No description available.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes. / South Africa

<p>The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy&nbsp / by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from&nbsp / books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes.</p>

<p>The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy&nbsp / by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from&nbsp / books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes.</p>

Providing sanitation to poor communities entails delivering services to people that are marginalized in many aspects; the social, economic and political. The challenge to design sanitation projects that address the utmost need of the poor and are economically and environmental sound is enormous. Urine Diversion (UD) system is a sanitation technology that separates urine from human excreta. UD technology, offers potential solutions for some of the economic and ecological challenges generated by the conventional sanitation technologies. However, to make this technology work and acceptable effective sanitation approaches that work well at grassroots are required. This thesis highlights fundamental processes and principles that can help in designing and implementing effective UD sanitation projects. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / In South Africa, particularly in the Limpopo Province, the handling of human excreta and the use of human excreta for food production are still not valued and generally not acceptable. The issue of social acceptance is one of the several issues that must be tackled in order to successfully institute the practice of human waste reuse in agriculture. As such, this study explored the attitudes and perceptions towards the utilisation of urine and faeces as the alternative to chemical fertilizer in a rural agriculture in Ga-Mothapo, Polokwane Local Municipality in Limpopo. The study adopted a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data was collected using face to face interviews. A majority of the households indicated that they are not comfortable with the idea of using human excreta for agricultural purpose. According to them, it was against their cultural beliefs and it is a taboo to use the waste of human as they prefer to use animal waste instead. The health risk and environmental contamination were also highlighted by the households as weighing against the use of human excreta. Even though some respondents mentioned that using human excreta has the potential to enrich their depleted agricultural soils, and that it had the effect of reducing the cost of buying commercial fertilizers, they still felt uncomfortable using it. This study concludes by recommending that there is a need for constant intervention and awareness to address the issue of food security through ecological sanitation which will promote sustainable agriculture by providing soil with nutrients. Keywords: Ecological Sanitation, Human Excreta, Perceptions, Attitudes, Food Security

