Using the G8 countries’ (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States) samples from the 2003 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this study aimed to explore the phenomenon of double jeopardy in mathematics achievement for socially disadvantaged students. Double jeopardy is a situation of dual penalties where coming from low socioeconomic status (SES) families and attending low SES schools results in concurrent penalties at both the student level and school level in mathematics achievement. This study examined the phenomenon of double jeopardy in the G8 countries across four school locations: rural regions, towns, cities, and metropolitan areas. This study also examined four separate definitions of socioeconomic status in order to determine the effectiveness of each definition. The four definitions corresponded to four SES measures utilized in this study: father’s SES, mother’s SES, family occupation SES, and combined family SES. Multilevel analysis with students nested within schools indicated that significant double jeopardy effects varied according to SES measure, school location, and country. However, the majority of the double jeopardy effects across all the variables were large in magnitude. Furthermore, the combined family SES and the metropolitan school location were often the most sensitive SES measure and school location, respectively, to double jeopardy in the G8 countries.

本研究旨在探討國民中學學習型組織與學校效能。首先，蒐集有關學習型組織、學校效能的相關文獻，加以研究。其次，提出研究架構，再以「國民中學學習型組織與學校校能調查問卷」為研究工具。 然後以桃園縣之公私立國民中學（含公私立高中附設國中部）教師為研究母群體，以分層隨機抽樣抽取45學校發出問卷450份，回收421份，回收率達93.56%，有效問卷393份，有效回收率為87.33%。所得資料以描述性統計、t-考驗、單因子變異數分析、積差相關等統計方法進行資料分析，再就研究結果分別加以討論。 根據問卷調查結果，獲致以下結論： ㄧ、國民中學教師之絕學習型組織與學校效能之現況屬中高程度。 二、國民中學教師對學習型組織之知覺因學校歷史、學校規模之不同 而有顯著差異。 三、國民中學教師對學校效能之知覺因年齡、性別、學校歷史、學校 所在地區、學校規模之不同而有顯著差異。 四、國民中學學習型組織與學校效能之間有顯著相關。 根據研究結論，提出以下建議： ㄧ、對桃園縣政府教育行政主管機關之建議 （一）定期舉辦學習型組織專業知能之教育訓練與研習活動，增 進教育人員對學習型組織與學校效能的正確認知，以提昇 教育品質。 （二）合理調整學校班級規模，讓國民中學學校規模朝中型學校 發展。 （三）補助偏遠學校的軟硬體設施，及補助清寒貧困學生，留住 教師，盡心盡力投入教學，以提升偏遠學校教育品質。 二、對學校、校長的建議 （一）建議國民中學校長善用教師特性、學校特性，營造符合學 校發展特色的學習型組織。 （二）善用資深教師經驗及其能力，指導、協助資淺或新進教師， 達到傳承優良班級經營與教學效果。 （三）學校應積極營造成為學習型組織，校長除以身作則參與 外，更應鼓勵與帶動同仁：建立共同願景、團隊學習、改 善心智模式、自我超越、系統思考，以提升同仁專業能力， 提升學校效能。 （四）衡量學校歷史、社區特性與特色，發展適應當地人文色彩、 地方特色的學校教育。 （五）從「系統思考」、「自我超越」、「建立共同願景」型塑學 校學習型組織，提高學校行政效能。 三、對教師的建議 （一）教師們應運用「建立共同願景」、「團隊學習」、「改善 心智模式」、「自我超越」、「系統思考」，以提升班級 經營與學校效能。 （二）年資淺或新進教師能夠向資深有經驗之教師虛心請教，並 多參加活動與研習進修，以提升專業知能。 （三）教師應追求自我超越，參與團隊學習，改善心智模式，以加 強教學效能 四、對未來研究的建議 對研究對象、研究方法及研究工具提出未來研究之參考。 / A Study of the Relationships between Learning Organization and School Effectiveness in Junior High School - Using Taoyuan County as Example Advisor：Min-Ju ching ,PH.d. Author：Jung-kun wen Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between learning organization and school effectiveness in Junior High School. First,relevant literature on learningorganization and school effectiveness was collected,investigated, and analyzed.Next, the framework of the research was devised,“Questionnaire of the Investigation of Learning Organization and school effectiveness in Junior High School ”- was developed accrodingly. Then, Junior High School teacher were used as research population, from which 450 teacher in 45 schools were randomly sampled as research subjects. 393 copies of the 421 guestionnaires issued were returned, among which 393 copies were valid. The returning ratio was 87.33%.After questionnaires were collected, statistics methods, such as descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson,s product-moment correlation,were used to analyze the research data. Conclusions of this study are as follows： （1）Junior High School teacher situation are in the high-intermediary level. （2）Respondent show different perception on Learning Organization due to the differences of history of school,and scale of school. （3）Respondent show different perception on school effectiveness due to the differences of sex, age, history of school,region of school and scale of school. （4）There are significant relationships existed among learning organization and school effectiveness. Suggestions based on the above con clusions are proposed To the educational administration agencies,the junior high schools, teachers,and future studies.

