Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_pem_me_rcla.pdf: 1044102 bytes, checksum: ec031486253a59e35753f9c89b32799c (MD5) / A geração de resíduos de construção civil constitui um grande problema ambiental. Em Piracicaba, SP, são geradas aproximadamente 620 toneladas/dia deste resíduo. O problema acarreta diversos prejuízos ambientais, tais como: disposição irregular dos resíduos agregando lixo e atraindo animais transmissores de doenças; entulhos em vias públicas e córregos afetando a drenagem e a estabilidade de encostas; degradação visual urbana; redução da vida útil de aterros e de recursos minerais não renováveis. O município busca atender às exigências da Resolução 307 do CONAMA, empreendendo ações para o reaproveitamento desses resíduos como agregado para pavimentação, fechamento de valas e confecção de artefatos de concreto. Há, entretanto, necessidade de sua utilização em maior escala, possibilitando que estes materiais passem a constituir alternativas economicamente viáveis. Assim, propõe-se sua utilização como agregado no compósito solo-cimento. Foram investigadas propriedades físicas, tecnológicas e químicas de misturas contendo resíduo de construção civil reciclado e solo em diferentes proporções resíduo/solo. Verificou-se que as misturas nas proporções de 50%, 75% e 100% atendem às especificações tecnológicas para emprego como solo-cimento. Quanto aos aspectos químicos, foram detectados alguns contaminantes em quantidade superior aos valores permitidos pela legislação. Todavia, a utilização do resíduo como agregado no solo-cimento se mostrou exeqüível e eficiente no encapsulamento destes contaminantes. / The generation of wastes of Civil Construction is a huge environment problem. In Piracicaba-SP, approximately 620 tons of these wastes are generated every day. This problem results in several environmental damages such as: irregular placing of wastes accumulating trash and attracting animals capable to transmit illness; rubble on public roads and streams affecting draining and stability on slopes; urban visual degradation; reduction of shelf-life of the levellings and non-renewable mineral sources. The town tries to attend to the requirements of the Resolution No. 307 of CONAMA, undertaking actions to re-use these wastes as aggregate for paving, closing of ditches and confection of artifact of concrete. There is, however, the necessity to use it in bigger scale, enabling these materials to become feasible economical alternatives. Therefore, it is proposed to use it as aggregate on the composite soil-cement. It has been researched its physical properties, technological and chemical of moistures containing recycled wastes of Civil Construction and soil in different proportions residue/soil. It was noticed that on the proportions 50%, 75% and 100% attend to the technological specifications for the use as soil-cement. As far as the chemical aspects are concerned, it was detected some contamination in higher quantity than the one allowed by legislation. However, the utilization of the residue as aggregate in the soil-cement showed to be feasible and efficient in the encapsulating process of these contaminated items.

[pt] No Brasil os mecanismos de reciclagem dos resíduos sólidos gerados pelas obras de construção civil e demolições ainda são incipientes. Entretanto esses resíduos crescem em larga escala enquanto os agregados naturais se tornam mais escassos. Com intuito de preservar os recursos naturais; contribuir com a limpeza das cidades; poupar os rios, represas, terrenos incultos e o esgotamento sanitário; e aliviar o impacto nos aterros e lixões, tem-se como a melhor opção a reciclagem e beneficiamento desses resíduos. O programa pioneiro no Brasil, na cidade de Belo Horizonte em reciclagem, foi usado como referência na elaboração da resolução do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONOMA) número 307 de 5 de julho de 2002, que estabeleceu critérios e procedimentos a serem adotados para gestão dos resíduos da construção civil em território nacional. O CONAMA além de classificar os resíduos em A, B, C e D, determinou como responsabilidade dos municípios a elaboração do Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos (PMGIRS) e do Plano Municipal de Gestão de Resíduos da Construção Civil (PMGRCC), além de determinar os pequenos e grandes geradores de RCD. Nestes aspectos estes últimos elaboram seus Planos de Gerenciamento de Resíduos. O RCD ou entulho como é popularmente chamado, é todo material proveniente de construções, reformas, reparos e demolições de obras de construção civil e os resultantes da preparação e escavação