The problem of the black-white gross earnings gap is near its largest amongst lawyers; blacks earn a significantly lower income than whites (Dinovitzer et al. 2004; Grodsky and Pager 2001). There is also a white advantage in overall job satisfaction amongst lawyers (Payne-Pikus et al. 2010; Dau-Schmidt and Mukhopadhaya 1999). This study examines how social capital contributes to racial differences in these two aspects of overall job success. Social capital theories hypothesize that more social capital leads to increased job status attainment (Lin et al. 1981; Lin 2001). Blacks receive fewer and lower paying jobs than whites, perhaps in part because of a lack of social capital in their lower status and segregated social networks (Braddock and McPartland 1987; Elliot 1999; although see Mouw (2003) for a challenge which showed little to no effect of the use of contacts on earnings). Similarly, Ducharme and Martin (2000) found that social relationships with co-workers increase overall job satisfaction. This project specifically examines social capital in the attorney job market, because this is a specific job market in which there are strong theoretical reasons to expect social capital to affect wages and job satisfaction. Using Portes' (1998) definition of social capital, the ability to secure benefits from one's social networks, I distinguish between three major social networks (professional, non-professional, and kinship), and then derive hypotheses about their effect on earnings and job satisfaction. The main hypothesis is that black and white differences in professional and non-professional networks account for part of the earnings and job satisfaction inequality between blacks and whites. The study also develops competing hypotheses to test the effect of kinship networks on job satisfaction. This study takes a mixed methods approach. Nationally representative longitudinal data from the After the Juris Doctorate Survey (AJD) test the hypotheses to see if there is an effect of social capital on earnings and satisfaction. Qualitative interviews seek to further investigate these relationships and look for emerging themes for racial differences in earnings and job satisfaction. The interviews take place with nine black and white lawyers in Chicago. The survey results reveal the significance of professional social capital networks in obtaining a higher salary among private firm attorneys. The effects of social capital do not vary across race. However, there are some black-white differences in the types of social capital used. The interview results reveal the significance of social capital in acquiring clients in small private firms, and of mentor-protégé relationships. Concluding remarks discuss the significance of professional and non-professional social capital in and beyond the legal profession, explanations for the higher levels of social capital in whites, and suggestions for ways to decrease these racial social capital disparities.

Due to their arduous schedules, Korean high school students have little time to socialize with their peers face-to-face. Because of this, socializing in online environments is important to them. Using smartphone applications, Korean high school girls are creating their own cultural practices as they socialize. However, media repeatedly report concerns about adolescents’ excessive use of smartphones, and the public has begun to worry about children’s media dependence. In exploring these phenomena, I pose four research questions: 1) what do smartphones mean to South Korean high school girls? 2) How do South Korean high school girls socialize through mobile messengers, such as Kakao Talk, and how are these activities related to their social capital and social networks? 3) How do South Korean high school girls socialize through mobile social games connected to mobile messengers, and how are these activities related to their social capital and social networks? 4) How is Korean high school girls’ attachment to smartphones related to smartphone addiction? For this research, I conducted focus group interviews with 23 Korean high school girls about their smartphone use. The findings of this research revealed that 1) South Korean high school girls established an exceptional attachment to smartphones; 2) interviewees were complementing the deficiency of offline socializing by establishing alternative online communities through smartphone messengers, and these social behaviors were increasing their bonding social capital; 3) Korean high school girls were interacting with their strong ties through mobile social games, and the interactions with their weak ties were limited and superficial; and 4) Korean high school girls were at risk for smartphone addiction in accordance with the existing criteria for media addiction. / text

Recent studies have focused on the study of social networks among local resource users, but few have attempted to study co-management networks. The objective of the research was to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Chilean shellfish co-management system from an organizational network perspective. Starting with one detailed case study, representatives of 38 small-scale fisher associations from two administrative regions were interviewed to investigate (1) networks of actors in each co-management arrangement, (2) the functions of these actors in co-management, and (3) fisher perceptions about Chile’s co-management arrangement. Results indicate that decision-making is highly centralized and power is concentrated in government, with little horizontal exchange and cooperation among fisher associations. However, the network approach indicates the presence of a rich set of players, some seven sets of actors by function. Grassroots management innovations are hampered by the existing co-management structure, suggesting that the system may benefit from a modification of the arrangements to allow greater learning-by-doing and increase in flexibility.

