Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Historically in the United States, after-action investigations have consistently accused the intelligence community of early warning in foreign policy and national security events. However, closer inspection shows that the intelligence community does provide timely and actionable estimates-when it is directed to do so. In some instances, the root cause of failure does not lie within the intelligence community. Rather, it is due to a malfunction in the Requirements and Priorities (R&P) process, a mechanism that integrates intelligence and policy communities. The R&P provides the "mandate" for the intelligence community- it delivers a ranking of intelligence priorities, and informs resource distribution, interagency cooperation, and operational authorisations for federal intelligence agencies. The R&P process has been highlighted consistently as a systemic weakness, has undergone numerous changes, and remains a source of tribulation. Yet it is rarely addressed, and absent from after-action investigations. The impact of the R&P becomes most visible when urgent, unexpected issues arise in low priority areas. These events force a "mandate shift" - a rapid escalation of the issue to a higher priority, commanding an immediate realignment of mandate-level functions. Faults in any component of the mechanism can delay or restrict critical actions, and often as manifest as errors of intelligence collection or analysis. These "symptoms" are often misdiagnosed as the root cause, leading to accusations of intelligence failure. This research sets forth a model to observe the impact of the R&P on the outcome of foreign policy and national security events, while simultaneously investigating core functions of the intelligence and policy communities. This R&P-centric model is applied to three cases of social movement escalation: el Bogotázo (1948), the Iranian Revolution (1979), and the Rwandan Genocide (1994). The cases trace the R&P structure at the time, to examine how faults in the R&P can impact the intelligence community's ability to provide early warning, and influence the overall outcome.

Background: Children are required by law to receive vaccinations to enter school. States and territories offer exemptions for parents who refuse to vaccinate their children. Types of exemptions vary by state or territory, as does the exemption claiming process. The purpose of this research was to identify the various education-related processes implemented by states and territories which allow parents to exempt children from vaccinations. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to immunization managers in the 50 United States, District of Columbia, the United States Indian Health Service, and eight United States territories. Managers reported vaccination requirements for their jurisdiction (collectively referred to as "state"). Education-related questions, identified which states required parents to: 1) read and sign a vaccination risk/benefit statement prior to exemption; 2) complete mandatory vaccine education before obtaining vaccination exemption; 2a) complete education within a certain time period before school admission; and 2b) have parental vaccine education regulated. Results: A parent-signed risk/benefit statement was required by 25 states for religious exemptions, 12 states for personal exemptions, 10 states for medical exemptions, and 1 state for temporary medical exemptions. Thirteen states required mandatory parental vaccine education prior to obtaining an exemption. Vaccine education could be completed at various times prior to school admission. For most states, the mandated parental vaccine education prior to exemption was regulated by law, administrative rule, or policy. Conclusions: Implementing a risks/benefits statement prior to granting an exemption may not be helpful in reducing religious and personal exemption rates. The process of providing vaccine education prior to exemption varies greatly between states. Familiarity with various state vaccine education requirements may aid policymakers who are considering enacting mandatory vaccine education in his or her state.

This book was assembled using the latest information for compiling the nutrient requirements of sheep, goats, cattle and water buffalo. Because of the complexity of the interactions between an animal, its diet, its physiological state, and the environment; the values depicting the nutrient requirements are estimates and not absolutes. These values, however, are considered to be adequate to meet the minimum requirements of healthy animals maintained in a thermoneutral environment. The mean energy and protein values used in the nutrient tables were arrived at from combining values found in the literature and those provided in personal communication with animal nutritionists in many developing countries. In some cases, only two or three observations were found for estimating the values used. Future research in ruminant nutrition should be designed to provide information needed to confirm or modify the values presented here. Feed composition tables representing feeds commonly found in Latin America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East have been included for an easy reference when formulating diets. Units of expression of data in the tables of feed composition and animal nutrient requirements are presented using three systems: Metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE); total digestible nutrients (TDN) and Scandinavian feed units (FU). conversion factors from SE to ME, TDN, etc., are presented in Section 1 for those who need this information. Also a list of abbreviations used appear in Appendix 5. A brief discussion showing three methods of calculating rations by hand are presented. Each of these methods permits some consideration for calculating a "least-cost" ration. It is important, however, that the person formulating a diet has a knowledge of the animal's nutrient requirements, an understanding of the digestibility and utilization of feeds and the various combinations required to formulate a diet adequate to supply all the needs of animals. Examples of hand calculated rations appear in Appendix 3. Adulteration of feedstuffs is a common complaint from livestock producers in many developing countries. This problem has been encountered at various times throughout most regions of the world. In section 12, some suggestions are offered as a means to establish quality control regulations and to set standards for all manufactured feedstuffs offered for sale.

