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Le but de cette étude était de vérifier l'impact de deux programmes spécifiques d'entraînement de la force, la pliométrie et la musculation, sur l'amélioration de l'économie à la course et sur l'explosivité chez les joueurs de soccer à la période de compétition. À cet égard, 12 sujets adultes, âgés en moyenne de 22,25±2.65 ont été invités à participer à l'étude. Ils étaient répartis aléatoirement en deux groupes de 6 joueurs. Au cours de l'étude 4 joueurs, deux de chaque groupe, ont abandonné due à la contraction de blessures pendant les matchs du championnat universitaire. Pour nos analyses, nous avons pris seulement les résultats des 8 joueurs qui ont passé toutes les étapes de l'étude. Le premier groupe était soumis à un entraînement de pliométrie, le deuxième groupe a subi un .entraînement sur des appareils de musculation classiques. Chaque groupe s'est entraîné 2 fois par semaine à raison de deux heures par séance pour une période de 6 semaines. Afin de déterminer l'effet de chacune des deux conditions d'entraînement, nous avons mesuré la vo2 à 90% de la VMA, sur un tapis roulant, pendant 4 minutes et nous avons pris le volume d'oxygène consommé pendant la dernière minute comme référence à l'économie à la course. L'explosivité a été mesuré par deux tests de détente verticale, le SJ et le CMJ en utilisant le myotest. Les variables présentées sont la hauteur du saut en cm, la vélocité en cm/s, la puissance en w/kg et la force en N/kg. Également nous avons mesuré la vitesse de déplacement par le test de sprint sur 10 et 20 mètres. La qualité de course à haute intensité intermittente a été mesurée par le yoyo intermittent test 2 (YYIRT2). La lactatémie était mesurée après une minute du test sous maximal. Ces tests étaient faits une semaine avant l'étude et une semaine après. Pour la quantification et l'analyse des données, un modèle groupes (témoin vs expérimental) par tests avec mesures répétées sur les tests, c'est-à-dire un modèle factoriel avec blocs réduits (Kirk, 1992) fût appliqué afin de soulever les différences significatives entre le groupe témoin et le groupe expérimental. Les résultats ne montrent aucune différence significative pour les deux groupes (PRE vs POST), et ni entre les deux groupes (POST Pliométrie vs POST musculation). La détente verticale, SJ (F=0.937, p=0.370) pour les deux groupes (PRE SJ vs POST SJ) et entre les deux groupes, POST Pliométrie vs POST musculation (F=0.022, p=0.888). CMJ (F=0.00, p=0.994) pour les deux groupes et (F=0.856, p=0.391) entre les deux groupes, POST Pliométrie vs POST musculation. La vitesse sur 10 m, entre les groupes avant l'entraînement (PRE) n'est pas significative (F=0.98 p=0.765) et pour les deux groupes de même (F=0.295, p=0.606). Pour la vitesse sur 20 m (F=1.752, p=0.234) pour les deux groupes (pliométrie vs musculation) et entre les deux groupes (F=0.34, p=0.860). Concernant la lactatémie, pour les deux groupes (pliométrie vs musculation) (F=0.028, p=0.872) et entre les deux groupes, POST Pliométrie vs POST musculation (F=0.316, p=0.594). Les valeurs du yoyo test post entraînement (POST) atteintes n'étaient pas significativement élevées (F=13.112, p=0.011) pour les deux groupes (pliométrie vs musculation) et ni entre les deux groupes (F=0.565, p=0.481). Les valeurs post entraînement (POST) atteintes de la vo2 étaient significativement plus élevées (F=12.590, p=0.012) pour les deux groupes et non pas entre les deux groupes (F=0.584, p=0.474). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent d'éviter de faire un programme de renforcement musculaire intense à la période de la compétition chez les joueurs de soccer. Et cela en regardant les exigences physiques de la discipline afin d'éviter l'effet de la fatigue sur les résultats recueillis. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : pliométrie, musculation, économie à la course, explosivité, soccer

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, at the Durban University Of Technology, 2008. / Objectives: To determine a profile of soccer injuries prevalent in amateur Indoor and Outdoor soccer players in the greater Durban areas. Methods: This study used the Outdoor Supersport corporate league and the Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) Indoor soccer league. A total of 103 out of a possible 147 players participated in the study which included 41 Outdoor and 62 Indoor players. The Indoor soccer players were contacted to complete the questionnaire at their match days at the Gale street Indoor soccer arena and the Outdoor players were contacted during their training sessions and/or match days. The researcher was present to answer any questions posed by the participants. In the case of participants having difficulty in understanding English, a bilingual Zulu translator accompanied the researcher in every interaction with the participants. Results: Out of a total of 103 participants, the foot/ankle (62.1%) was the most frequently injured site. This was followed closely by the knee (55.3%). The rest of the sites in descending order were wrist, back, head, elbow, shoulder, chest, genital and abdomen. All participants reported a first injury, 69 participants reported a second injury and 27 participants reported a third injury. Outdoor soccer players reported the knee as being the most affected area, while Indoor soccer players injured the foot/ankle frequently. Furthermore, age was stated as a significant positive correlation when compared with number of sessions missed, meaning the older the participants, the more sessions they missed. The findings suggest that the use of protective equipment can decrease injury rates due to the use of ankle guards decreasing missed sessions. Conclusion: The profile of soccer injuries in selected amateur league Indoor and Outdoor soccer players in the greater Durban area has been described in this study. In terms of number of injuries, there seems to be no significant differences iv between Indoor and Outdoor soccer players. With regard to site of injuries, the lower limb was affected more than any other body part. The Outdoor players showed more knee injuries than the Indoor players who showed higher incidences of foot/ankle injuries.