Recent studies have focused on the study of social networks among local resource users, but few have attempted to study co-management networks. The objective of the research was to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Chilean shellfish co-management system from an organizational network perspective. Starting with one detailed case study, representatives of 38 small-scale fisher associations from two administrative regions were interviewed to investigate (1) networks of actors in each co-management arrangement, (2) the functions of these actors in co-management, and (3) fisher perceptions about Chile’s co-management arrangement. Results indicate that decision-making is highly centralized and power is concentrated in government, with little horizontal exchange and cooperation among fisher associations. However, the network approach indicates the presence of a rich set of players, some seven sets of actors by function. Grassroots management innovations are hampered by the existing co-management structure, suggesting that the system may benefit from a modification of the arrangements to allow greater learning-by-doing and increase in flexibility.

Thesis (Cand. Polit degree)--Institute for Sociology and Human Geography, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-84).

acase@tulane.edu / BACKGROUND Malawi is one of the least developed countries in the world, where the government’s investment in the health care system, including mental health services is very low. As a result, there is limited access to mental health services and general health workers lack training to address mental health issues. Low detection rates of common mental disorders (CMDs) in Malawi suggest that a large percentage of people with CMDs are going unrecognized and untreated. Social capital is important in this context because it may improve mental health for men and women in rural, sub-Saharan settings, such as rural Malawi, where there is little or no mental health care. This dissertation presents three papers related to the relationship between social capital and mental health in rural Malawi. The first paper explores the social determinants of social capital, the second paper examines the relationship between social capital and mental health, and the final paper looks at the role of gender as a moderator in this relationship. METHODS The analyses in this dissertation use a subset of data from the 2008 and 2010 Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health” (MLSFH). The study sample included 1523 females and 994 males who had both 2008 and 2010 SF-12 mental health scores. The seven social capital measures were financial and non-financial transfers given and received, financial and non-financial reciprocity, and social participation. The six mental health measures were the 2010 SF-12 mental health composite score (MCS-12); the 4 components/scales of the 2010 MCS-12 which includes role/emotional functioning, social functioning, vitality, and mental health functioning; and overall satisfaction as perceived by the respondent. Paper #1 used seven ordinary least squared multiple regression and ordered logistic regression models to determine the determinants of social capital in 2008. Paper #2 used six ordinary least squared multiple regression and logistic regression models to determine the association between 2008 social capital measures and mental health outcomes in 2010 from 2008 and 2010 longitudinal data. Paper #3 used six ordinary least squared multiple regression and logistic regression models stratified by sex to determine the association between 2008 social capital measures, 2008 gender attitudes and gender power, and mental health outcomes in 2010 for males and females. RESULTS Paper #1 found that none of the predictor variables were statistically significant for all seven social capital measures, although being from the Central region of Malawi and attending Church in the last week were associated with five out of seven measures. Paper #2 found only one measure of social capital had a positive association with a measure of mental health, while three other measures of social capital had a negative association with a mental health measure. Paper #3 found clear differences between men and women when examining the role of gender on the relationship between social capital and mental health. CONCLUSION These results will inform future studies seeking to measure social capital in rural, sub-Saharan African settings and will provide insights when planning interventions to increase social capital in order to improve mental health for men and women in resource-poor settings. The measures of social capital used in this study should be further explored further and validated in other rural, sub-Saharan African settings. / 1 / Stacy Wallick

No description available.

It is not only a complicated but also long-term mission to implement the information system and system project. It involves a variety of interior and exterior problems, such as the supporting from decision management, users' resistance, conflict between departments, leadership of project members, outsourcing¡¦s cooperation, supporting of develop tools (Software & Hardware) and cooperation of supply chain. Therefore, we have defined the social network of the CIO as seven dimensions, which are CEO, users, cross dept. chiefs, MIS dept. employees, Supplies & Clients, Outsourcings & Consultant and Software/Hardware supplies. The research tries to approach the topics from the angle of observer, starting from the social network of the CIO, by case study method, to process the detailed data analysis through a great different of CIO interviews. Thus we may find out and realize the circumstance CIO may faced and the phenomenal incurred in intercourse with the others, which intends to explore that CIO faces the challenge & response while they are trying to push information system in the enterprise. We also take the perspective of Social Capital consists of three dimensions which are structural dimension, cognitive dimension and relational dimension combined as a analyzing perspective to interpret and analyze how the CIO create and take advantage of his social capital to solve problems and achieve the goal eventually. The first finding of the research is that the social network of the CIO was suitable and practicable analyzing perspective based on the three dimensions of social capital theory; secondly, the communication between the correspondents of the CIO social network and CEO is the most importance and the most difficulty as well. The enterprise culture, background, CIO network structure have the influence on intercourse benefit. It is inter-supported with the three dimensions of the social capital. We hereby hope to achieve the following progresses with the research: 1. The reference to the qualified candidate of the CIO to an enterprise. 2. Target on the managers of information management and offer them a brief and simple analyzing perspective, in order to make an accurate diagnose & analysis to the problems. 3. The enterprise could take advantage of social capital to impulse the information system, so that it may reduce information management from any cognitive difference, conflicts between interfaces and get promotion of the service quality of the information department.

