Given the routine use of polishing and finishing systems in Restorative Dentistry, the search for better outcomes of these materials, it is essential to optimize the results. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effect of polishing finishing and polishing systems on surface roughness of composite resin. Specimens were made for each group (n = 10), totaling 80 specimens. Randomly distributed among the eight selected polishing systems. The polishing systems were employed after the stabilize the polishing and metallographic specimens was followed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were stored for 24 hours in aqueous solution (room temperature) underwent evaluation of roughness on rugosimeter, and surface roughness as groups were compared using ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Tukey test at a significance level 5%, with p = 0.05. Was no statistical difference between finishing and polishing systems evaluated. The finishing and polishing systems produce different patterns on the surface roughness of the composite, and the rotating disc systems based on superior results obtained with smaller surface roughness measurements. / Tendo em vista o uso rotineiro dos sistemas de polimento e acabamento na Odontologia Restauradora, a busca por melhores resultados destes materiais, é essencial a fim de otimizar os resultados. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro, o efeito de polimento de sistemas de acabamento e polimento na rugosidade superficial de resina composta. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova para cada grupo (n=10), totalizando 80 espécimes. Distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os 8 sistemas de polimento selecionados. Os sistemas de polimento foram empregados após a regularização dos espécimes em politriz metalográfica e foi seguido conforme as instruções do fabricante. Os espécimes foram armazenados por 24 horas em solução aquosa, (temperatura ambiente) submetidos a avaliação de rugosidade no rugosímetro, e os grupos foram comparados quanto a rugosidade superficial por meio de ANOVA, seguido de teste de Post-Hoc de Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%, com p≤0,05. Houve diferença estatística entre os sistemas de acabamento e polimento avaliados. Os sistemas de acabamento e polimento produzem diferentes padrões de rugosidade na superfície da resina composta, sendo que os sistemas baseados em discos rotatórios obtiveram resultados superiores, com menores medidas de rugosidade superficial.

This work presents a model of the fouling mechanism and the evaluation of compressor washing on line. The results of this research were obtained from experimental and computational models. The experimental model analyzed the localization of the particle deposition on the blade surface and the change of the surface roughness condition. The design of the test rig was based on the cascade blade arrangement and blade aerodynamics. The results of the experiment demonstrated that fouling occurred on both surfaces of the blade. This mechanism mainly affected the leading edge region of the blade. The increment of the surface roughness on this region was 1.0 μm. This result was used to create the CFD model (FLUENT). According to the results of the CFD, fouling reduced the thickness of the boundary layer region and increased the drag force of the blade. The model of fouling was created based on the experiment and CFD results and was used to calculate the engine performance in the simulation code (TURBOMATCH). The engine performance results demonstrated that in five days fouling can affect the overall efficiency by 3.5%. The evaluation of the compressor washing on line was based on the experimental tests and simulation of the engine performance. This system demonstrated that it could recover 99% of the original blade surface. In addition, this system was evaluated in a study case of a Power Plant, where it proved itself to be a techno-economic way to recover the power of the engine due to fouling. The model of the fouling mechanism presented in this work was validated by experimental tests, CFD models and information from real engines. However, for further applications of the model, it would be necessary to consider the specific conditions of fouling in each new environment.

abstract: Pavement management systems and performance prediction modeling tools are essential for maintaining an efficient and cost effective roadway network. One indicator of pavement performance is the International Roughness Index (IRI), which is a measure of ride quality and also impacts road safety. Many transportation agencies use IRI to allocate annual maintenance and rehabilitation strategies to their road network. The objective of the work in this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate and predict pavement roughness over the pavement service life. Unlike previous studies, a unique aspect of this work was the use of non-linear mathematical function, sigmoidal growth function, to model the IRI data and provide agencies with the information needed for decision making in asset management and funding allocation. The analysis included data from two major databases (case studies): Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) and the Minnesota Department of Transportation MnROAD research program. Each case study analyzed periodic IRI measurements, which were used to develop the sigmoidal models. The analysis aimed to demonstrate several concepts; that the LTPP and MnROAD roughness data could be represented using the sigmoidal growth function, that periodic IRI measurements collected for road sections with similar characteristics could be processed to develop an IRI curve representing the pavement deterioration for this group, and that pavement deterioration using historical IRI data can provide insight on traffic loading, material, and climate effects. The results of the two case studies concluded that in general, pavement sections without drainage systems, narrower lanes, higher traffic, or measured in the outermost lane were observed to have more rapid deterioration trends than their counterparts. Overall, this study demonstrated that the sigmoidal growth function is a viable option for roughness deterioration modeling. This research not only to demonstrated how historical roughness can be modeled, but also how the same framework could be applied to other measures of pavement performance which deteriorate in a similar manner, including distress severity, present serviceability rating, and friction loss. These sigmoidal models are regarded to provide better understanding of particular pavement network deterioration, which in turn can provide value in asset management and resource allocation planning. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil Engineering 2016

