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Spectrum scarcity is an important challenge faced by high-speed wireless communications. Meanwhile, caused by current spectrum assignment policy, a large portion of spectrum is underutilized. Motivated by this, cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as one of the most promising candidate solutions to improve spectrum utilization, by allowing secondary users (SUs) to opportunistically access the temporarily unused spectrum, without introducing harmful interference to primary users. Moreover, opening of TV white space (TVWS) gives us the con dence to enable CR for TVWS spectrum. A crucial requirement in CR networks (CRNs) is wideband spectrum sensing, in which SUs should detect spectral opportunities across a wide frequency range. However, wideband spectrum sensing could lead to una ordably high sampling rates at energy-constrained SUs. Compressive sensing (CS) was developed to overcome this issue, which enables sub-Nyquist sampling by exploiting sparse property. As the spectrum utilization is low, spectral signals exhibit a natural sparsity in frequency domain, which motivates the promising application of CS in wideband CRNs. This thesis proposes several e ective algorithms for invoking CS in wideband CRNs. Speci cally, a robust compressive spectrum sensing algorithm is proposed for reducing computational complexity of signal recovery. Additionally, a low-complexity algorithm is designed, in which original signals are recovered with fewer measurements, as geolocation database is invoked to provide prior information. Moreover, security enhancement issue of CRNs is addressed by proposing a malicious user detection algorithm, in which data corrupted by malicious users are removed during the process of matrix completion (MC). One key spotlight feature of this thesis is that both real-world signals and simulated signals over TVWS are invoked for evaluating network performance. Besides invoking CS and MC to reduce energy consumption, each SU is supposed to harvest energy from radio frequency. The proposed algorithm is capable of o ering higher throughput by performing signal recovery at a remote fusion center.

Radio spectrum is becoming scarce resource due to increase in the usage of wireless communication devices. However studies have revealed that most of the allotted spectrum is not used effectively. Given the demand for more bandwidth and the amount of underutilized spectrum, DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Access) networks employing cognitive radios are a solution that can revolutionize the telecommunications industry, significantly changing the way we use spectrum resources, and design wireless systems and services. Cognitive radio has improve the spectral efficiency of licensed radio frequency bands by accessing unused part of the band opportunistically without interfering with a license primary user PU. In this thesis we investigate the effects on the quality of service (QoS) performance of spectrum management techniques for the connection-based channel usage behavior for Secondary user (SU). This study also consider other factors such as spectrum sensing time, spectrum handoff and generally distributed service time and channel contention for different SUs. The preemptive resume priority M/G/1 queuing theory is used to characterize the above mentioned effects. The proposed structure of the model can integrate various system parameters such spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing and spectrum handoff. / Sajid Mahmood 0046-762788990 Mujeeb Abdullah 0046-760908069

No / Abstract: The scarcity of frequency spectrum used for wireless communication systems has attracted a considerable amount of attention in recent years. The cognitive radio (CR) terminology has been widely accepted as a smart platform mainly aimed at the efficient interrogation and utilization of permitted spectrum. Non-parametric spectrum sensing, or estimation, represents one of the prominent tools that can be proposed when CR works under an undetermined environment. As such, the periodogram, filter bank, and multi-taper methods are well considered in many studies without relying on the transmission channel's characteristics. A unified approach to all these non-parametric spectrum sensing techniques is presented in this paper with analytical and performance comparison using simulation methods. Results show that the multi-taper method outperforms the others.

A methodology for the measurement of the radio frequency environment close to the radio noise floor is presented for urban, suburban and rural areas within New Zealand for the purposes of characterisation and trend monitoring by radio spectrum managers. Flux density measurements in bands within a range of frequencies from 80 MHz to 8 GHz have been made in urban, suburban and rural areas of New Zealand during 2007 and 2008. An analysis of the band occupancy is presented in summary form. These summaries are intended as a starting point for radio spectrum usage and can be used as a reference for any future measurements. A description of the computer directories and charts resulting from these measurements, using 20 MHz bandwidths have also been included. All the results for the work have been collated in a set of computer directories named “NZRFI Directories 2007 2008”, which are intended as a reference for use in the determination of local activity in particular frequency ranges. A disc with the full range measurement spectral density charts and channel occupancy charts accompanies this work. Also included on the disc are sets of 20 MHz band charts for some urban, suburban and rural location measurements.

A methodology for the measurement of the radio frequency environment close to the radio noise floor is presented for urban, suburban and rural areas within New Zealand for the purposes of characterisation and trend monitoring by radio spectrum managers. Flux density measurements in bands within a range of frequencies from 80 MHz to 8 GHz have been made in urban, suburban and rural areas of New Zealand during 2007 and 2008. An analysis of the band occupancy is presented in summary form. These summaries are intended as a starting point for radio spectrum usage and can be used as a reference for any future measurements. A description of the computer directories and charts resulting from these measurements, using 20 MHz bandwidths have also been included. All the results for the work have been collated in a set of computer directories named “NZRFI Directories 2007 2008”, which are intended as a reference for use in the determination of local activity in particular frequency ranges. A disc with the full range measurement spectral density charts and channel occupancy charts accompanies this work. Also included on the disc are sets of 20 MHz band charts for some urban, suburban and rural location measurements.

