O presente estudo teve por objetivo quantificar Vibrio, vibrios sac+ e sac â e identificar as espÃcies de Vibrio, presentes no cultivo do camarÃo Litopenaeus vannamei e na Ãgua onde à ele cultivado. Acompanharamse dois ciclos do cultivo do L. vannamei em trÃs fazendas (A, B e C),situadas nos estuÃrios dos rios AcaraÃ, Coreaà e Jaguaribe (CE), de agosto de 2005 a outubro de 2006, nas estaÃÃes de chuva e estiagem. Foram analisadas 60 amostras de camarÃo e 240 amostras de Ãgua de viveiro. Foram feitos os testes de Contagem PadrÃo em Placas (CPP) total de Vibrio; CPP das colÃnias de Vibrio sacarose positivas e negativas, e identificaÃÃo das espÃcies nas amostras de camarÃo e na Ãgua. O valor mÃnimo da CPP de Vibrio nas amostras de Ãgua foi de 2,0 x 102 UFC/mL nas fazendas A, e C no perÃodo de chuva e o mÃximo foi 1,42 x 108 UFC/mL na fazenda B, no perÃodo de estio. O valor mÃximo para CPP de Vibrio nas amostras de camarÃo (pÃs-larva e hepatopÃncreas) foi de 4,5 x 108 UFC/g, na fazenda B no perÃodo de estio. O valor mÃnimo de Vibrio sacarose positiva no hepatopÃncreas foi 1,00 x 102 UFC/g nas fazendas A e B no perÃodo de chuva e mÃximo foi 4,5 x 108 UFC/g na fazenda B, no perÃodo de estio. O valor mÃnimo de Vibrio sacarose negativa foi 0,98 x 10 UFC/g de hepatopÃncreas na fazenda A, no perÃodo de chuva e mÃximo foi de 9,50 x 105 na fazenda C no perÃodo da chuva. A CPP de vibrios das amostras de Ãgua e do camarÃo foi sempre menor no perÃodo da chuva. Das amostras de Ãgua e camarÃo das trÃs fazendas foram isoladas 145 cepas de Vibrio. Dessas, 62 foram isoladas da Ãgua de cultivo do camarÃo e 56 foram isoladas do camarÃo (pÃs-larva e hepatopÃncreas). A fazenda B apresentou maior nÃmero de diferentes espÃcies isoladas e identificadas (11). Durante a esquisa, os isolados de camarÃo e Ãgua do viveiro, Apresentaram uma predominÃncia de Vibrio mimicus, seguidos de V.alginolyticus e V. tubiashii. De todas as fazendas, A, B e C, a fazenda Afoi a que apresentou um viveiro com a menor taxa de sobrevivÃncia de camarÃes na despesca: 37,24%, no perÃodo da chuva.Nem a quantidade de vÃbrios total, nem a de sacarose positiva, ou negativa no hepatopÃncreas dos camarÃes, influencia o Ãndice de SobrevivÃncia dos animais nos viveiros das fazendas, no momento da despesca. A maior ou menor diversidade de vÃbrios nos camarÃes nÃo implicou numa maior ou menor taxa de sobrevivÃncia dos animais nos viveiros das fazendas, no momento da despesca. No entanto, quando o nÃmero de Vibrio foi alto na Ãgua e a diversidade baixa, caso da Fazenda A no perÃodo da chuva, a taxa de sobrevivÃncia foi afetada negativamente. O nÃmero de vÃbrios à proporcional ao teor de salinidade das Ãguas. Somente os dados da enumeraÃÃo de vÃbrios e/ou os dados da enumeraÃÃo de vÃbrio sacarose positiva ou negativa nÃo sÃo suficientes para se avaliar a probabilidade de camarÃes, de um determinado viveiro, virem a adoecer. / This study aimed to quantify Vibrio, Vibrio and sac + sac - and identify the species of Vibrio, in the cultivation of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and water where it is grown. Acompanharamse two cycles of cultivation of L. vannamei in three farms (A, B and C), located in river estuaries AcaraÃ, and Coreaà Jaguaribe (EC), August 2005 to October 2006, at the stations of rain and drought. We analyzed 60 samples of shrimp and 240 samples of water from nursery. The tests were made in Standard Plate Count (CPP) of total Vibrio; CPP of colonies of Vibrio sucrose positive and negative, and identification of species in samples of shrimp and water. The minimum value of the CPP of Vibrio in the water samples was 2.0 x 102 CFU / mL in farms A and C in the period of rain and the maximum was 1.42 x 108 CFU / mL in farm B, in the period of summer . The maximum value for CPP of Vibrio in samples of shrimp (post-larva and hepatopÃncreas) was 4.5 x 108 CFU / g in farm B during the summer. The minimum value of sucrose positive Vibrio in hepatopÃncreas was 1.00 x 102 CFU / g in farms A and B in the period of rainfall and maximum was 4.5 x 108 CFU / g in farm B, in the period of summer. The minimum value of sucrose negative Vibrio was 0.98 x 10 CFU / g of hepatopÃncreas in farm A, the maximum period of rain and was 9.50 x 105 C on the farm during the rain. The CPP of Vibrio from water samples and the shrimp was always lower during the rain. Of water samples and the three shrimp farms were isolated 145 strains of Vibrio. Of these, 62 were isolated from the water culture of shrimp and 56 were isolated from shrimp (post-larva and hepatopÃncreas). The farm B showed the largest number of species isolated and identified (11). During esquisa, isolated from the shrimp and water in the nursery, showed a predominance of Vibrio mimicus, followed by V.alginolyticus and V. tubiashii. Of all the farms, A, B and C, Afoi farm that had a nursery with the lowest survival rate of shrimps in despesca: 37.24%, during the chuva.Nem the amount of Vibrio total nor the sucrose positive or negative in hepatopÃncreas of shrimp, influences the rate of survival of animals in the nursery of the farms at the despesca. The greater or lesser diversity of Vibrio in shrimp did not involve a greater or lesser rate of survival of animals in the nursery of the farms at the despesca. However, when the number of Vibrio in the water was high and low diversity, the case of Finance during the rain, the survival rate was affected negatively. The number of Vibrio is proportional to the level of salinity of water. Only data from the enumeration of Vibrio and / or data from the enumeration of Vibrio sucrose positive or negative is not sufficient to assess the likelihood of shrimp in a nursery, will sicken.