本研究旨在瞭解北區公私立高中校長策略領導與學校效能之現況，並分析校長人口變項、教育人員人口變項、學校環境變項在校長策略領導以及學校效能的差異情形，最後探討校長策略領導與學校效能之關係。 本研究以問卷調查法為主，半結構式訪談為輔。問卷調查法以自編「高中校長策略領導與學校效能調查問卷」（內含學校基本資料、校長策略領導量表與學校效能量表）為工具，並依問卷調查歸納相關的問題，設計並確定訪談大綱，做為訪談的依據，實地訪談公私立高中校長各1位，以確認問卷設計之方向，並藉由整理訪談文字資料、編碼歸類整理，以綜合問卷調查與訪談資料，進行研究結果的分析與討論。修正後問卷以臺北市、臺北縣、基隆市、桃園縣、新竹市、新竹縣之公私立高中教育人員為研究對象，分層隨機抽取30所學校，共發出問卷467份，回收458份，有效問卷458份。所得資料以描述性統計、ｔ考驗、單因子變異數分析與Scheffé事後比較、Pearson’s積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料分析。研究結論如下： 壹、北區公私立高中教育人員知覺校長策略領導與學校效能之現況，屬良好程度。 貳、在校長人口變項中，校長不同學歷與服務年資在校長策略領導表現無顯著不同，而校長不同性別與不同年齡則有差異，其中以男性優於女性，「36～45歲」優於「46～55歲」及「56歲以上」。 參、在教育人員人口變項中，不同性別、年齡、年資在校長策略領導表現無顯著不同，不同職務則有差異，以「主任或秘書」及「組長」表現較佳。 肆、在學校環境變項中不同位置、規模、類別、屬性對校長策略領導之表現均有差異，以「61班以上」、「直轄市」、「私立」、「普通高中」表現佳。 伍、在校長人口變項中，教育人員對校長不同性別在學校效能覺知上並無差異，而不同學歷、服務年資、年齡有差異，以「36～45歲」、「5年以下」及「31年以上」、「碩士四十學分」及「博士」表現較優。 陸、在教育人員人口變項中，不同性別在學校效能覺知上並無差異，而不同年齡、年資、職務則有差異，以「56歲以上」及「46-55歲」、「5年以下」及「21-30年」、「主任或秘書」及「組長」表現較優。 柒、在學校環境變項中，不同位置、規模、類別、屬性對學校效能之表現均有差異，以「41-60班」及「61班以上」、「直轄市」、「私立」、「綜合高中」之表現較佳。 捌、高中校長策略領導與學校效能之間，有顯著的正相關。 玖、北區公私立高中校長策略領導對學校效能具有預測力。 最後依據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以作為高中校長、教育行政機關、以及未來研究的參考。 / This study aims to investigate the current development of the public and personal principal’s strategic leadership and school effectiveness and to analyze the differences in teachers’ and principals’ personal variables and school environmental variables concerning principals’ strategic leadership and school effectiveness in north area. Finally, it explores the relationship between principal’s strategic leadership and school effectiveness. This study employs the research method of questionnaire surveys and semi structured interviews. The survey is used in the study, including the school database, principal’s strategic leadership questionnaire and school effectiveness questionnaire. The frame of the interview questions was designed according to the findings from the questionnaire. Two principals, each from the public and personal senior school, were interviewed to clarify and extend the findings of the survey. Then, the data retrieved from questionnaires and interviews were compiled, categorized, synthesized and analyzed. The revised questionnaires are studied by the teachings who work in the public and personal senior high school of Taipei City, Taipei County, Keelung City, Taoyuan County, Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County. Then, use random sampling way to select thirty senior schools. 467 subjects are randomly selected, 458 questionnaires were returned, and there are 458 questionnaires were valid. Valid sample data was analyzed and processed using the methods of description statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé posteriori comparison, Pearson’s product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regressions. Following is the summary of the study: 1. The awareness of the strategic of principals and school effectiveness in north area are in good condition. 2. In the variable of principals’ personnel, there is no significant difference in the principal’s strategic leadership in terms of principals’ seniority, and educational background. But there are some differences in terms of principals’ gender and age. The male is better than the female, and the age between 36 – 45 years old are better than 46-55 years old and above 56 years old. 3. In the teaching’s group, there’s no significant difference in the principal’s strategic leadership in terms of gender, age, and seniority. While there are some differences in terms of position. The chief of department, secretaries and section leader are above average. 