INTRODUÇÃO: O dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE) em humanos ocorre quando o indivíduo realiza exercícios não-habituais, muito intensos ou de longa duração. Muitos protocolos experimentais têm se dedicado ao estudo do DMIE, porém poucos deles, principalmente aqueles com ações excêntricas, reproduzem uma situação real de treinamento físico. OBJETIVO: O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é verificar e comparar a ocorrência de dano muscular nos flexores do cotovelo induzido pelo sistema de treinamento de cargas descendentes em exercício resistido em duas diferentes intensidades por meio de marcadores indiretos de dano muscular: creatina quinase (CK), mioglobina (Mio), dor e torque muscular. MÉTODO: Foram voluntários 9 indivíduos do gênero masculino com idade média (\'+ OU -\' desvio padrão) de 26,78 \'+ OU -\' 4,32 anos, peso médio 84,02 \'+ OU -\' 13,88 quilos e altura média 181,33 \'+ OU -\' 8,46 centímetros. Os indivíduos realizaram dois protocolos de exercício resistido com ações concêntricas e excêntricas dos flexores do cotovelo nos exercícios rosca Scott e rosca direta com cargas descendentes em diferentes intensidades, uma iniciada em 90% de 1-RM (PROTOCOLO 90%) e outra iniciada em 75% de 1-RM (PROTOCOLO 75%). Os marcadores de dano muscular CK, Mio, dor e torque muscular foram avaliados previamente ao exercício, imediatamente após o exercício, 24, 48, 96 e 168 horas após o exercício. RESULTADOS: O pico de concentração de CK ocorreu 24 horas após a sessão de exercício dos PROTOCOLOS 75% e 90%, sem diferenças significativa entre os valores (p < 0,05). O pico de concentração de Mio ocorreu imediatamente após a sessão de exercício dos PROTOCOLOS 75% e 90%, sem diferenças significativa entre os valores (p < 0,05). O pico de dor ocorreu 24 horas após a sessão de exercício do PROTOCOLO 75% e permaneceu com o mesmo valor 48 horas após, com percepção referente à \"dor um pouco forte\" indicada na escala de Borg e no PROTOCOLO 90% obteve o pico imediatamente após o esforço com percepção referente à \"dor moderada\". A maior diminuição do torque muscular ocorreu imediatamente após a sessão de exercício dos PROTOCOLOS 75% e 90% sem diferenças significativa entre os valores (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível sugerir a ocorrência do dano muscular e ambos os protocolos pelas variáveis investigadas. O torque muscular demonstrou ser o melhor marcador do dano muscular por avaliar de forma não-invasiva a funcionalidade e restabelecimento das estruturas do músculo. O PROTOCOLO 90% parece ser mais vantajoso praticamente por demonstrar as mesmas características nas variáveis CK, Mio e torque muscular com menor percepção de dor. Porém, pesquisas com adaptações ao treinamento crônico são necessárias para fortalecer estas afirmações. / INTRODUCTION: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in humans occurs after unaccustomed or vigorous exercise. Various experimental models was dedicated to EIMD, however few studies, essential those with eccentric action, replicated action that commonly occur during real physical training. PURPOSE: The general purpose of this research was to verify and to compare changes in indirect markers of muscle damage (Creatine Kinase (CK), myoglobin (Myo), pain and muscle torque) on the elbow flexors following training system of drop set in resistance exercise in two different intensities. METHODS: 9 young men (age: 26,78 \'+ OU -\' 4,32 years, height: 181,33 \'+ OU -\' 8,46 cm, body mass: 84,02 \'+ OU -\' 13,88 Kg) performed two exercise protocols of drop set resistance exercise with actions concentric and eccentric of the elbow flexors in Scott arm curl and direct arm curl of 90% (PROTOCOL 90%) and 75% (PROTOCOL 75%) of one maximal repeated. The indirect markers was obtained before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 96 and 168 hours after exercise. RESULTS: The CK\'s concentration peak occurs 24 hours after exercise in both protocols, without significant differences (p < 0.05). The Myo\'s concentration peak occurs 24 immediately after the exercise in both protocols, without any significant differences (p < 0.05). The pain peak 24 hours after the exercise of PROTOCOL 75% and continued in the same value 48 hours later, with pain perception of \"pain a little strong\", indicated in Borg\'s Scale. In the PROTOCOL 90% obtained a peak immediately after exercise with perception of \"moderate pain\". The greater reduction of the muscle torque occurs immediately after the exercise in both protocols, without any significant difference (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was possible suggest, through of indirect markers, that both protocols induced a muscle damage. The muscle torque shown to be a better marker of muscle damage because is a non-invasive way to evaluate the functionality of muscle structure. The PROTOCOL 90% seem to be more profitable in the practice because of magnitude pain perception.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of post-resistance exercise alcohol ingestion on LPS-stimulated production of IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. Recreationally resistance-trained men (n = 10, 25 ± 3 yr, 177 ± 7 cm, 83.8 ± 15.7 kg, 14.8 ± 8.5% body fat) and women (n = 8, 23 ± 2 yr, 161 ± 3 cm, 59.5 ± 6.0 kg, 26.5 ± 3.0% body fat) completed the study. Participants visited the laboratory for an initial visit at which time they were screened, familiarized with procedures, and had their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat tested. Subsequently, participants visited the laboratory 2 more times and completed 2 identical heavy resistance exercise bouts (6 sets of 10 repetitions of 80% 1RM back squat) after which a beverage, either containing alcohol (alcohol condition, ALC; 1.09 g EtOH per kg fat free mass) or water (placebo condition, PLA), was administered. Blood samples were collected before exercise (PRE), and at 3 hours (3h) and 5 hours (5h) after exercise. Samples were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cultured overnight. Supernatant was collected and analyzed for IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. A significant (p < 0.05) main effect for time was found for IFNγ, TNF-α, and IL-1β (5h greater than PRE) and for IL-10 (5h less than PRE and 3h, 3h less than PRE). An interaction effect was found for IL-8 (ALC less than PLA at 5h) and for IL-6 (ALC greater than PLA at PRE and ALC less than PLA at 3h). For IL-6, ALC was less at 3h than at PRE, and PLA was greater at 3h than at PRE. Overall, the LPS-stimulated cytokine response was pro-inflammatory by 5h. Alcohol consumed after heavy resistance exercise reduced LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-8 but not of IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-10. These data indicate that alcohol affected inflammatory capacity but that the potential effect of alcohol on the production of cytokines in response to LPS was largely overwhelmed by the resistance exercise bout.

