O uso de reatores de biomassa imobilizada para tratamento de esgoto tem se difundido devido a sua capacidade de manter o tempo de retenção celular (TRC) elevado, mesmo quando operados com baixo tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH). Neste trabalho, investigou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo (RAHLF) em escala de bancada, usados no tratamento do efluente de uma indústria de refrigerantes, sendo um dos reatores preenchido com grânulos e o outro com espuma de poliuretano. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas, referentes aos tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de, respectivamente, 20 h, 10 h e 5 h. O encerramento de cada etapa ocorria quando se verificava a estabilidade operacional do sistema através dos parâmetros: DQO, ácidos voláteis totais e pH. Ao final de cada etapa, foram obtidos os perfis de concentração de DQO ao longo dos reatores. Para TDH de 10 h, os valores obtidos para a constante cinética aparente (klapp) foram de 0,694 h-1, para o reator com grânulos, e de 0,467 h-1, para o reator preenchido com espuma de poliuretano. No decorrer da pesquisa, os reatores apresentaram alguns problemas operacionais, que aumentaram à medida em que se reduzia o TDH. Avaliou-se, também, o tempo de residência real do reator com espumas através de experimentos hidrodinâmicos (traçadores). Ao final do experimento, foram quantificados os sólidos voláteis em cada reator e buscou-se diferenciar o arranjo e a fauna microbiológica, presentes nos dois tipos de imobilização, através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). / Immobilized biomass reactors have been increasingly used for wastewater treatment due to their capacity of maintaining high cellular retention time (CRT) even when operating at low hydraulic detention time (HDT). In this work, the performances of two horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) bench-scale reactors treating soft drinks industry effluents were investigated and compared. One of the reactors was filled with granules and the other one with polyurethane foam matrices. The research was conducted in three stages, concerning to hydraulic detention times of, respectively, 20 h, 10 h and 5 h. A stage was considered finished when reactors operational stability was checked by means of COD, total volatile fatty acids and pH. COD profiles were obtained along the reactors at the end of each stage. In the second stage, when HDT was equal to 10 h, the apparent kinetic constant (klapp) values were 0.694 h-1, to the reactor filled with grains, and 0.467 h-1, to the other one. During the research, the reactors showed some operational problems, that increased when the HDT was reduced. The real hydraulic detention time (HDT) reactor with polyurethane foams was evaluated through the hydrodynamic experiments (tracers). Volatile solids of each reactor were quantified at the end of experiment. The arrangement and microbiological fauna inside the reactors were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

O uso de reatores de biomassa imobilizada para tratamento de esgoto tem se difundido devido a sua capacidade de manter o tempo de retenção celular (TRC) elevado, mesmo quando operados com baixo tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH). Neste trabalho, investigou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo (RAHLF) em escala de bancada, usados no tratamento do efluente de uma indústria de refrigerantes, sendo um dos reatores preenchido com grânulos e o outro com espuma de poliuretano. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas, referentes aos tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de, respectivamente, 20 h, 10 h e 5 h. O encerramento de cada etapa ocorria quando se verificava a estabilidade operacional do sistema através dos parâmetros: DQO, ácidos voláteis totais e pH. Ao final de cada etapa, foram obtidos os perfis de concentração de DQO ao longo dos reatores. Para TDH de 10 h, os valores obtidos para a constante cinética aparente (klapp) foram de 0,694 h-1, para o reator com grânulos, e de 0,467 h-1, para o reator preenchido com espuma de poliuretano. No decorrer da pesquisa, os reatores apresentaram alguns problemas operacionais, que aumentaram à medida em que se reduzia o TDH. Avaliou-se, também, o tempo de residência real do reator com espumas através de experimentos hidrodinâmicos (traçadores). Ao final do experimento, foram quantificados os sólidos voláteis em cada reator e buscou-se diferenciar o arranjo e a fauna microbiológica, presentes nos dois tipos de imobilização, através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). / Immobilized biomass reactors have been increasingly used for wastewater treatment due to their capacity of maintaining high cellular retention time (CRT) even when operating at low