4. There are significant differences in the principal’s strategic leadership from schools of different scales. Over 61 classes, in the metropolitan, private owned and ordinary senior high schools got better scores. 5. There is no significant difference in the principal’s strategic leadership in terms of gender. There are significant differences in terms of principals’ educational background, seniority and age to the school effectiveness, and the age between 36-45 years old, under 5 years experiences, over 31 years experiences, master degree and above got better scores. 6. In the teaching’s group, there is no significant difference in the recognition of school effectiveness in terms of gender. While there are significant differences in terms of age, seniority, and position. The age between 46-55 years old and above, under 5 years experiences, between 21-30 years experiences, chief of department, secretaries, section leader got better scores. 7. There are some differences in the school effectiveness from schools of different scales. 41-60 classes and above, in the metropolitan, private owned and compound senior high schools got better scores. 8. It shows significant positive correlation between principal’s strategic leadership and school effectiveness. 9. Principal’s strategic leadership of the public and personal senior high schools in north area demonstrates the predictability of the school effectiveness. This study is finalized at proposing practical suggestions based on the findings and conclusions to educational administration authorities, senior high school principals, educators and faculty for further study and reference.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The case study examines the outcomes of a process of re-structuring, renewal and cultural change in a school undergoing transformation from a senior high school to a middle school. The research investigates the impact of school improvement initiatives on the school and classroom culture and learning environment after 12 to 18 months of reform implementation.The research approach is a developmental mixed method investigation utilising quantitative and qualitative data collection procedures. The study proceeded through two stages: Quantitative surveying of students and parents prior to the implementation of school improvement initiatives; and quantitative and qualitative surveying of students and parents after 12 and 18 months, respectively, of reform implementation and application of the treatment.Evidence of change in the college and classroom culture and learning environment was evident after twelve months. The case study identified that students and parents identified changes in a number of elements of the classroom culture and learning environment. These included improvements in home-school communications, involvement in classroom planning and organization, relationships between teachers and students, school culture and evidence of pedagogical change. The research also identified that change had not occurred in the attainment of student learning outcomes, educational values and parent confidence to assist students in their learning.It became apparent that change in the organisational culture had occurred within the first 12 to 18 months. However, change to the deeper cultural dimensions of educational values and student learning outcomes were less in evidence.