The purpose of this project was to further elucidate the effects post-exercise alcohol ingestion. This project had many novel aspects including using a resistance exercise (RE) only exercise design and the inclusion of women. To our knowledge, we are the first to investigate the effect of post-RE alcohol ingestion in women. In the first chapter of this project, information on the prevalence of alcohol use and the importance of skeletal muscle as a dynamic and metabolic tissue was provided. In chapter two, the effects of post-RE alcohol ingestion in men and women are detailed. The major findings of this study was that although RE elicited similar mTORC1 signaling both in men and in women, alcohol ingestion appeared to only attenuate RE-induced phosphorylation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in men. The third chapter focused on examining the effects of post-RE alcohol ingestion on acute testosterone bioavailability. The primary findings of this study was that alcohol substantially elevated serum total and free testosterone concentrations during recovery from a bout of resistance exercise. The fourth chapter detailed factors that contribute to bone density in men. The major findings of this study was that young adult male long-distance runners who participated in resistance training at least once per week had greater bone mineral density than their non-resistance trained and non-exercise trained peers.

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Ribosomes are the essential machinery for cellular protein synthesis. Ribosome content is hypothesized to support muscle growth and is suggested that those with more ribosomes may better respond to resistance training. Aerobic training also elicits distinct physiological adaptations; however, no direct measures of ribosome content following aerobic training have been measured. Ribosomes interact with mitochondria for mitochondrial protein synthesis and import. Mitochondria may also provide cellular energy to ribosomes. We hypothesized that aerobic and resistance training would increase ribosome content and that ribosome content following aerobic training would correspond to changes in mitochondrial-related protein content and gene expression. Fourteen young men and women performed 6 weeks of single-legged aerobic followed by 10 weeks of bilateral resistance training. Muscle biopsies were taken following aerobic (Pre RT) and resistance training (Post RT) in the aerobically trained (EX) and control (CTL) legs. Pre RT, EX had greater COXIV staining intensity in Type 1 (1.17-fold; p=0.020) and Type 2 (1.22-fold; p=0.015) fibres compared to CTL; however, no differences in whole-muscle mitochondrial-related protein content or gene expression were observed (p>0.05). No differences in regulatory (UBF, Cyclin D1, TIF-1A, POLR-1B), cytosolic (45S, 5.8S, 18S, 28S rRNAs) or mitochondrial (12S rRNA) ribosome-related gene expression were observed (p>0.05), except for c-Myc (CTL>EX; p=0.034) and 5S rRNA (Pre RT CTL<Pre RT EX; p=0.076). When stratified for leg-lean soft tissue mass (LLSTM), legs with greater LLSTM had lower expression in 3/13 ribosome-related genes (p<0.10). When stratified for ΔLLSTM following resistance training, legs with the greatest ΔLLSTM had lower expression in 11/13 ribosome-related genes prior to (p<0.10) and less change or decrease in expression in 9/13 genes following resistance training (p<0.05). These results indicate that baseline ribosome content was sufficient to support aerobic adaptations (capillarization, VO2 peak) that were previously observed and that ribosome’s efficiency, rather than content, is likely more important to support increases in muscle hypertrophy following resistance training. / Thesis / Master of Science in Kinesiology / Ribosomes are essential in making proteins within the cell, and their content has been hypothesized to support the adaptive responses observed with exercise training. Ribosome content has previously been shown to increase following resistance training likely to support skeletal muscle growth. However as aerobic training also influences cellular adaptations, it is plausible that ribosome content also supports these training adaptations. We hypothesized that both aerobic and resistance training would increase ribosome content. Contrary to our hypotheses, no changes in ribosome content were observed following aerobic or resistance training despite previously observing adaptations characteristic of each respective training stimulus. However, those with the greatest increases in muscle mass had lower baseline ribosome content and less change in content following resistance training. These results suggest that baseline ribosome content is sufficient for aerobic adaptations and that ribosome’s efficiency is likely more important than content to elicit resistance training adaptations.

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