No description available.

This study examines two trade unions at Skoghall, Skoghalls LS of SAC and the Swedish Paper unions division 36 at Skoghallverken. The purpose of this study is to get a knowledge about what kind of methods that Skoghalls LS of SAC used to get better working conditions and living conditions for the worker at Skoghallsverken and compare them to the methods that division 36 of the Swedish Paperworkersunion at Skoghallsverken used to create better living conditions and working conditions. The question that I asked in the study is: What kind of working methods did Skoghalls LS of SAC and division 36 of the Swedish Paperworkingunion of improve the working and living conditions of the workers at Skoghallsverken? What kinds of conflicts were common at Skoghallsverken between 1920-1928? To be able to do the study I read meeting minutes from Skogshalls LS members meetings between 1919 and 1928 and meeting minutes from division 36 of the Swedish Paperworkersunions membersmettings between 1921 and 1926. And the examination was done at Arkivcentrum Värmland where they helped me to get the sources that I needed to do the study. One of the results that examine shows is that Skoghalls LS of SAC helped workers in their daily lives for i.e. when they had economic troubles. Skoghalls LS probably used the Social security system in Sweden where not created in the 1920: s which is the time that is examined in this study. Division 36 on the other hand had worked in similar way as Skoghalls LS with workers who were in need, i.e. they helped them with money if they had economic problems and raised money to them. But in other conflicts Division 36 took a lot more careful stance against the director’s board at Skoghallsverken i.e. when they gave notice about strike under the Christmas holiday along time before the actual dates. The defensive approach that division 36 used is probably rooted in LO: s reformistic ideas and a will to create consensus between the workers and the directors of the industry. The conclusions that can be drawn from the result are these: Skoghalls where defensive trade union and Skoghallsverken where calm workplace what where free from big conflicts between unions and the employers. The conflicts that occurred in the 1920: s where about social issues i.e. poor housing standards for the employees at Skoghallsverken and indignation about the 8 hours working day. But Skoghalls LS and Skoghall 36 also dealt with issues where families had lost their incomes because the father in the family had died and it was fathers who get the income to their families when they where working. Skoghalls LS and Skoghall 36 where using very similar working methods to improve the workers livingenviroment and workingingenviroment and Skoghalls LS of SAC where not as radical as said they would be. / I denna studie undersöks två fackföreningar på Skoghall, Skoghalls LS av SAC och Svenska Pappersarbetareförbundets avdelning 36 på Skoghallsverken under 1920-talet. Uppsatsens syfte är att ta reda på vilka metoder som Skoghalls LS av SAC använde sig av för att förbättra arbetsvillkoren och livsvillkoren för arbetarna på Skoghallsverken och jämföra Skoghalls LS metoder med Svenska Pappersarbetareförbundets avdelning 36 för att vad vilka arbetsmetoder som de använde sig av för att förbättra de bruksanställdas arbetssituation och livssituation. Frågeställningarna som jag formulerat i uppsatsen är: Vilka arbetsmetoder använde sig SAC och