Background The increase in screen resolution has increased from HD to Ultra-HDduring the last decade. A modern game today with Ultra-HD resolution has overeight million pixels that need to be shaded, combined with the expensive shadingmethod Physically Based Rendering the equations needed to calculate each pixel arenumerous. Objectives This the study aims to remove complexity from the Physically BasedRendering shading method in the form of roughness in low-lit areas. The low-lit areaswill instead be rendered without the roughness attribute. By removing roughnessless calculations will be performed. Methods To remove roughness from low-lit areas the light had to be approximatedusing a diffuse model. The pixel was later converted via Hue Saturation PerceivedBrightness to calculate the brightness. If the pixel was under the given threshold,the pixel was shaded using a low-complexity Physically Based Rendering implemen-tation without roughness. A user study was conducted using Unity game enginewith eight participants being asked to compare different stimuli all rendered withdifferent thresholds for darkness with a reference picture. The aim of the study wasto ascertain if the stimuli without roughness had any perceivable difference from thereference. Results The results of the study show the majority of the participants noticinga difference when comparing the stimuli with the reference. The areas affected wasnot only the low-lit areas but the whole scene. The energy conversion without theroughness value made the whole scene appear darker. Conclusions The roughness value is an integral part of energy conversion andwithout it, the scene will appear much darker. While the majority of participantsnoticed a difference, the lowest threshold resembled the original the most

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12938.pdf: 9953963 bytes, checksum: abe25b7224002370db20a3af3b1f2044 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Escola Politecnica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - POLI/USP

Resumo: O processo de lixamento da madeira é uma prática comum para preparar sua superfície para o revestimento. A qualidade superficial da madeira é diretamente relacionada ao revestimento, aderência, custos de pós processamento e aparência estética do produto. Vários parâmetros influenciam no acabamento superficial da madeira como: espécie de madeira, processo de usinagem e granulometria da lixa. Nesta tese foram coletados dados de rugosidade superficial de amostras das espécies Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus citriodora usinadas em torno tubular em três velocidades de avanço (10, 14 e 18m/min.) e lixadas em lixadeira de cinta vertical dupla por quatro jogos de lixas abrasivas de alumínio zirconado. Estes jogos foram compostos com lixas de granulometrias 80, 100 e 120 (80-100, 80-120, 100-120 e U80-120), sendo a primeira lixa para desbaste e a segunda para acabamento. Concluiu-se que para os três conjuntos de lixas novas empregadas, o conjunto de lixas de granulometrias 80 e 120, para desbaste e acabamento, respectivamente, foi aquele que apresentou o melhor desempenho quanto ao acabamento superficial para as duas espécies. O emprego de lixas usadas não demonstrou perda significativa de rendimento se comparadas às demais combinações de lixas novas. O conjunto de lixas 80-120 apresenta, numa razão proporcional, uma variação de 4% no valor de "Ra" para cada 4 m/min aumentado na velocidade de avanço do torneamento das amostras. Pode-se afirmar que, em condições ótimas de lixamento, em média, a cada 0,1mm/rot de aumento no avanço por dente no torneamento, tem-se o aumento de 1% em "Ra". / Abstract: The process of sanding the wood is a common practice to prepare the surface for coating. The surface quality of wood is directly related to the coating, adhesion, costs of post-processing and aesthetic appearance of the product. Several parameters influence the surface finish of the wood as wood species, machining process and particle size of sandpaper. In this thesis the analysis was based on data collected in surface roughness of samples of species Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus citriodora machined in tubiform lathe three feed rate (10, 14 and 18m/min.) and sanded in double vertical belt sander by and four sets of abrasive zirconia aluminium. These sets were composed with grain sizes 80,100 and 120 mesh (80-100, 80-120, 100-120 e U80- 120), the first sandpaper for roughing and second for finishing. It was concluded that for the three new sets of sandpaper used, the combination of grit sizes of 80 and 120, for roughing and finishing, respectively, presented the best performance on the surface finishing for both species. The use of worn sandpaper showed no significant loss of income compared to the other combinations of new sandpaper. The set of sandpaper 80-120 provides, in proportion to a variation of 4% in the value of "Ra" for each 4 m/min increased the feed rate speed of the turning of the samples. Thus, can be conclude that, under optimal conditions of sanding, on average, every 0.1 mm/rev increased in feed per tooth, increases of 1% in "Ra". / Orientador: Marcos Valério Ribeiro / Coorientador: Marcos Tadeu Tiburcio Gonçalves / Banca: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves / Banca: Edson Cocchieri Botelho / Banca: Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli / Banca: Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr / Doutor