Water requirement was defined by Briggs and Shantz in 1911 as the ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a plant during its growth to the weight of dry matter produced. Ballard (1933) and Williams (1935) defined water requirement as the ratio of the amount of water transpired to the amount of dry matter produced. Ballard (1933) and Williams (1935) defined water requirement as the ratio of the amount of water transpired to the amount of dry matter formed during the whole or any part of the life cycle of the plant. Miller (1938) and Kramer (1959) postulated that the water requirement is the ratio of water used to the dry matter produced, and therefore could more accurately be termed transpiration ratio because it is largely controlled by transpiration. Regardless of specific definition, the dry matter considered in such ratios is generally the amount harvested, including the entire plant except the roots. The amount of water measured is the amount lost during growth since the amount of water retained within the plant is insignificant when compared with either total water intake or the amount transpired. The water requirement thus constitutes a useful way to characterize the plant and soil-water conditions and plant growth. The availability of soil water to a plant is one of the factors that vitally affects its water requirements. In turn, the availability of soil water is affected by soil moisture tension and the salt content of the soil. Thus it seems likely that a significant relationship may exist between a plant's water requirement and its degree of salt tolerance. The relation between water requirement and salt tolerance could not be established based on the information found in the literature at this time. the study reported here was undertaken in an attempt to determine the effect of salt on the water requirement of plant species known to have different degrees of salt tolerance.

Since their inception in the early 1960s, Australian content requirements for commercial television have been subjected to considerable scrutiny through a series of formal inquiries. Over the last ten years this process has intensified. In recent years there have been a number of academic criticisms regarding the state of debate about the regulation of Australian content on commercial television and the capacity of the debate to generate genuine criticism and embrace change. This thesis examines the dynamics of debate about Australian content. It focuses on the ABT's Inquiry into Australian Content on Commercial Television (ACI) which ran from 1983 to 1989. It takes as its basic point of reference Jurgen Habermas' concept of the 'public sphere'. This concept refers to a realm of social life, separate from the state and private spheres, in which 'public opinion' can be formed. Habermas has argued that, with the refeudalisation of the public sphere, the state and private interests have increasingly collaborated to close off the public sphere. The thesis concludes that in many respects Habermas' concept of a refeudalised 'public sphere' is a useful explanatory tool for understanding the dynamics of the ACI and the limited degree of criticism generated by it. However, Habermas' model is limited in so far as it fails to accord adequate recognition to the complexities and significance of the mediation of the 'public interest' by key participants in the inquiry and the strategic role of rhetoric for these participants. Habermas concludes that with the refeudalisation of the public sphere and the disappearance of the historical conditions which supported its operation, the public sphere must now be reconstructed on a case by case basis. Attempts to achieve this, have tended to focus on the facilitation of citizen participation in public policy debate. However, as this analysis of the ACI demonstrates, the dynamics of the debate itself appear to limit I the degree to which 'public opinion' can be elevated above 'private interest'. This thesis demonstrates that the mediation of the 'public interest' assumed a central role in the rhetoric and strategy of the ACI. Each of the key players represented distinct interests and were largely unaccountable to the 'public' they claimed to serve. This thesis concludes that in order to gain a more detailed understanding of how communication works in such a context, and in order to conceive of alternative participatory forms, we need to focus on those aspects of public discourse which Habermas neglects: the rhetoric and the strategic nature of public representation. It suggests that fruitful avenues for further study may lie with Bantz's notion of communicative structures or Luhmann's systems approach to communication.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-328) / iii, 328 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The experiments reported are investigations of the pituitary of rats stunted by undernutrition imposed between birth and 3 weeks of age. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Physiology, 1971

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-328) The experiments reported are investigations of the pituitary of rats stunted by undernutrition imposed between birth and 3 weeks of age.

<p>In this paper we have studied how user designed mock-ups, together with video recordings, </p><p>can contribute in the process of generating user requirements when designing the future e- </p><p>newspaper. The mock-ups originate from future workshop carried out within the DigiNews </p><p>project. By analyzing user designed mock-ups to retrieve user requirements and evaluating </p><p>the results against a focus group and newspaper designers we gained understanding on how </p><p>mock-ups can contribute as data input in a user involved design process. The study concludes </p><p>that mock-ups are an effective tool for making use of users’ visions and opinions in a </p><p>dynamic design process.</p>