Svenska pappersarbetareförbundet avdelning 36 av för att förbättra de bruksanställdas arbetsmiljö och livsmiljö? Vilka olika typer av konflikter förekom under 1920-1928?. Och för att kunna genomföra undersökningen så har mötesprotokoll från Skoghalls LS mellan åren 1919-1928 använts samt mötes protokoll från Svenska Pappersarbetareförbundets avdelning 36 på Skoghallsverken mellan åren 1921-1926. Undersökningen genomfördes på Arkivcentrum Värmland och gick till så att mötesprotokoll från fackföreningarnas medlemsmöten genomgicks för att få reda på vad fackföreningarna använde av för att förbättra bruksarbetarnas arbetsvillkor och livsvillkor. Resultat av undersökningen visar bland annat att Skoghalls LS stöttade arbetare på det sociala planet när de t.ex. hamnat i ekonomiska svårigheter därför att fadern som försörjde familjen hade dött och då tillsatte Skoghalls LS en kommitté för att ordna ekonomiskt stöd till familjen. Att Skoghalls LS använde sig av dessa metoder i kampen för bättre villkor i arbetet och i vardagen kan bero att arbetarna inte skulle få någon hjälp om facket inte hjälpte dem då det sociala skyddsnätet i Sverige inte var så väl utbyggt. Svenska Pappersarbetareförbundets avdelning 36 på Skoghallsverken stöttade också medlemmar som hamnat i nöd genom att t.ex. samla in pengar till de arbetare som behövde det. Skoghall 36 gick också ut och varslade om att lägga ner arbetet på julaftonen därför att arbetarna inte skulle arbeta under denna högtid. Att Skoghall 36 Samlade in pengar för att stötta nödställda arbetare kan ha berott på att de ville vinna arbetarnas förtroende och få med i fackföreningen samt att det sociala skyddsnätet ännu inte var utbyggt i Sverige. Varslet om strejk som gjordes en tid innan julhelgen gjordes antagligen för att LO baserar sin taktik på reformistisk grund och vill skapa samförstånd mellan arbetare och arbetsgivare. En spontanstrejk skulle göra väcka irritation hos arbetsgivarna. De slutsatser som går att dra av resultat visar att Skoghalls LS var en väldigt defensiv fackförening och att Skoghallsverken var en lugn arbetsplats trots att det under 1920-talet förekom många konflikter på arbetsmarknaden mellan fack och arbetsgivare. De konflikter som förekom på Skoghall och Skoghallsverken handlade t.ex. om sociala frågor så som undermåliga bostadsförhållanden och om familjer som hamnat i svåra förhållanden när fadern dött och familjen förlorat sin inkomst eftersom det var fadern som försörjde familjen ekonomiskt t.ex. Men det förekom också strejker som när Skoghalls LS gick ut i Strejk för att visa sitt missnöje med hur systemet med 8 timmars arbetsdag fungerade eller när Skoghall 36 varslade om strejk för att de inte ville att med lemmarna skulle arbeta under julhelgen. Konflikterna var heller inte särskilt långa eller vilda utan sträckte sig oftast bara över ett par dygn och var inte särskilt frekventa. En annan slutsats som går att dra är att Skoghalls LS och Skoghall 36 använde sig utav väldigt likartade arbetsmetoder för att förbättra de bruksanställdas arbetsmiljö och livsmiljö. Skoghalls LS var inte alls så offensiva som de och SAC utgav sig för att vara och kanske vilket ha göra med att pappersindustrin var en ganska konfliktfri bransch om man jämfört med industrisektorer som flottnings och gruvindustrin som hade betydligt fler konflikter.

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, University of Adelaide, 1974. / Six articles published by author bound in at back of book.