The sanitation crisis is a growing pandemic in most developing countries, globally, including in South Africa. It is exacerbated by increasing urbanization, poverty, lack of political will, poor institutional response and limited financial resources to address the increasing demands. The sanitation situation in Inanda in Durban is no different. This study examines a ‘trialogue’ of governance, sanitation and service delivery in Inanda. It investigates the approach to sanitation delivery, capturing the impact of policy implementation through the real experiences of communities in Inanda. The theorisation for this study is built on debates relating to governance as an analytical lens. It also draws on Foucault’s theory of governmentality to understand how government functions in an environment internal and external to itself to manage and distribute public resources as a service to the governed. Government employs the ‘art of governing’ through regulation and the rule of law to achieve its service delivery goals. In the delivery of sanitation in South Africa the government adopts a multi-stakeholder governance approach, requiring inter-spheral and inter-department synergy, together with cooperation from the local communities and other sectors. The predominant qualitative account of sanitation governance is achieved through utilising a case-study design as a methodological approach. The case-study design allowed the researcher to delve deeper into smaller cases employing multi-method data gathering techniques. Triangulation increased the reliability and credibility of the findings presented. The empirical investigation of this research concentrates on the experiences of local communities in Inanda, exploring the impact of policy choices for sanitation delivery. In addition, it captures the application of governance principles by practitioners to meet sanitation demands in the varying geo-spatial formations, different housing typologies and absence of bulk infrastructure in the peri-urban and rural settings in the study area. The study paid special attention to imperatives such as local governance and participation; access to basic services as a Constitutional right; access to sanitation to advance a better quality of life through adequate facilities, improved hygiene education and access to water to complement sanitation goals. The study revealed that sanitation delivery in Inanda was fraught with developmental challenges. The eThekwini Municipality’s Water and Sanitation Unit, responsible for the provision of sanitation to the communities of Inanda is challenged with increasing populations, unplanned settlements, weak institutional response to operations and maintenance, limited financial resources, inadequate integrated and spatial planning, and moving targets due to increasing demands for sanitation services in Inanda. Poor sludge management threatens environmental integrity and community health. The Municipality’s interim response to the sanitation needs of informal/unplanned settlements had little impact on user satisfaction as the high cost of infrastructure limits the quantity and quality of facilities provided. Communities find it difficult to utilise governments’ choice of sanitation facilities provided to them due to poor quality infrastructure, inadequate of maintenance and care of facilities, lack of effective sludge evacuation strategies for ventilated improved pit toilets, and inability to use and maintain the eco-san innovations instituted by the eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit. Inadequate sanitation facilities exposed communities to the hazards of crime, disease, indignity, perpetuation of poverty and discrimination as well as a perception that, approximately 18 years into the democratic era, government has failed the people, as majority of the households in Inanda still do not have their own toilet facility. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) es un enfoque de saneamiento basado en la facilitación participativa para que las comunidades rurales analicen su situación sanitaria y los riesgos de la defecación al aire libre. Así, se genera un deseo por parte de la comunidad de pasar a la acción y convertirse en un lugar libre de defecación al aire libre (ODF - open defecation free). El enfoque CLTS ha demostrado ser más efectivo que enfoques pasados y se ha expandido rápidamente por todo el mundo. En la India, donde se concentran más de la mitad de los defecadores al aire libre del mundo, el CLTS se enfrenta a ciertas dificultades, principalmente debido a la incompatibilidad con la campaña de saneamiento del gobierno indio, pero existen algunas áreas dónde sí ha podido ser introducido con cierto éxito. Por otro lado, existen evidencias de comunidades ¿tanto en India como en otros lugares¿ que vuelven a defecar al aire libre después de haber sido declaradas ODF. Esto plantea preguntas importantes en relación a la sostenibilidad de los resultados del CLTS. Para arrojar luz sobre estas cuestiones, esta tesis pretende explorar cómo contribuyó la introducción del CLTS en Madhya Pradesh (MP) y Himachal Pradesh (HP) al saneamiento sostenible, teniendo en cuenta tanto el proceso político que determinó la intervención en lo local, como losmecanismos a través de los que dicha intervención contribuyó al saneamiento sostenible. Para ello, utilizo un marco analítico inspirado en el Pathways Approach, donde la sostenibilidad es entendida desde una perspectiva dinámica y nomativa (que se mantenga el estatus ODF con mayor justicia social) y donde se da relevancia a los procesos políticos entorno a la sostenibilidad, incluyendo narrativas, agentes e intereses políticos. Utilizo tres casos de estudio: Khandwa district (MP), Mandi district (HP) y Budni block (MP). La metodología es predominantemente cualitativa, basada en entrevistas a todos los niveles administrativos y en trabajo de campo intensivo, incluyendo visitas cortas a múltiples comunidades y estudios en profundidad en una comunidad en cada caso de estudio. Las evidencias varían para cada caso. En Khandwa district, el CLTS fue introducido en 2007. Pero debido a la presión por parte del estado (MP) para conseguir premios de saneamiento y los intereses creados a nivel local, se acabó utilizando un enfoque mixto, con herramientas participativas del CLTS, pero basado en la construcción de letrinas subsidiadas. El desigual progreso inicial no se mantuvo, y muchas familias volvieron a defecar al aire libre al cabo de un tiempo. Las principales causas fueron la falta de apropiación, la baja calidad de construcción y la falta de interés tras la obtención de los premios y el traslado administrativo de quienes lideraron la introducción del CLTS. En Mandi district, con una política estatal (HP) favorable y el apoyo de una ONG local, autoridades motivadas con el saneamiento iniciaron en 2006 una campaña inspirada en los principios del CLTS, pero usando teatro comunitario y visitas puerta a puerta en lugar de las herramientas del CLTS. El uso de letrinas creció radicalmente y se ha mantenido, cambiando la percepción social sobre el saneamiento. En Budni block (MP), un impulsor del CLTS se convirtió en máxima autoridad administrativa del bloque. Su experiencia y el apoyo de UNICEF contrarrestaron intereses opuestos y permitieron la puesta en marcha a finales de 2010 de una campaña coherente con el CLTS. Se realizaron facilitaciones en numerosas comunidades, que formaron comités de saneamiento para hacer sus comunidades ODF. Aunque aún en una fase inicial, se pudo observar que la campaña estaba contribuyendo al cambio de comportamiento colectivo en una parte considerable de las comunidades. Cabe extraer una serie de conclusiones a partir de estas evidencias. En primer lugar, la campaña de saneamiento de la India se implementa de forma vertical y sin tener en cuenta la demanda local, en contra de las directrices oficiales. Esto se debe a intereses de distintos actores: clientelismo político, inercia tecnocrática o rendición de cuentas mal orientada. Todo ello afecta también al CLTS, haciendo complicada su introducción a escala: los intereses opuestos pueden dar lugar a enfoques mixtos y resultados pobres. Pero cuando los agentes que impulsan el CLTS tienen el poder y el compromiso suficientes, son capaces de lograr intervenciones coherentes, con sobresalientes resultados. Lo que hace que las intervenciones sean exitosas es que las comunidades se apropien del problema del saneamiento, trabajen en comités para acabar con la defecación al aire libre y logren hacer prevalecer la perspectiva colectiva sobre el saneamiento. La facilitación mediante CLTS ¿pero también otras herramientas basadas en las emociones, como el teatro comunitario¿ pueden movilizar a un grupo de personas para formar un comité. Sin embargo, se trata solo de un primer paso dentro del largo y difícil proceso de cambiar la perspectiva social de saneamiento, por lo que dicho comité necesitará un apoyo adecuado. Además, las comunidades suelen presentar diversidad y fuertes brechas sociales, faltando pues un sentimiento de unidad. Así, la inclusión de todos los grupos en la facilitación y en los comités se convierte en un elemento crucial para alcanzar a toda la comunidad. De la misma manera, no se puede dar por descontado que las familias más necesitadas vayan a recibir ayuda de otras familias, sino que se deberá promover. Finalmente, se ha observado que por falta de apoyo técnico existen de diseños de letrina ineficientes que afectan a la sostenibilidad y pueden provocar riesgos sanitarios. En cualquier caso, cuando la perspectiva colectiva de saneamiento se asienta en una comunidad, muchos de los desafíos que aparecen reciben una respuesta adecuada. / Hueso González, A. (2013). Pathways to Sustainability in Community-Led Total Sanitation. Experiences from Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31520

