Supervisory control and data acquisition systems are extensively used in the critical infrastructure domain for controlling and managing large-scale industrial applications. This thesis presents a security management structure developed to protect ICS networks from security intrusions. This structure is formed by a combination of several modules for monitoring system-utilization parameters, data processing, detection of known attacks, forensic analysis to support against unknown attacks, estimation of control system-specific variables, and launch of appropriate protection methods. The best protection method to launch in case of an attack is chosen by a multi-criteria analysis controller based on operational costs and efficiency. A time-series ARIMA model is utilized to estimate the future state of the system and to protect it against cyber intrusions. Signature and performance based detection techniques assist in real-time identification of attacks with little or no human intervention. Simulation results for Scanning, Denial of Service and Injection attacks are provided.

Research supports the notion that sexual and physical assault history is associated with the use of self-protective strategies. One shortcoming in this area of research is the reliance on dichotomous (yes-no) measures of assault as opposed to number of experiences. The aim of this study was to determine if the number of sexual and physical assaults experienced is associated with self-protection behaviors, controlling for general safety concerns. Women (N = 293) completed measures of sexual and physical assault, self-protective behaviors, fear, and safety concerns using a web based survey. Contrary to expectations, sexual and physical assault (and the interactive effect of these variables) were not related to self-protective behaviors. However, safety concerns and overall fear were positively associated with the use of self-protective behaviors. These findings have implications for the creation of interventions aimed at victims of crime.

When people are asked to compare themselves to others, they frequently engage in self-enhancement. Further, prior work has shown that when engaging in self-enhancement, people tend to downplay how often they engage in negative behaviors to a greater extent than they highlight how often they engage in positive behaviors. Interestingly, the opposite pattern is shown for traits: people highlight their positive traits to a greater extent than they downplay their negative traits. In the current work, we examined direct and indirect social comparisons for sets of health, eating, social, and moral dimensions. Across our first 7 studies, we demonstrated that people downplayed negative aspects of the self to a greater extent than they highlighted positive aspects of the self when the aspect was not self-relevant, while people showed little to no preference for downplaying negative aspects of the self relative to highlighting positive aspects of the self when the aspect was self-relevant. In Study 8, we demonstrated that this pattern is partially mediated by recall of feedback about the average other student, but not by recall of one’s self-standing. Together these findings integrate the different patterns of self-enhancement shown for behaviors and traits by demonstrating that differences in the self-relevance of the dimension may be the best cue as to whether people are most likely to self-enhance by downplaying negatives or emphasizing positives. / 10000-01-01

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[pt] O direito de retenção é a faculdade assegurada ao credor de uma relação jurídica de reter uma coisa a outrem devida até a satisfação de um crédito ao qual faz jus em decorrência de benfeitorias nela introduzidas. Em outras palavras, trata-se de uma causa legítima para a recusa da restituição da coisa ao seu legítimo titular, com o consequente prolongamento da posse para além do momento em que deveria cessar. Todavia, a temática é objeto de tratamento assistemático e desconexo no direito brasileiro, com resquícios da tipificação criminal do uso arbitrário das próprias razões. Propõe-se, portanto, um exame do instituto tendo o artigo 1.219 do Código Civil como a base principiológica, sobretudo com relação à subjetividade da boa-fé indicada pelo legislador, buscando-se identificar a possibilidade de aplicabilidade do instituto para além dos formalismos apriorísticos e dogmatismos históricos e como forma de autotutela. / [en] The right of retention is the faculty granted to the creditor of a legal relationship to retain something owed to its rightful owner until the satisfaction of a credit due to improvements introduced therein. In other words, it is a legitimate reason of refusal of return the thing to its rightful owner, with the consequent prolongation of possession beyond the moment that should cease. However, the matter is subject to unsystematic and disjointed treatment in Brazilian law, with traces of the criminal typification of arbitrary use of own reasons. Therefore, an examination of the institute is proposed, with Article 1,219 of the Brazilian Civil Code as the principled basis, specially related to the subjectivity of good faith indicated by the legislator, seeking to identify the possibility of applying the institute beyond aprioristic formalisms and historical dogmatisms and as and as a self-protection form.

The present study aims to contribute to insurance sector by investigating the risk reduction mechanisms: self-insurance, self-protection, and market insurance. First, individual valuations/demands for these mechanisms in fire and earthquake events are analyzed through conducting an experiment to 78 students from Middle East Technical University In addition, the effects of risk attitude, personality traits, and demographic variables (that are measured through using a questionnaire) on valuations to these precautionary actions&rsquo / are examined. The findings show that, consistent with the theory, self-insurance and market insurance are substitutes to each other / contrary to the theory, self-protection and market insurance are not complements, they are also substitutes to each other. Further, individuals prefer self-protection and self-insurance to market insurance for both fire and earthquake events. Lastly, individual investment attitude is found to affect the valuations of these three risk reduction mechanisms positively concluding that people perceive these mechanisms as an investment tool.

We re-examine the classic problem of risk aversion and self-protection in this paper. In the beginning of this paper, we conduct comparative statics of risk aversion and prevention efforts based on the mono-periodic two states model of choice under risk. We show this new condition is effective with self-insurance-cum-protection model (Lee, 1998), in which the decision maker's activities to prevent the risk can sever both as self-insurance and self-protection. We suggest a new condition that increased risk aversion induces more prevention activities. This new condition requires only one assumption concerning fear of ruin coefficient, marginal effect of SICP activity on probability and marginal cost of SICP activity. By applying interval dominance order (Quah and Strulovici,2009), we find that a decision maker will exert higher level of SICP activity if he becomes more risk averse, under the condition that his hazard rate is higher than the 'boldness' coefficient (Aumann and Kurz,1977). This new condition is effective even when the optimal level for SICP activity is not interior solution. With our method, the assumption, that optimal solution is interior, is not necessary and marginal utility functions do not need to be monotonic on the interval [0, w0]. Based on this, the optimal solution can be corner solution or inflection point solution. And the DM's attitude towards risk can be variable. Hence, the relation suggested by our findings is more consistent with real world situations.

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No / Aims This paper aims to explore and describe how qualified nurses working with in, in-patient surgical areas cope with the daily experiences they are exposed to. It has long been recognised that many aspects of nursing work can result in high levels of stress, with negative consequences for the individual nurse and patient care. Difficulties in coping with nursing work can also result in burnout, as well as raising concerns about cognitive dissonance, emotional labour and the use of emotional barriers. Why some nurses are more prone to experience these phenomena than others, is unclear. Method A descriptive qualitative approach is taken using a purposive, theoretically congruent sample of 16 qualified registered nurses all of whom participated in a semi-structured interview during 2002. All interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim and then analysed using the four stages outlined by Morse and Field [Morse, J.M., Field, P.A., 1996. Nursing Research: The Application of Qualitative Approaches. Chapman & Hall, London]. Findings Three key themes emerged from analysis; relationships with patients, being a person and the effect of experience. All three interlink to describe a process whereby the individual switches off from the environment around them by adopting a working persona which is different but related to their own personal persona and is beneficially enhanced as a consequence of experience. Conclusion Working as a nurse results in exposure to potentially distressing and stressful events from which it is important to protect the self. Participants in this study achieve protection by the development of a working persona which facilitates switching off and is beneficially enhanced by experience.