L’objectif de ce projet est d’étudier une nouvelle voie de thérapie basée sur l’échographie de contraste. Les agents de contraste utilisés sont capables de vectoriser différentes molécules chimiques et de les libérer lorsqu’ils sont détruits par le biais des ultrasons. Cette méthode permet donc un traitement ciblé et contrôlé ce qui a pour avantages de réduire la quantité de principe actif (donc des effets de secondaires). De plus, les microbulles augmentent la perméabilité cellulaire ou tissulaire donc améliore leur incorporation cellulaire. Cependant le mécanisme n’est pas connu. In vitro, nous avons utilisé un ensemble de techniques dont le patch clamp pour visualiser les échanges trans-membranaires et la TEER pour les modifications de la perméabilité trans-endothéliales. In vivo, nous avons effectué des ECG pour observer et comprendre les effets secondaires afin de mieux les prévenir. Le but de la thèse est d’aboutir à la connaissance du phénomène d’augmentation de la perméabilité induite par les ultrasons et les microbulles afin de pouvoir l’optimiser. / The aim of this work is to study a new way of therapy based on the contrast ultrasonography. The used contrast agents are able of transport different chemical molecules and to liberate them when they are destroyed by means of ultrasounds. This method allows a controlled and targeted treatment therefore what has as advantages to reduce drugs quantity (therefore side effects). Moreover, microbubbles augment cell or tissue permeability therefore ameliorates their cell uptake. However, the mechanism is not known. In vitro, we used the whole technology of which the patch clamp to show exchanges through the cell membrane and TEER for modification of trans-endothelial permeability. In vivo, we have performed ECG to notice and understand side effects to their apparition. The purpose of PhD work is to succeed to the knowledge of the phenomenon of increase of the permeability led by ultrasounds and microbubbles to be able to optimise it.

No description available.

In the rat, before the establishment of the chorioallantoic placenta, the nutritional requirements of the post-implantation embryo, are met solely by the visceral yolk sac and therefore a study of its structure and functions is essential to a full understanding of early embryonic nutrition. A method has been developed for maintaining the rat visceral yolk sac in organ culture over a prolonged period, having first removed the embryo by microsurgery at 9.5 days or alternatively allowing it to die within its own amnion. The yolk sac continues to grow as a closed vesicle, and can reach a diameter of 2cm. The system has been called the 'giant' yolk sac. The 'giant' yolk sac and in vivo yolk sac have been compared using various criteria. A detailed morphological study was made, including a quantitative analysis of the vacuolar compartment. The endocytic capacity of both systems was studied using three different substrates; those used were 125I-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a non-degradable macromolecule, taken up in the fluid phase and accumulated within the yolk sac tissue, 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) taken up by adsorptive pinocytosis and digested within the lysosomes and 125I-IgG (and colloidal gold-IgG) taken up with great efficiency by specific receptor mediated endocytosis. Also a preliminary study of 14C-amino acid uptake was made. In many instances the 'giant' yolk sac functioned very similarly to the in vivo yolk sac and therefore seems an ideal model for studying transport across an epithelial sheet. It is particularly useful as its continuous epithelium separates the exocoelom from the external culture medium. The fluid maintained within the exocoelom of the 'giant' yolk sac should be an excellent source of processed histiotroph essential for embryonic nutrition during organogenesis. Experiments carried out indicate that some of the trophic factors necessary for growth are present in this fluid.

No description available.

This thesis describes the results of two process system engineering studies: (1) hydrogen pinch analysis; and (2) application of COSMO-SAC (conductor-like screening model – segment activity coefficient) to electrolytes. Part (1) presents an automated spreadsheet method that can quickly help minimize fresh hydrogen consumption and maximize hydrogen recovery and reuse in petroleum refineries and petrochemical complexes. Part (1) has appeared as a featured article on engineering practice in the Chemical Engineering Magazine, volume 115, pp. 56-61, June 2008. We present an automated spreadsheet on our research group website (www.design.che.vt.edu) and describe procedures for using the spreadsheet in this thesis. Part (2) discusses the application of the conductor-like screening model – segment activity coefficient (COSMO-SAC), a liquid-phase activity-coefficient model, to electrolytes. We offer detailed procedure for obtaining sigma profiles for electrolytes. A sigma profile is a molecular-specific probability distribution of the surface-charge density, which enables the application of solvation-thermodynamic models to predict vapor-liquid and solid-liquid equilibria, and other properties. We propose to add an additional term to the exchange energy to account for ion-ion attractive and repulsive forces. We also look at the resulting exchange energy behavior. Although accurate numerical results are not achieved, we are able to produce results that match literature data by adding an adjustment factor. / Master of Science