de terrenos. Esses resíduos após triagem podem ser beneficiados sofrendo alterações físicas, passando a possuir granulometrias diferenciadas. Cada granulometria tem utilidade dentro da construção civil, então os produtos gerados após a cominuição podem ser utilizados, em geral como sub-bases e concretos não estruturais de acordo com as normas técnicas vigentes. O intuito deste estudo foi caracterizar tecnologicamente os resíduos minerais reciclados através de ensaios granulométricos onde o RCD apresentou curva granulométrica dentro das normas técnicas, difração de Raios–X para conhecer os componentes minerais, que foram semelhantes aos presentes nos agregados naturais com exceção da presença marcante de gesso que prejudica na resistência a compressão e módulos de elasticidade, a composição mineral diversificada das amostras demonstraram que os resíduos possuem alto ter de argila e materiais friáveis, alto índice de teor de absorção de água, além de textura superficial áspera, mesmo apresentando características de agregado natural médio. Após a caracterização tecnológica foi essencial o desenvolvimento de fluxogramas de beneficiamento de RCD com intuito de elevar a qualidade dos produtos gerados, além de desenvolver uma padronização para o beneficiamento de RCD. As amostras foram utilizadas para confecção de corpos de prova com frações de RCD diferenciadas no traço do concreto, como resultados dos ensaios mecânicos foi observado que as frações com até 30 por cento de agregado reciclado obtiveram boa resistência a compressão e módulos de elasticidade, mas o mesmo resultado não foi possível para as frações que possuíam acima de 50 por cento de agregado reciclado no traço do concreto. / [en] In Brazil the system of recycling of solid waste generated by the works of construction and demolition are still incipient. However such residues grow on a large scale while natural aggregates become scarcer. In order to preserve natural resources; contribute to the cleanliness of the cities; save the rivers, dams, uncultivated land and sewage; and alleviate the impact on landfills and dumps, we have the best option for recycling and processing of the waste. The pioneering program in Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte in recycling, was used as reference in drafting the resolution of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), number 307 of July 5, 2002, which established rules and procedures to be adopted for the management of civil construction waste in national territory. The according to CONAMAS s classification the debris, may belong to classes A, B, C and D, the council decided the municipalities are responsible for drawing up plans of the Integrated Management of Waste and the Integrated Management of Civil Construction. The CDW or rubble as it is popularly called is all waste from the construction, renovations, repairs and demolition of building works and resulting from the excavation and ground preparation. This debris after sorting can be benefited suffering physical changes, amendments shape and size of the rubble, producing differentiated grain size. Each grain size has specific use within in building construction, and then the generated products after the community can be used overall as subfloor and not structural concrete in accordance with the technical standards. The purpose of this study was to characterize technologically recycled mineral waste through particle size distribution, where the CDW presented grading curve within the technical standards, the DRX test was essential to know the mineralogical composition this rubble, which were similar to those present in natural aggregates except for the strong presence gypsum that affect the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, the diversified mineral composition of the samples showed that residues have high concentration of clay content and friable materials, high rate of water absorption content, and rough surface texture, even with characteristics medium natural aggregate. After the technological characterization was essential develop objective beneficiation flowcharts to CDW, with goal to raise the quality of the products generated, and develop a standard for the processing of CDW. The samples were used for preparation of specimens with CDW fractions different in the concrete mix, as results of the mechanical tests it was observed that the fractions of up to 30 per cent of recycled aggregate had good resistance to compression and elastic modulus, but the same result was not possible for the fractions that had over 50 per cent of recycled aggregate in the concrete mix.