hydraulic detention time (HDT). In this work, the performances of two horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) bench-scale reactors treating soft drinks industry effluents were investigated and compared. One of the reactors was filled with granules and the other one with polyurethane foam matrices. The research was conducted in three stages, concerning to hydraulic detention times of, respectively, 20 h, 10 h and 5 h. A stage was considered finished when reactors operational stability was checked by means of COD, total volatile fatty acids and pH. COD profiles were obtained along the reactors at the end of each stage. In the second stage, when HDT was equal to 10 h, the apparent kinetic constant (klapp) values were 0.694 h-1, to the reactor filled with grains, and 0.467 h-1, to the other one. During the research, the reactors showed some operational problems, that increased when the HDT was reduced. The real hydraulic detention time (HDT) reactor with polyurethane foams was evaluated through the hydrodynamic experiments (tracers). Volatile solids of each reactor were quantified at the end of experiment. The arrangement and microbiological fauna inside the reactors were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Účelem této práce je analyzovat potenciální expanzi Kofoly, ČeskoSlovensko a.s. do Německa a poskytnout doporučení na základě výzkumu a literatury. Autor bude analyzovat odvětví nealkoholických nápojů a podnikatelský potenciál v Německu.

Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas (SSB) se ha relacionado con un incremento en el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), lo cual sería especialmente preocupante en poblaciones con un potencial de exposición prolongada, tales como estudiantes. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el consumo calórico proveniente de SSB medido mediante el cuestionario Bevq-15 e IMC en estudiantes de carreras de ciencias de la salud de una universidad peruana. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en base a la medición del consumo calórico de 15 bebidas mediante la administración del cuestionario BEVQ-15 y la toma de medidas antropométricas a universitarios durante 2018 - 2019. Se evaluó la asociación cruda y ajustada usando modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados: Se incluyó a 350 personas. La mediana fue de 21 años y el 58.29% fueron mujeres. La mediana del IMC fue de 24.00 (21.75 - 26.90). El consumo promedio de calorías provenientes de bebidas azucaradas fue de 25.35 kcal/día. Se asoció un IMC menor con el sexo femenino (p<0.001), la carrera de nutrición (p=0.002) y nunca haber consumido tabaco (p=0.027). Se asoció un IMC mayor a la dislipidemia (p=0.014) y a un mayor consumo de calorías diarias provenientes de SSB (p<0.001). En el análisis multivariado se encontró asociación significativa entre el consumo de calorías provenientes de SSB y el IMC, ajustado por edad, sexo y tabaquismo (coeficiente β: 0.68; IC95% 0.04-1.33; p=0.037). Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación entre el consumo de calorías derivadas de SSB y un mayor IMC. Se debe impulsar intervenciones destinadas a la disminución de su consumo en estudiantes. / Introduction: The consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) has been related to an increase in the Body Mass Index (BMI), which would be especially worrisome in populations with a prolonged exposure potential, such as students. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the caloric intake from SSB measured by the Bevq-15 questionnaire and BMI in health sciences students at a Peruvian university. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study based on the measurement of the caloric consumption of 15 beverages based on the administration of the BEVQ-15 questionnaire and the measurement of college students’ anthropometric measurements during 2018-2019. The crude and adjusted association were evaluated using linear regression models. Results: We enrolled 350 participants. The median age was 21 years and 58.29% were women. The median BMI was 24.00 (21.75 - 26.90). The average consumption of calories from SSB was 25.35 kcal/day. A lower BMI was associated with the female sex (p <0.001), the nutrition career (p = 0.002) and never having used tobacco (p = 0.027). A higher BMI was associated with dyslipidemia (p = 0.014) and a greater consumption of daily calories from SSB (p <0.001). In the multivariate analysis, a significant association was found between the consumption of calories from SSB and BMI, adjusted for age, sex and smoking (β coefficient: 0.68, 95% CI 0.04-1.33, p = 0.037). Conclusions: An association was found between the consumption of calories derived from SSB and a higher BMI. Interventions aimed at reducing student consumption should be promoted. / Tesis