The chicken yolk sac and small intestine are connected through the yolk stalk and share many biological similarities. During the embryonic stage, the extra-embryonic yolk sac helps the embryo to absorb nutrients primarily in the last two weeks of incubation. The chicken yolk sac physically moves yolk contents from the yolk sac to the small intestine at the end of embryogenesis. This is the time when the small intestine replaces the yolk sac in assimilating nutrients for the embryo and later for the posthatch chicken. Additionally, both chicken small intestinal epithelia and the yolk sac secrete beta defensins for promoting intestinal health. Since there are heterogeneous cell types along the mammalian intestinal villus, which are derived from the intestinal stem cells in the crypts, we investigated if cells of the chicken yolk sac and small intestine have the same ontogeny as mammalian intestinal epithelial cells. In this dissertation, we mainly focused on the spatial expression of nutrient transporters (PepT1 and SGLT1), intestinal stem cell markers (Lgr5 and Olfm4), and avian beta defensins in the chicken yolk sac and small intestine during the embryonic and early posthatch stages. RNAscope in situ hybridization was used to identify the distribution of cells expressing PepT1 mRNA in both the chicken yolk sac and small intestine. PepT1 mRNA was found to be expressed by epithelial cells in both the yolk sac and small intestine. In the yolk sac, PepT1 mRNA was uniformly distributed in each endodermal epithelial cell along the villus-like structure. The pattern of PepT1 mRNA expression observed in the chicken yolk sac during the last 10 days of incubation revealed that PepT1 mRNA was increased from e11 to e13, and decreased from e15 to day of hatch. The peak of PepT1 mRNA expression was between e13 and e15, when the yolk sac reaches maximum absorptive area and the growth of the chicken embryo is at its fastest rate. However, the expression of PepT1 mRNA in the intestine was only detected in columnar enterocytes along the villus and not in goblet cells or cells in the crypts. The immunofluorescence assay confirmed that PepT1 protein was located at the brush border membrane of the enterocytes and that protein expression of PepT1 was restricted to the intestinal epithelial cells from approximately the middle to the tip of the villus. In order to identify intestinal stem cells, we used the known mammalian stem cell markers, Lgr5 and Olfm4. Both Lgr5 and Olfm4 are specifically expressed by cells in the chicken intestinal crypts, suggesting that they can be used as biomarkers for chicken intestinal stem cells. Dual labelling of PepT1 and Olfm4 mRNA on the same chicken intestinal sample revealed that there was a gap between PepT1-expressing enterocytes and Olfm4-expressing intestinal stem cells. The cells in this gap were presumably transit amplifying (TA) cells. Additionally, we also found that the TA cell zone along the intestinal villus was reduced during chicken growth. This TA cell population could be clearly detected at day of hatch and d1 posthatch but not later. The expression of SGLT1 mRNA was localized to yolk sac endodermal epithelial cells and showed a sharp increase at the end of incubation. This increase of SGLT1 mRNA coincided with the increase in glucose in the yolk, indicating that the chicken embryo needs glucose as energy for hatching. The mRNA expression profiles of various avian beta defensins have been examined by qPCR and in situ hybridization to investigate the immune function of the yolk sac and small intestine. We found that AvBD10 mRNA showed the highest expression level in the yolk sac and was expressed predominantly in the yolk sac endodermal epithelial cells. Additionally, the expression of AvBD10 mRNA showed a development-specific pattern, which increased from e9 to e11, and decreased from e13 towards day of hatch. The expression patterns of AvBD1, 2, and 7 mRNA were similar to each other. These three genes were found to be expressed by chicken heterophils distributed in the yolk sac blood islands and small intestinal blood vessels. Only a subset of heterophils, which might be activated, were able to express AvBD1, 2, and 7 mRNA. In the intestine, the expression of AvBD10 mRNA was localized to cells along the villus at e19 and day of hatch, but later to only a few cells located above the intestinal crypts. In summary, the endodermal epithelial cells are responsible for the absorptive and immune functions of the chicken yolk sac. The yolk sac mesoderm is critical for embryonic hematopoiesis and innate immunity. The chicken small intestinal epithelial cells are derived from the intestinal stem cells in the crypts. These epithelial cells have different cell types, which are functioning to absorb nutrients and secrete antimicrobial peptides. / Ph. D. / The chicken yolk sac and small intestine are connected to each other and share many biological similarities. Both chicken small intestinal and yolk sac epithelia play critical roles for nutrient absorption and immune defense. In this dissertation, the mRNA for nutrient transporters such as the peptide transporter, PepT1 and the sodium-glucose co-transporter, SGLT1 were found to be expressed by absorptive epithelial cells in both the yolk sac and small intestine. Additionally, both intestinal and yolk sac epithelial cells expressed avian beta defensins (AvBDs), which are important chicken host defense peptides. In the small intestine, there are a number of differentiated cell types that originate from stem cells in the crypt that express the known mammalian stem cell markers, Olfm4 and Lgr5 mRNA. However, in the chicken yolk sac, only the stem cell marker Lgr5 mRNA was expressed by endothelial cells. In summary, the yolk sac epithelial cells are responsible for the absorptive and immune functions for the embryonic stage. The chicken small intestinal epithelial cells are derived from the intestinal stem cells in the crypts. These epithelial cells have different cell types, which function to absorb nutrients and secrete antimicrobial peptides.