Orientador: Carlos de Almeida Nóbrega / Banca: Gilda Carneiro Ferreira / Banca: José Carlos Chitolina / A geração de resíduos de construção civil constitui um grande problema ambiental. Em Piracicaba, SP, são geradas aproximadamente 620 toneladas/dia deste resíduo. O problema acarreta diversos prejuízos ambientais, tais como: disposição irregular dos resíduos agregando lixo e atraindo animais transmissores de doenças; entulhos em vias públicas e córregos afetando a drenagem e a estabilidade de encostas; degradação visual urbana; redução da vida útil de aterros e de recursos minerais não renováveis. O município busca atender às exigências da Resolução 307 do CONAMA, empreendendo ações para o reaproveitamento desses resíduos como agregado para pavimentação, fechamento de valas e confecção de artefatos de concreto. Há, entretanto, necessidade de sua utilização em maior escala, possibilitando que estes materiais passem a constituir alternativas economicamente viáveis. Assim, propõe-se sua utilização como agregado no compósito solo-cimento. Foram investigadas propriedades físicas, tecnológicas e químicas de misturas contendo resíduo de construção civil reciclado e solo em diferentes proporções resíduo/solo. Verificou-se que as misturas nas proporções de 50%, 75% e 100% atendem às especificações tecnológicas para emprego como solo-cimento. Quanto aos aspectos químicos, foram detectados alguns contaminantes em quantidade superior aos valores permitidos pela legislação. Todavia, a utilização do resíduo como agregado no solo-cimento se mostrou exeqüível e eficiente no encapsulamento destes contaminantes. / The generation of wastes of Civil Construction is a huge environment problem. In Piracicaba-SP, approximately 620 tons of these wastes are generated every day. This problem results in several environmental damages such as: irregular placing of wastes accumulating trash and attracting animals capable to transmit illness; rubble on public roads and streams affecting draining and stability on slopes; urban visual degradation; reduction of shelf-life of the levellings and non-renewable mineral sources. The town tries to attend to the requirements of the Resolution No. 307 of CONAMA, undertaking actions to re-use these wastes as aggregate for paving, closing of ditches and confection of artifact of concrete. There is, however, the necessity to use it in bigger scale, enabling these materials to become feasible economical alternatives. Therefore, it is proposed to use it as aggregate on the composite soil-cement. It has been researched its physical properties, technological and chemical of moistures containing recycled wastes of Civil Construction and soil in different proportions residue/soil. It was noticed that on the proportions 50%, 75% and 100% attend to the technological specifications for the use as soil-cement. As far as the chemical aspects are concerned, it was detected some contamination in higher quantity than the one allowed by legislation. However, the utilization of the residue as aggregate in the soil-cement showed to be feasible and efficient in the encapsulating process of these contaminated items. / Mestre

In this thesis, a new computer model (tool) for the reliability-based design of rubble-mound coastal defense structures is developed in which design is carried out in a user frienly way giving outputs on time variant reliability for the predetermined lifetimes and damage levels. The model aims to perform the following steps: 1. Determine the sources of uncertainties in design parameters 2. Evaluate the damage risk of coastal structures which are at design stage and are recently constructed. 3. Study the sensitivity of limit state functions to the design parameters. Different from other reliability studies on coastal projects, a new design computer program is developed that can be easily used by everyone working in coastal engineering field.

There are some empirical formulas used in the design of rubble mound breakwaters to find the weight of armour layer stone. The effect of wave grouping and spectral shape could not put into these design formulas since their effects are still under question. The influences of wave groups and spectral shape on the stability of rubble mound breakwaters have been investigated by several researchers up to now. However, results were not conclusive in these researches, where different wave grouping and spectral shape parameters were used. This study aims to investigate the influences of wave groups and spectral shape on the stability of rubble mound breakwaters by means of hydraulic model experiments. According to the result of the experiments, the damage to breakwater armour layer is almost same for different spectrum shapes and pronounced wave grouping, under the condition of similar wave statistics. Experiments also indicated that the wave trains with same significant wave height, H1/3, but with different distribution of the heights of extreme waves which were defined as wave heights higher than H1/3 in this study, cause different damage levels. Based on these results, extended experiments were conducted to observe the effect of heights of extreme waves in a wave train on the stability of rubble mound breakwaters. Results of the experiments showed that the higher the extreme waves are, the more destructive the wave train is. By carrying experimental results into design conditions, it was shown that a wave train with high extreme waves may affect the design weight of armour stone. Finally, in order to achieve more practical tools for engineering applications, occurrence probabilities of extreme waves under different spectral shapes were obtained by a numerical simulation. As a result, for different occurrence probabilities of extreme waves under the most widely used spectrums of PM and JONSWAP, necessary weight of armour stone was given in a range comparing with the formula of Meer. Moreover, it was noted that the spectral shape indirectly affects the stability not due to the wave grouping but due to the extreme waves in a wave train since the occurrence probability of the high extreme waves becomes higher as the spectral shape becomes narrower under same significant wave height condition.