The provision of adequate sanitation is an essential service. In terms of schedule 4B of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 108 of 1996 (the Constitution), such provision is a function of local government. It falls within the developmental mandate of local government in that it is a basic service that contributes to the quality of people’s lives. However, the lack of access to adequate sanitation is a problem in South Africa, as roughly 17 million people are still without access to improved sanitation. This lack has a detrimental impact on people’s lives and merits an enquiry into the role of local government in providing such services. In this study, the legal mandate of local government in relation to sanitation is explored from an environmental justice perspective, as access to sanitation is an environmental issue. Although there is no explicit constitutional right to sanitation, it is argued that such a right is implicitly recognised by means of the provision of other rights in the Constitution, legislation and policy documents. The study further unpacks the mechanisms and instruments available to municipalities to enable them to achieve the objectives of environmental justice when providing sanitation services. The urban and rural landscape in South Africa have different features, and the people who live in them have different needs. For this reason the features and challenges of urban and rural municipalities are discussed separately, thus establishing the different approaches that urban and rural municipalities might have to follow in the provision of sanitation services. The study concludes with recommendations and the identification of the various governance tools that municipalities may use in order to realise the right to sanitation whilst achieving the objectives of environmental justice. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The provision of adequate sanitation is an essential service. In terms of schedule 4B of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 108 of 1996 (the Constitution), such provision is a function of local government. It falls within the developmental mandate of local government in that it is a basic service that contributes to the quality of people’s lives. However, the lack of access to adequate sanitation is a problem in South Africa, as roughly 17 million people are still without access to improved sanitation. This lack has a detrimental impact on people’s lives and merits an enquiry into the role of local government in providing such services. In this study, the legal mandate of local government in relation to sanitation is explored from an environmental justice perspective, as access to sanitation is an environmental issue. Although there is no explicit constitutional right to sanitation, it is argued that such a right is implicitly recognised by means of the provision of other rights in the Constitution, legislation and policy documents. The study further unpacks the mechanisms and instruments available to municipalities to enable them to achieve the objectives of environmental justice when providing sanitation services. The urban and rural landscape in South Africa have different features, and the people who live in them have different needs. For this reason the features and challenges of urban and rural municipalities are discussed separately, thus establishing the different approaches that urban and rural municipalities might have to follow in the provision of sanitation services. The study concludes with recommendations and the identification of the various governance tools that municipalities may use in order to realise the right to sanitation whilst achieving the objectives of environmental justice. / LLM, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015