Diversas substâncias químicas têm sido utilizadas no processo de desinfecção e higiene de dispositivos de resina acrílica, no entanto, muitas destas substâncias são utilizadas de forma empírica. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da imersão em vinagre, hipoclorito de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio na rugosidade e na dureza de uma resina acrílica de termoativação Meliodent® Heat Cure (Heraeus Kultzer, Alemanha). Foram confeccionados 130 corpos de prova de resina acrílica e estes foram aleatoriamente divididos em 13 grupos (n=10). O grupo controle permaneceu a seco, sem imersão. Os grupos teste foram submetidos à imersão em vinagre, hipoclorito de sódio 1%, peróxido de hidrogênio 10V e água destilada por diferentes tempos (30h, 150h ou 300h). As soluções foram protegidas da luz e trocadas a cada período de 24 horas. Após o período de imersão foram avaliadas a microdureza Knoop e a rugosidade Ra da resina acrílica. A microdureza Knoop dos corpos foi obtida com o microdurômetro automático HMV-2 (Shimadzu, Japão) sendo utilizada a medida de cinco mensurações em cada corpo de prova com uma carga de 25g por 10 segundos. A rugosidade Ra foi determinada pela media de cinco leituras realizadas em cada corpo de prova, utilizando-se um Rugosímetro SJ-201 (Mitutoyo, Japão). Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na microdureza da resina acrílica de termopolimerização após a imersão durante 30h, 150h e 300 h em vinagre, hipoclorito de sódio 1%, peróxido de hidrogênio 10V e água destilada, quando comparado com o grupo controle, que permaneceu a seco. Os resultados da rugosidade não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa após a imersão durante 30h, 150h e 300h em vinagre e água destilada quando comparados com o grupo controle, sem imersão. Com base no desenho experimental e nos resultados do presente estudo é possível concluir que o vinagre pode se tornar uma opção para desinfecção caseira de dispositivos de resina acrílica. / Several substances have been used for the disinfection and hygiene of acrylic resin devices, however, many of these substances are used empirically. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of immersion in vinegar, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide on the surface roughness and hardness of thermo-cured acrylic resin Meliodent® Heat Cure (Heraeus Kultzer, Germany). 130 specimens of acrylic resin were produced and randomly divided into 13 groups (n = 10). The control group remained dry without immersion. The test groups were immersed in vinegar, 1% sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide 10V and distilled water during different times (30h, 150h and 300h). The solutions were protected from light and changed every 24 hours. After the immersion period, Knoop hardness and surface roughness of the acrylic resin were evaluated. The Knoop hardness of the specimens were obtained through an automatic microhardness tester HMV-2 (Shimadzu, Japan) with five measurements on each specimen with a load of 25g for 10 seconds. The roughness was determined by five readings on each specimen using a Surface Roughness Tester SJ-201 (Mitutoyo, Japan). The results showed a statistically significant difference in microhardness after immersion for 30h, 150h and 300h in vinegar, 1% sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and distilled water 10V, compared with the control group. The results of roughness showed no statistically significant difference after immersion for 30h, 150h and 300h in vinegar and distilled water when compared with the control group. Based on the experimental design and results of this study it can be concluded that vinegar can eventually become an option for homemade disinfecting apparatus of acrylic resin.