A methodology for the measurement of the radio frequency environment close to the radio noise floor is presented for urban, suburban and rural areas within New Zealand for the purposes of characterisation and trend monitoring by radio spectrum managers. Flux density measurements in bands within a range of frequencies from 80 MHz to 8 GHz have been made in urban, suburban and rural areas of New Zealand during 2007 and 2008. An analysis of the band occupancy is presented in summary form. These summaries are intended as a starting point for radio spectrum usage and can be used as a reference for any future measurements. A description of the computer directories and charts resulting from these measurements, using 20 MHz bandwidths have also been included. All the results for the work have been collated in a set of computer directories named “NZRFI Directories 2007 2008”, which are intended as a reference for use in the determination of local activity in particular frequency ranges. A disc with the full range measurement spectral density charts and channel occupancy charts accompanies this work. Also included on the disc are sets of 20 MHz band charts for some urban, suburban and rural location measurements.

What role does the media fulfill in the current stage of Latin American democracy? In all cases, is the possibility of regulating the media incompatiblewith the freedom of speech and enterprise of thepeople who own it?In this article, the renowned author shows his point of view regarding these questions, as well as offering a critique related to how the relationship between the media and democracy has been developing in our society. Lastly, he presents a proposal of media regulation in order to make democracy viable, but without   compromising constitutional freedoms. / ¿Cuál es el rol de los medios de comunicación en elestado actual de la democracia latinoamericana? En todos los casos, ¿la posibilidad de regular los medios de comunicación está reñida con la libertadde expresión y de empresa de sus dueños?En el presente artículo, el renombrado autor muestra su punto de vista con respecto a estas preguntas, y realiza una crítica con relación a cómo se ha venido desarrollando la relación entre los medios y la democracia en nuestra sociedad. Finalmente, plantea una propuesta de regulación de los medios, de cara a poder viabilizar la democracia, pero sin que queden en entredicho las libertades constitucionales.

Faced with imminent spectrum scarcity largely due to inflexible licensed band arrangements, cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed to facilitate higher spectrum utilization by allowing cognitive users (CUs) to access the licensed bands without causing harmful interference to primary users (PUs). To achieve this without the aid of PUs, the CUs have to perform spectrum sensing reliably detecting the presence or absence of PU signals. Without reliable spectrum sensing, the discovery of spectrum opportunities will be inefficient, resulting in limited utilization enhancement. This dissertation examines three major techniques for spectrum sensing, which are matched filter, energy detection, and cyclostationary feature detection. After evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, we narrow down our research to a focus on cyclostationary feature detection (CFD). Our first contribution is to boost performance of an existing and prevailing CFD method. This boost is achieved by our proposed optimal and sub-optimal schemes for identifying best hypothesis test points. The optimal scheme incorporates prior knowledge of the PU signals into test point selection, while the sub-optimal scheme circumvents the need for this knowledge. The results show that our proposed can significantly outperform other existing schemes. Secondly, in view of multi-antenna deployment in CR networks, we generalize the CFD method to include the multi-antenna case. This requires effort to justify the joint asymptotic normality of vector-valued statistics and show the consistency of covariance estimates. Meanwhile, to effectively integrate the received multi-antenna signals, a novel cyclostationary feature based channel estimation is devised to obtain channel side information. The simulation results demonstrate that the errors of channel estimates can diminish sharply by increasing the sample size or the average signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, no research has been found that analytically assessed CFD performance over fading channels. We make a contribution to such analysis by providing tight bounds on the average detection probability over Nakagami fading channels and tight approximations of diversity reception performance subject to independent and identically distributed Rayleigh fading. For successful coexistence with the primary system, interference management in cognitive radio networks plays a prominent part. Normally certain average or peak transmission power constraints have to be placed on the CR system. Depending on available channel side information and fading types (fast or slow fading) experienced by the PU receiver, we derive the corresponding constraints that should be imposed. These constraints indicate that the second moment of interference channel gain is an important parameter for CUs allocating transmission power. Hence, we develop a cooperative estimation procedure which provides robust estimate of this parameter based on geolocation information. With less aid from the primary system, the success of this procedure relies on statistically correlated channel measurements from cooperative CUs. The robustness of our proposed procedure to the uncertainty of geolocation information is analytically presented. Simulation results show that this procedure can lead to better mean-square error performance than other existing estimates, and the effects of using inaccurate geolocation information diminish steadily with the increasing number of cooperative cognitive users.

Goal of this thesis is to develop portable monitoring station for radio spectrum monitoring and its controlling application for use by Czech Telecommunication Office. The station is based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) and capable of monitoring in the range of 1 MHz - 6 GHz. Developed application controls not only the SDR but also the external RF unit (including choice of receiving antenna, filter, optional amplification/attenuation and azimuth of antenna rotator). Measurement processed by computer and displayed graphically in form of spectrum diagram and waterfall diagram. Furthermore, the application will perform spectral measurement in compliance with requirements of International Telecommunication Union. The application is also capable of recording into the file and of analyzing historical data from the previous measurement.