Coastal defense structures have primary importance from obtainabilty of resources and benefits served by the coastal regions point of view. However, the construction of coastal defense structures demand a high amount of investment. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of collapse of these structures, model studies should be carried during the design process. In this study, model investigations were carried out on Eastern Black Sea Highway Project regarding the serviceability and damage thus stability parameters. 5 different models were constructed as berm type rubble-mound breakwaters using Van Der Meer&rsquo / s approach and berm design guidelines, with a scale of 1/31.08 and they were tested both for breaking and non-breaking waves. The experiments took place in the Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory of the Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department. The models were constructed and tested with different berm widths and armor stone sizes forming the back armor layer in order to examine the effect of these design parameters on the stability and serviceability of the coastal defense structure to obtain the optimum alternative cross-section. Cumulative damage was minimum for the cross-section constructed with berm width 15 m assigning the width of the prototype. Water spray and run-up values were also not significant. The test results were confirming with Van Der Meer design approach.

Coastal defense structures are built in order to protect valuable coastal regions from the destructive effects of the waves. Due to the cost of coastal defense structures and the economical potential of the coastal regions, failure of such structures could cause loss of high amounts of investment. Therefore in the design and construction of coastal structures, it is of vital importance to achieve an optimum design which is not neither underdesigned nor overdesigned. In this study, Submerged Berm type coastal defense structures with several different cross-sections were tested for stability under storm conditions. Damage analyses of the different models were carried out to compare the structure characteristics under storm conditions and to obtain the most economical and stable cross-section. For the model studies, 5 different models were constructed by using Van der Meer&rsquo / s approach and berm design guidelines. Models were constructed with a model scale of 1:31.08 in the wave flume in the Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, METU. The newly designed and optimized berm type structure was proved to be successful and economical.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFRS.pdf: 1943077 bytes, checksum: 48aa03cd1bc74beca050f525b4e74899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Traditional and recycled mortar and concrete have been produced and the results from simple compression strength and water absorption tests have been compared. Recycled mortar and concrete have been produced out of sludge from water treatment plants and rubble from construction and demolition. The amount of aluminum present in the leached extract from the solubilization process of the concrete produced with the addition of both sludge from water treatment plants and rubble from construction and demolition has been determined. In terms of simple compression strength, the addition of up to 4 % of sludge in mass in place of natural sand has made it possible to obtain recycled concrete with similar characteristics to traditional concrete. Although water absorption of concrete and mortar produced from both sludge from water treatment plants and rubble from construction and demolition is much higher than water absorption of traditional mortar and concrete, the results have not made it impossible to use them; it has just restricted their application to places free from moist resulting from weather conditions or use characteristics. The leached extract resulting from the solubilization of the concrete produced out of both sludge from water treatment plants and rubble from construction and demolition has shown aluminum concentration higher than the drinkability standard defined by the Brazilian standards agency (ABNT), but not in such a level to turn the rubble from the recycled product dangerous to human health. / Argamassas e concretos convencionais e reciclados com agregados de entulho de concreto e lodo de estação de tratamento de água foram produzidos e os resultados dos ensaios de resistência à compressão axial e absorção de água foram comparados. Foi determinada a quantidade de alumínio presente no extrato lixiviado resultante do processo de solubilização dos concretos produzidos com a adição conjunta dos resíduos de construção e demolição civil e lodo de estação de tratamento de água. Em termos de resistência à compressão axial, a adição de até 4 % em massa de lodo substituindo o agregado miúdo natural possibilitou a obtenção de concretos com características similares as dos concretos convencionais. Embora a absorção de água dos concretos e das argamassas produzidas com a adição conjunta de lodo de estação de tratamento de água e agregados reciclados de entulho de concreto seja muito maior que a absorção de água dos concretos e argamassas convencionais, os resultados não impediram o uso, apenas o restringiu a lugares livres de umidade e da ação de intempéries. O extrato lixiviado resultante do processo de solubilização do concreto produzido com adição conjunta de lodo de estação de tratamento de água e agregado reciclado de entulho de concreto apresentou concentração de alumínio superior ao padrão de potabilidade da água definido pelo Anexo H da NBR 10.004, mas não em teor que torne perigoso o possível resíduo do produto assim reciclado.