Black Americans have entered a new phase in the Civil Rights Movement. First they struggled for their legal rights. Then they struggled for equality, which meant integration and implementation of their legal rights. Now they struggle for power—“black power”. “Black power” is a metaphor which became part of the English language less than two years ago. Because of its newness, it has not been clearly defined nor its purposes clarified and evaluated. This paper is A Clarification and Evaluation of Black Power. Black power serves as a rallying call for unity and self-help among black people. But the words are more than a slogan. They stand for a mood and a program. The mood is one of worthiness—black is good, black is beautiful—not the inferiority of past generations. The program, although not well defined or organized, has three types of goals. They are cultural, economic, and political. The basic cultural goal is unity. The basic economic goal is to raise the black standard of living. Control or rightful share of control is the basic political goal. The masses of Black America are engaged in this Struggle for Power. They have lived through a “revolution of expectations”. Now they want tangible results. They want socio-economic gains, including, better jobs, housing, and education. They now believe the best way to achieve these ends is to work together as a group, not separately as individuals. They feel they were oppressed as a group, so they must leave the oppression as a group. As the group closes ranks, it is accused of racism and escapism. Actually, the separatism, which blacks are now advocating, is a realistic solution to a pluralistic society. Violent action and/or the threat of violent action are very real forces in America today. The ideology of black power does not call for this violence, but some of the advocates do. They see violence as a means to an end. It is unfortunate that black power has become so closely linked with violence, since this tends to mitigate its constructive value. The ideology and practice of black power needs to be clarified and evaluated, not by an academic, but by black people. The time for ambiguity is past. Black people need to define their goals. Then they need to organize their individual strengths into group action. A united Black America, with strong leadership and organization, may well be able to raise its standard of living and seize its rightful first class citizenship. The ideology and practice of black power does offer to black people an opportunity to raise their standard of living. Perhaps more important, however, black power allows black people to think well of themselves, which is, of course, psychologically healthy. Time may prove me wrong, but this writer feels history will pass a favorable judgment on the Struggle for Power—Black Power.

Thesis (MPH)--University of Limpopo 2011. / Background: The choice of this research topic emanated from my personal experience as Medical Officer at Daveyton central Clinic where I personally attended to an average of three rapes or wife battering cases on a weekly basis and usually many more during festive periods. When compared to my colleagues working in other centres like Pretoria, the prevalence, types and features of the abused women differs which implies that the characteristics might differ from province to province and against this background that the researcher intended to conduct this research. Aims: The broad aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of abused women who consulted at Daveyton clinic between January 2008 and December 2009. Methodology: Data was collected at Daveyton central clinic which is under Ekurhuleni municipality. A descriptive quantitative study was used based on records of abused women who consulted at the clinic between January 2008 and December 2009. All the files of the women who consulted within the specified period were retrieved and every file with a history of violence against women (VAW) was selected. The analysis was based on the information that were written in the files of the patient by the health workers at the centre. Results: The study indicated that the majority of the participants (72 %) were below the age of 30 years. Among the abused women 59.8 % were single. All the women were living in the Daveyton township area. Only five (2%) of the cases had no formal education or stopped at primary school level, while 88.8 % had at least a secondary school education and the rest 9.2 % had tertiary education. About 45.4 % of the cases were unemployed and 14.7 % were students. This gives a total of close to 60.1 % of cases who are economically inactive and dependent. The rest of the respondents were either in full time (13.9 %) or in part time (25.9 %) employment. At the time of presentation at the centre, more than quarters (29.6 % and 27.6 % respectively) were traumatized or confused, 19.8 % injured and 19.3 % were reserved. Almost half (47.4 %) of the abuse cases were sexually abused, followed by physical abuse at 41.8 % while emotional abuse were 6.3 % and economical abuse were 4 %. Over a half (55.4%) of women abused alcohol, 16.7 % used tobacco and 15 % used illicit drug while 12.8 % of women did not use any form of substances. At the time of presentation at the centre, the following personality traits from abused women were observed; almost 36 % of the abused women were angry, 20.6 % were stubborn and 24.9 % were submissive while 14.8 % were aggressive. Majority of women (63 %) reported abuse yearly. There were more abuse during festive period (67.7 %). About one fifth (18 %) of women were abused during their pregnancy and 82% were not pregnant. 38% of abused women had no child while about 61 % had 1 to 6 children. Two third (61.5 %) of the women were abused by their husband or partners. Further analysis revealed that age was significantly associated with different types of abuse as younger women (<30 years) were more abused than older women (p = 0.011). Marital status was also significantly associated with different types of abuse (p = 0.001). This means that single or divorced or separated women were more likely to be victims of sexual abuse. Women’s employment status was statistically associated with types of abuse as physical and sexual abuse were more common among women who were unemployed or had part time employment (p<0.001). Types of abuse was associated with substance abuse as prevalence of physical and sexual abuse were more common among women who took alcohol (p = 0.019) It was found that types of abuse and period of reporting were significantly associated as physical and sexual abuse were reported more during festive seasons (p = 0.006) Types of abuse was significantly associated with relationship with the perpetrator (p<0.001). This indicated that women were emotionally or economically abused more by father or uncle or where there was more than one perpetrator. Conclusion: The following characteristics were observed from women who consulted at Daveyton central clinic for abuse; most were between 11-30 years and single (59.8 %).Most of them were economically inactive. It was evident from data analysis that most of them had low level of education (90.8 % - secondary education or lower) and they struggle to get employment. Another characteristic was that 60.1 % of cases were still students or unemployed and therefore depended on their partners for financial support, which in some cases were elderly men. Most of them presented traumatized at the centre and the commonest form of abuse experienced was sexual abuse. Most of the abused women were found angry. Most of them came for consultation during festive periods. This could probably be related to heavy alcohol consumption during these periods. Key words: Domestic violence, Characteristics of abused women, patterns of reporting.