This investigation examined the effect of changes in ball properties and cognitive demands on the performance of adolescent male athletes of varying levels of soccer expertise. Participants moved through a course under two conditions: decision and no decision, and with two types of soccer balls, regular and futsal. The experts moved through the courses with both balls significantly faster than the novices and had a lower percentage of control errors with the regular ball but not with the futsal ball. Both groups performed significantly slower under the decision condition, but no differences were found between conditions in the percentage of control errors made. The novices made a significantly smaller percentage of control errors with the futsal ball than the regular ball, although the type of ball had no effect on their performance times. These results suggest that the experts display better soccer skills and cognition than the novices and that the properties of the futsal ball appear to reduce the technical demands for the novices.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-106). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-106).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67).

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study presents an exploration of a group of soccer stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of gender equity practices at four Western Cape universities in South Africa. It discusses female soccer players’ experiences of gender equity practices at universities and the implications for the structures and practices of equitable soccer organisations. The concept of soccer stakeholders in this study represents both those at leadership level, soccer administrators, and those actively participating in soccer, male and female soccer players in the universities.This study uses a feminist qualitative methodology and semi-structured individual interviews with four soccer stakeholders and 16 senior soccer players, that is, eight females and eight males, for individual interviews. In addition, focus group interviews with women only and mixed gender interviews were conducted per institution. A major finding from the study suggests the dominance of a discourse of equal and same opportunity and treatment, which was disconnected from the understandings of power, and the lack of problematising the treatment of women as ‘add-on’ to the supposedly natural and hierarchical structure of soccer. In addition, gender equity as a superficial practice and ‘favours for women’ discourses suggest the prevailing male bias in which women’s participation in soccer continues to be viewed as secondary and less valuable than men’s. Rationalising discourses for continued male dominance in soccer suggests that gender equality is ‘conditional’ for women’s teams, because the different levels of soccer they are playing at are not considered or valued the same as the men. Other key findings suggest that, firstly, the four universities did not have the gender equity policy in soccer and soccer administrators did not consider the importance of a specific and directed policy in soccer. Secondly, the results on the experiences of gender (in)equity practices in the universities corroborated the lack of support for women’s soccer and women soccer players’ experiences of marginalisation and neglect. The findings suggest that women’s soccer continues to experience inequity practices in soccer, that women’s soccer is devalued and secondary to male soccer, and that men’s soccer and men in soccer continue to be prioritised. Thirdly, the findings suggest that while the government’s sport policy is acknowledged, of concern is the lack of structures to develop soccer at grassroots level to ensure the sustainability of growth for boys’ and girls’ soccer. Furthermore, schools are identified as important institutions, particularly primary schools, to encourage and develop an interest in soccer for boys and girls, because they have paid little attention to the development of soccer for girls in different age groups, or to nurture continuity and motivation in various age groups, as compared to boys. Fourthly, there is a lack of passionate, serious, and committed people to implement and monitor the policy to make sure that the progress of gender equity practices are implemented and monitored in soccer. In addition, there is suspicion at the government’s lack of interrogating the continuing bias of the media in relation to the dominance of men’s soccer and lack of media coverage for women’s soccer. Fifth, the findings suggest that women are not playing a role in supporting their games and they need to take ownership of their soccer, because they seem to have surrendered the role of developing their soccer, and are reliant on men to develop girls’ and women’s soccer. In addition, women who play soccer reportedly experience stigmatisation through name calling and questions about their physical appearance, sexuality, and dress code. Finally, given that soccer fields are contested ‘spaces’ that have been traditionally and ‘naturally’ declared for men, research that prioritises interrogating and problematising men’s perceptions of women’s soccer and issues of gender equity practices in soccer is needed in a democratic South Africa.

M. Phil. / Referees are important role-players in soccer matches. The physical fitness of referees may influence their optimal positioning throughout the game. Limited research has been conducted on soccer referees, with most of the previous research focusing on the primary referee. The research conducted has shown differences in demands and fitness levels of referees officiating in different leagues. To date no research has been conducted on African referees. The primary aim of this study was to investigate and compare the physiological profiles of South African soccer referees. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate and compare match demands placed on South African soccer referees.