O efeito das superfícies cerâmicas no desgaste do esmalte antagonista foi estudado in vitro. Foram avaliados os desgastes produzidos pelas porcelanas glazeadas e polidas. Para tal finalidade utilizaram-se cinco cerâmicas: IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar),IPS Empress (Ivoclar), Duceram Plus (Degussa), Duceram LFC (Degussa) e Symbio (Degussa). Oito conjuntos dente e cerâmica foram testados para cada situação, com carga padronizada e imersos em água a 37 0 C. As medidas do desgaste do esmalte e cerâmica foram avaliadas após 150000 e 300000 ciclos. Os resultados revelaram que o desgaste final do esmalte do dente antagonista foi significantemente menor quando as cerâmicas foram polidas. A quantidade do desgaste do esmalte antagonista foi maior nos primeiros 150000 ciclos. A cerâmica IPS Empress provocou um desgaste significativamente maior do esmalte do dente antagonista quando comparada com as outras cerâmicas testadas (p<0,01). As rugosidades iniciais das superfícies cerâmicas foram diferentes entre si, sendo que diminuíram após o polimento, exceto para a cerâmica IPS Empress. Não houve correlação entre a rugosidade superficial inicial das cerâmicas com o desgaste gerado no esmalte dos dentes antagonistas. / The effect of glazed and polish dental ceramic on the wear of human enamel was studied in vitro. Five ceramics: IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar), IPS Empress (Ivoclar),Duceram Plus (Degussa), Duceram LFC (Degussa) and Symbio (Degussa), were tested in water at 37 0 C, under standard load. The amount of wear enamel and specimens was determined after 150000 and 300000 cycles. The results showed that the polished ceramics produce less amount of enamel wear. The amount of enamel wear opposite to IPS Empress ceramic was significant higher (p<0,001). The enamel wear rate increased on the first 150000 cycles. Differences between roughnesses were found in all ceramics, the roughness decreased when the ceramics were polished except for IPS Empress ceramic. No correlation on the roughness and enamel wear were found.

Diversas substâncias químicas têm sido utilizadas no processo de desinfecção e higiene de dispositivos de resina acrílica, no entanto, muitas destas substâncias são utilizadas de forma empírica. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da imersão em vinagre, hipoclorito de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio na rugosidade e na dureza de uma resina acrílica de termoativação Meliodent® Heat Cure (Heraeus Kultzer, Alemanha). Foram confeccionados 130 corpos de prova de resina acrílica e estes foram aleatoriamente divididos em 13 grupos (n=10). O grupo controle permaneceu a seco, sem imersão. Os grupos teste foram submetidos à imersão em vinagre, hipoclorito de sódio 1%, peróxido de hidrogênio 10V e água destilada por diferentes tempos (30h, 150h ou 300h). As soluções foram protegidas da luz e trocadas a cada período de 24 horas. Após o período de imersão foram avaliadas a microdureza Knoop e a rugosidade Ra da resina acrílica. A microdureza Knoop dos corpos foi obtida com o microdurômetro automático HMV-2 (Shimadzu, Japão) sendo utilizada a medida de cinco mensurações em cada corpo de prova com uma carga de 25g por 10 segundos. A rugosidade Ra foi determinada pela media de cinco leituras realizadas em cada corpo de prova, utilizando-se um Rugosímetro SJ-201 (Mitutoyo, Japão). Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na microdureza da resina acrílica de termopolimerização após a imersão durante 30h, 150h e 300 h em vinagre, hipoclorito de sódio 1%, peróxido de hidrogênio 10V e água destilada, quando comparado com o grupo controle, que permaneceu a seco. Os resultados da rugosidade não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa após a imersão durante 30h, 150h e 300h em vinagre e água destilada quando comparados com o grupo controle, sem imersão. Com base no desenho experimental e nos resultados do presente estudo é possível concluir que o vinagre pode se tornar uma opção para desinfecção caseira de dispositivos de resina acrílica. / Several substances have been used for the disinfection and hygiene of acrylic resin devices, however, many of these substances are used empirically. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of immersion in vinegar, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide on the surface roughness and hardness of thermo-cured acrylic resin Meliodent® Heat Cure (Heraeus Kultzer, Germany). 130 specimens of acrylic resin were produced and randomly divided into 13 groups (n = 10). The control group remained dry without immersion. The test groups were immersed in vinegar, 1% sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide 10V and distilled water during different times (30h, 150h and 300h). The solutions were protected from light and changed every 24 hours. After the immersion period, Knoop hardness and surface roughness of the acrylic resin were evaluated. The Knoop hardness of the specimens were obtained through an automatic microhardness tester HMV-2 (Shimadzu, Japan) with five measurements on each specimen with a load of 25g for 10 seconds. The roughness was determined by five readings on each specimen using a Surface Roughness Tester SJ-201 (Mitutoyo, Japan). The results showed a statistically significant difference in microhardness after immersion for 30h, 150h and 300h in vinegar, 1% sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and distilled water 10V, compared with the control group. The results of roughness showed no statistically significant difference after immersion for 30h, 150h and 300h in vinegar and distilled water when compared with the control group. Based on the experimental design and results of this study it can be concluded that vinegar can eventually become an option for homemade disinfecting apparatus of acrylic resin.