Thesis (LLM. (Law and Development)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011

What role do values play in professional women's lives with regard to their sense of self, their consciousness, and their perceived choices in the gender dynamics of social relations? This study investigates the evolution of values over a lifetime, their nature, dynamic and role in women's identity formation in the family setting. How might the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) have influenced the participants’ new choices and gender relations, their conditioned beliefs about self-in-the-world and their conscious worldviews? A sample of twelve women born between 1937 and 1948 was interviewed in-depth about the values they grew up with, if and how their values changed during the time of the WLM, what they are valuing now in their midlife and what they see as important for their future. Three frameworks influenced this study. Ken Wilber's integral framework of All Quadrants All Levels (AQAL) provided insight into the spectrum of consciousness. Spiral Dynamics (SD) gave an interpretation of the communal dimension of how values cluster into historically defined worldviews. The Australian Values Inventory (AVI), a Personal Development Profile, was used in this study to analyse the current values of the participants. Coming from an eco-feminist perspective, I used a case study approach in conjunction with the standardised AVI instrument. During the research process a wholarchical perspective of what I call Soul Purpose Ecology (SPE) emerged with its Wholarchical Dynamic Analysis (WDAnalysis), which I have used to interpret the data. The findings in this case study propose a soul-centred embodied ethics as prevention, healing and reorganisation of a threatened world. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (LL.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Thesis submitted for the degree of M.Phil. April 1997." Includes bibliographical references (l. 241-250). Also available in print.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1962. / "April 1962." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 75). Also issued in microfiche.

This thesis discusses non-judicial mechanisms for the implementation of human rights in European states. The first part of the thesis analyses the process of achieving compliance with human rights, the role of the state in the implementation of human rights, and the functions of non-judicial mechanisms. The second, third, fourth and fifth parts of the thesis examine the non-judicial mechanisms that states are required to put in place to achieve better compliance with human rights. The following non-judicial mechanisms are discussed: national human rights institutions, human rights indicators, human rights impact assessments, and national human rights action plans. The last part aims to bring these non-judicial mechanisms into a wider perspective. The thesis is written in English and its territorial area of application is limited to the Council of Europe. / Cette thèse porte sur les mécanismes non juridictionnels de mise en œuvre des droits de l’homme dans les pays européens. La première partie de la thèse analyse le processus entraînant le respect des droits de l’homme, le rôle de l’état dans la mise en œuvre de ces droits, et les fonctions des mécanismes non juridictionnels. Les seconde, troisième, quatrième et cinquième parties de la thèse examinent les mécanismes non juridictionnels que les Etats sont tenus de mettre en place afin d’assurer un meilleur respect des droits de l’homme. Les mécanismes non juridictionnels suivants sont abordés : les institutions nationales des droits de l’homme, les indicateurs de droits de l’homme, les études d’impact sur les droits de l’homme, et les plans d’action nationaux en matière de droits de l’homme. La dernière partie vise à inscrire ces mécanismes dans une perspective plus large. La thèse est écrite en anglais et son champ d’application territorial est limité au Conseil de l’Europe.

This thesis discusses non-judicial mechanisms for the implementation of human rights in European states. The first part of the thesis analyses the process of achieving compliance with human rights, the role of the state in the implementation of human rights, and the functions of non-judicial mechanisms. The second, third, fourth and fifth parts of the thesis examine the non-judicial mechanisms that states are required to put in place to achieve better compliance with human rights. The following non-judicial mechanisms are discussed: national human rights institutions, human rights indicators, human rights impact assessments, and national human rights action plans. The last part aims to bring these non-judicial mechanisms into a wider perspective. The thesis is written in English and its territorial area of application is limited to the Council of Europe. / Cette thèse porte sur les mécanismes non juridictionnels de mise en œuvre des droits de l’homme dans les pays européens. La première partie de la thèse analyse le processus entraînant le respect des droits de l’homme, le rôle de l’état dans la mise en œuvre de ces droits, et les fonctions des mécanismes non juridictionnels. Les seconde, troisième, quatrième et cinquième parties de la thèse examinent les mécanismes non juridictionnels que les Etats sont tenus de mettre en place afin d’assurer un meilleur respect des droits de l’homme. Les mécanismes non juridictionnels suivants sont abordés : les institutions nationales des droits de l’homme, les indicateurs de droits de l’homme, les études d’impact sur les droits de l’homme, et les plans d’action nationaux en matière de droits de l’homme. La dernière partie vise à inscrire ces mécanismes dans une perspective plus large. La thèse est écrite en anglais et son champ d’application territorial est limité au Conseil de l’Europe.

In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform (2004 – 2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods / it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabwe’s land reform (Scoones et al 2011), the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues.