no generally agreed upon justification of punishment has been found. The nub of the problem has however been acknowledged as the inability of either of the major candidate theories (utilitarianism or retributivism) to provide an account able to address all the relevant parties. Whilst utilitarianism is often regarded as competent to the task of justifying punishment to society in terms of the attainment of some greater good, it seems entirely inadequate when it comes to formulating a justification to the criminal to explain why he has been singled out for punishment. And in the case of retributivism the situation is reversed. To the criminal it can be put that through punishment he is treated in accordance with what has done, but in the matter of justifying punishment to society, the key principle of desert is unable to be properly grounded. Thus the central motivation of this thesis is to attempt to redress this shortcoming in the philosophical literature and to formulate a viable justification of legal punishment. Ultimately it will be argued that the accounts of both Kant and Hegel offer a way of resolving the dilemma of punishment, and in particular their idealist orientation over and above their more widely acknowledged characterization as retributivists. In Kant’s case his contribution is derived from a reworked and more sophisticated version of his retributivism than is generally found in the literature, inspired by the work of Susan Meld Shell. Following Shell’s lead Kant’s construction of justice is explored and found to both enhance and support the traditional justification of punishment he can offer to the criminal, and to furnish an otherwise elusive justification of punishment to society more broadly. A reading of Hegel on punishment is also developed by taking seriously his theory of recognition and aspects of his logic, particularly regarding negation and contradiction. His account then addresses quite neatly and straightforwardly the three audiences for whom a justification of punishment is sought – the criminal, the victim and society itself. Not only does the thesis address the problem of punishment but it has further implications for Kant and Hegel scholarship as well as philosophy more broadly. One of the key points to come out of this thesis is that Kant and Hegel (if given adequate intellectual consideration) seem potentially able to offer up significant contributions to contemporary problems and issues beyond just the one argued for here regarding punishment. Their work is not merely of historical interest but has real and wide ranging possibilities which provide a rich resource for future research.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McGill University. / Written for the Dept. of Political Science. Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 453-489.