Many authors have argued that social capital is positively related to economic prosperity, regional development, collective action, and democratic governance. But it alone can not explain all of these phenomena in societies. The concept of trust can not be neglected in the social capital literature. Considerable confusion exists concerning the relationship between social capital and trust, namely whether trust is a precondition of social capital or a product of it. This paper begins to explore their relationships by tracing the origins and development of the concept of social capital. It then discusses the relationship between social capital and trust by comparing their origins or sources. Finally, these two ideas are placed in organizational context to develop an analytical distinction between trust and social capital while clarifying and exploring the implications of these two primary perspectives on organizational effectiveness. The paper concludes that trust and social capital are mutually reinforcing -- social capital generates trusting relationships that in turn produce social capital. / Master of Public and International Affairs

The Sara Communication Initiative (SCI), a girls intervention programme, was introduced by the Forum for African Women Educationalists in Malawi (FAWEMA), to address girls low enrolment and high dropout from school. NORAD and UNICEF initially funded the SCI. FAWEMA is currently the custodian of the SCI in Malawi. <p>The purpose of this study was to determine stakeholder perceptions of the extent to which the social capital and capabilities of girls had been enhanced through the Sara Communication Initiative (SCI) in the two selected rural school communities of Chikwawa district. Two theoretical frameworks were utilized, Nussbaum (2001) and Sens (1999) capability development model and the concept of social capital theory based on Putnam (2000) and Coleman (1998). <p>A case study using mixed methods was used to examine the two cases. Data collection consisted of questionnaires, focus groups, structured interviews, document analysis and class observations. The study engaged 59 students, 30 students from Eastern school and 29 students from Southern school. Parents focus groups were attended by a total of 41 parents, 21 at Eastern school and 20 at Southern school. The researcher also interviewed four teachers, two from each school, as well as the National Coordinator for FAWEMA. Class observations took place at both venues and at the junior and senior primary school levels.<p>Descriptive data analysis was conducted using an SPSS package. Data from the focus group discussions were taped, transcribed, and analyzed thematically.<p>From the data it was concluded that comic books were an integral part of the SCI meetings and they highlighted some major challenges that girls experienced. T-shirts were also powerful in conveying SCI messages, apart from providing decent clothing for needy students. The study noted that there were more girls, than boys participating in the SCI.<p>In addition, it was found that basic and internal capabilities were limited for girls. As a result, although many girls enrolled in school, at the beginning of the school year the enrolment of girls dropped off sharply. The reasons for girls dropping out of school included heavy workload, poverty, sexual harassment, early pregnancies, early marriages, lack of motivation, lack of encouragement, and lack of female role models. In regard to external conditions, which comprise the material and institutional environments, the findings of this study were that although the family, the school, and development agencies assisted in providing some resources for the pupils to enable them to stay in school the provisions were not adequate.<p>As well, the study found that some tenets of social capital were evident. Social networks were apparent between parents/guardians and their children/wards, teachers and pupils, teachers and parents, female pupils and the UNICEF mothers groups, and the development committees. Institutional trust appeared to be lacking in some cases. There was a lack of trust of male teachers and older schoolboys by the parents because there were no female role models for the girls at the schools. Organizations in the form of development agencies were also considered an important resource to the two communities. <p>Finally, it was found that the Sen Capabilities Model had some limits to its applicability in a developing country. In addition, it was concluded that while the SCI enhanced the social capital for girls, in all likelihood the community members require attitudinal and cultural change.