This dissertation presents the results of a study to assess the impact of a stress management, a self-development, and a relaxation technique on the quality of school life and attendance of 448 Year 5 and 6 students in 16 classes at 4 Lower Hunter Valley primary schools in New South Wales, Australia, in 2000. The importance of contextualising student quality of school life as a key indicator of school effectiveness and measure of school improvement is also argued. The Quality of School Life questionnaire (Ainley & Bourke, 1992) scales were used pre- and post- intervention as indicators of student perception of aspects of their school life including stressful and satisfying elements. Various student, teacher, and class contextual variables were also investigated. Overall, the interventions implemented in this study appeared to have had some small impact on student quality of school life, student absence, teacher stress, teacher satisfaction, and teacher absence. Of particular interest are the apparent differential effects of some of the interventions for: teachers and students, classes, schools, and, at least in part, the effectiveness of the implementation of the interventions. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed while implications including the apparent importance of positive peer relationships and an exciting and enjoyable curriculum in ensuring students have a high quality of school life are described. In the broader context of school effectiveness and school improvement, it is hoped that further investigation will be undertaken of the intervention strategies explored and refined in this study, and perhaps other strategies intended to enhance student quality of school life. In particular, interventions are needed that facilitate the establishment of classroom environments where students and teachers want to be, where educational outcomes are enhanced, and students are led to a broader life experience. / PhD Doctorate

The purpose of this study is to investigate if cultural backgrounds affect how staff from Scandinavian international schools view school development. The study is based on the alternative hypothesis that cultural backgrounds affect school development. A survey was sent to seven Scandinavian international schools with questions designed to detect the views respondents have on school development based on the two most prominent school development perspectives; school improvement and school effectiveness. I investigated and analyzed respondents’ views about their own development work at their school today and what they would like it to look like. In addition, I examined what processes and standards they considered important when engaged in school development work. Also, I wanted to see if there were any differences in views depending on where the respondents had had their higher education, were born, or if years spent in Scandinavia had influenced their views. The results indicated that it is not statistically likely that respondents’ cultural backgrounds affect their views on school development. There could be many reasons for this outcome but since these have not been studied, I can only speculate. One reason could be that the majority of the respondents have spent more than ten years in Scandinavia which might have homogenized the respondents’ views on school development.  Another reason could be that the majority of the respondents come or have had their higher education in either an English speaking country or in Scandinavia.

The level of increased central government that we have experienced during the last decades in school, for the purpose of increasing equality and to adapt the Swedish school to a certain international standard, clearly shows that increased control scarcely leads to improvement. The aim of this paper is to examine whether teachers believe that national tests contribute to equivalent assessment and increased goal attainment. Furthermore the teachers’ attitude towards and work with national tests is described. The paper is written from a school improvement perspective, where good examples from current research on what creates increased quality in school meaning increased goal attainment and equivalent assessment are related to research on school effectiveness and increased testing in schools. The study builds upon a quantitative survey among teachers in upper primary - and secondary school in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden. The result shows that the teachers have a somewhat more positive than negative attitude towards national tests, as a whole. The teachers use the tests in their instruction and they are a part of their planning. The advantages mentioned are the possibilities of showing off good examples, making the curriculum concrete, prepare the students for the test and get guidelines and support in assessment and grading. The teachers in the survey don’t consider the tests giving a full image of the abilities of a student nor do they consider the tests themselves relevant for the student’s learning. The result also shows a certain variation in the attitude of the teachers. Teachers, who have worked the longest period of time, more than 20 years, are those with the best attitude towards the test and their ability to contribute to increased goal attainment and equivalent assessment. Teachers who have worked the shortest period of time are the most skeptical to the positive effects of the tests. The teachers generally consider the tests contributing to equivalent assessment to some degree, but have the least positive stance toward the ability of the tests leading to improved quality meaning increased learning and goal attainment.