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the largest waste generators in recent years is construction, due to economic development in several countries. The proper management of this waste, especially in what concerns the use for recycling, reduces the impacts caused to the environment. However, for this there is a confrontation in the challenges encountered in management, which involves normative actions, such as planning, production, collection, treatment and environmentally adequate disposal. The objective of this research was to analyze the management of solid construction waste from vertical condominiums under construction in the Jabotiana neighborhood of Aracaju. And as a methodological basis the theoretical reference through a bibliographical and documentary survey, field research from semi structured interviews with: representatives of the companies; Engineers; Officers and employees. From the systematization and analysis of the data, it was verified that the works have the PGRCC in compliance with Federal Law 12.310 / 10. However, this implementation faces some obstacles, such as the lack of knowledge on the part of the employees, being partially applied and making it difficult to separate the waste for recycling and reuse as a way to reduce the generation of waste as proposed in the plan. It was observed the lack of training in its implantation, which caused difficulties in its efficiency and execution in the construction site. / Um dos maiores geradores de resíduos nos últimos anos é a construção civil, devido ao desenvolvimento econômico em vários países. O gerenciamento adequado desses resíduos, especialmente no que condiz ao aproveitamento para a reciclagem diminui os impactos causados ao ambiente. Entretanto, para isso há um enfrentamento nos desafios encontrados no gerenciamento, que envolve ações normativas, como planejamento, produção, coleta, tratamento e disposição ambientalmente adequada. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos da construção civil a partir de condomínios verticais em construção no bairro Jabotiana em Aracaju. E como base metodológica o referencial teórico através de levantamento bibliográfico e documental, pesquisa de campo a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com: representantes das empresas; engenheiros; encarregados e colaboradores. A partir da sistematização e análise dos dados, constatou-se que as obras possuem o PGRCC em cumprimento a Lei Federal 12.310/10. Entretanto essa implantação enfrenta alguns entraves, como a falta de conhecimento por parte dos funcionários, sendo aplicado parcialmente e dificultando a separação dos resíduos para a reciclagem e reaproveitamento como forma de reduzir a geração dos resíduos como proposto no plano. Observou-se a falta de treinamento na sua implantação o que acarretou dificuldades na sua eficiência e execução no canteiro. / São Cristóvão, SE

A common injury type associated with vessel groundings on coral reefs is generation of coral rubble. As a substrate rubble is dynamic and can be mobilized by normal wave agitation, causing secondary damage to surviving corals and preventing coral larvae and invertebrates from surviving. Typical rubble management options include offsite removal and onsite stabilization using artificial materials. Sponges show promise as a restoration tool for rubble stabilization, especially sponges that are known to have rapid regeneration rates, low mortality, and the capability to quickly form attachment points to natural and artificial substrates. As an effective restoration tool a sustainable source of sponge is required in order to minimize impact on natural populations. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of sponge propagation for use as a restoration material following groundings on coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL. If small sponge fragments could be collected from donor sponges and propagated on artificial growout structures (i.e. nurseries) a sustainable source of sponge fragments could be maintained for future restoration activities. If feasible, this technique would create a continually growing sponge source that would require a single harvest, reducing pressure on the local sponge populations. Fragments of four species of native sponges, Aplysina fulva¸ Amphimedon compressa, Aplysina cauliformis, and Iotrochota birotulata, were harvested and attached to artificial growout structures composed of PVC rods and cement paver tiles. Fragment necrosis, attachment, sponge retention (persistence throughout the study), complexity, and growth rates for all four species were recorded monthly for one year. Two different PVC types were utilized to compare attachment material effects on growth. Donor sponges were monitored to assess recovery and growth after harvesting, and intact sponges in the natural population were also monitored as a control. Transplanted fragments had the highest retention of any treatment (96-100% of fragments remained), growth rates ranging from 105% to 424%, low necrosis rates, and all but one species increased in complexity. There was no significant difference in sponge growth on different PVC types or between sites. Within one month all donor wounds inflicted by harvest were completely healed, and by the end of the study donors had significantly higher growth rates than the control treatment, ranging from 400% to 781% of initial sponge volume. Donor sponges also had low necrosis rates, but were less complex than controls. This is a promising, practical and low cost method, and based on these results, is a feasible way of producing sponges for us in restoration, with little negative impact on the natural populations.