本研究旨在探討桃園縣國民小學校長空間領導與學校效能之現況與差異，以及空間領導與學校效能之關係。本研究以問卷調查進行，以「永續校園推廣計畫」、「Innoschool 全國學校經營創新獎（校園環境美化組）」、「活化校園閒置空間總體計畫」之桃園縣96至101年之國民小學空間校園營造獲獎或受補助學校共計31所學校，以及隨機抽樣未獲上述獎項學校31所，共計62所學校之840位教職人員為受試者，回收問卷733份，有效問卷708份，回收率87%，可用率84%。調查結果以獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、多元迴歸分析等進行資料分析並提出若干建議，研究結論如下： 一、桃園縣國民小學教職人員知覺校長空間領導為中高程度，以「以空間領導體　 　　現教育意境」之知覺程度為最高，依序為、「以空間領導提升行政效能」、「以　 　　空間領導帶動課程發展」、「以空間領導激發教學創新」、「以空間領導拓展社 　　區關係」與「以空間領導豐富學習資源」。 二、桃園縣國民小學教職人員知覺學校效能為中高程度，以「社區認同」之知覺　 　　程度為最高，依序為「教師教學」、「行政品質」、「學生表現」與「環境營造」。 三、桃園縣國民小學教職人員以男性、擔任校長職務、年齡在41至50歲、學歷在 研究所以上、服務年資在21年以上、學校規模在19至36班、獲獎學校之教職 人員知覺「校長空間領導」的程度較高。 四、桃園縣國民小學教職人員以男性、擔任校長職務、年齡在41至50歲、學歷在 研究所以上、服務年資在21年以上之教職人員知覺「學校效能」的程度較高。 五、桃園縣國民小學校長空間領導與學校效能有顯著正相關，校長空間領導越 高，學校效能也越佳。 六、桃園縣國民小學校長空間領導對學校效能有顯著的預測力，以「以空間領導 豐富學習資源」對學校效能最有預測力。

學校公共關係的經營影響學校效能的成效，為瞭解二者的現況，及彼此間關係，乃從事本研究。本研究以問卷調查法進行研究，抽取101學年度新北市78所國中教師做為研究對象，問卷共發出906份，回收671份，回收率74.06％。所得資料以描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析(one-way ANOVA)與薛費法（Scheffe）、Tamhane T2 進行事後比較以及皮爾森積差相關分析(Pearson Correlation)等統計方法來進行資料分析。歸納研究結果獲致如下結論： 一、新北市國民中學學校公共關係屬「中上」程度表現 各層面中以「資訊傳遞」層面表現最佳，其餘依次為「成果回饋」、「意見互動」、「物質支援」、「行動參與」，以「資源分享」最難表現。 二、新北市國民中學學校效能屬「中上」程度表現 各層面中以「行政領導溝通」層面表現最佳，其餘依次為「社區認同參與」、「環境設備規劃」、「學校組織氣氛」、「教師教學輔導」，以「學生學習表現」最難表現。 三、不同背景變項的教師在學校公共關係的看法上並無顯著差異。 四、不同背景變項的教師在學校效能的差異情形 (一) 不同性別、現任職務、服務年資的教師，對於學校效能看法上，並無顯著差異。 （二）不同最高學歷的教師在學校效能看法有顯著差異，最高學歷為師範院校的教師顯著高於研究所。 （三）不同學校規模的教師在學校效能看法上有顯著差異，25至48班顯著高於73班以上。 五、新北市國民中學整體學校公共關係與學校效能具有高度相關，且為正相關，其相關係數為.730。 依據研究結果，提供國中校長、教育主管機關、未來研究者幾點建議做為參考 / What this study aimed at was to understand the current situation of school public relation and school effectiveness in junior high school of New Taipei City and the correlation between them. Questionnaire survey is used as the research method in this study. 906 samples were delivered to teachers of 78 junior high schools in New Taipei City, among them were 671 retrieved valid. The collected data were analyzed by Descriptive Statistical Analysis, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson’s product-moment correlation. The analysis of the data revealed the following conclusions: 1.The performance of the school public relation in junior high schools of New Taipei City is above middle degree. Among the performance aspects, “information transmission” ranked first, followed by “feedback, exchange of ideas, material support, participation and resource sharing”. 2. The performance of the school effectiveness in junior high schools of New Taipei City is above middle degree. Among the performance aspects, “administrative communication” ranked first, followed by “commnity participation, facility planning, organizational climate of school, teachers’ teaching and counseling, and students’ learning expresses”. 3.Teachers with various backgrounds were no significant difference on school public relation. 4.Teachers with various backgrounds were different in school effectiveness. (1) No significance was found in opionions of teachers with different genders, current positions and working seniority. (2) Significance was found in opionions of teachers with different educational background. Teachers graduating from normal universities bore greater significance than those graduating from graduate schools. (3) Significance was found in opionions of teachers with different school sizes. Schools with 25 to 48 classes bore greater significance than schools with more than 73 classes. 5. A highly positive correlation exists in the school public relation and school effectiveness in junior high school of New Taipei City. The Correlation is .730. According to the results of the study,some suggestions are offered to junior high school principals,educational authorities,and future researchers.