A research report submitted to Wits Business School, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Management in Strategic Marketing November 2015 / Building, maintaining and measuring consumption frequency over a specific period of time has become the primary driver of success for nonalcoholic beverage organisations; however, there is limited research on youth consumption frequency within South Africa. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the study aimed to investigate the impact of brand association, flavour variety, peer influence and perceived value on consumption frequency intention in the sparkling soft drink (SSD) category amongst youth in South Africa. A quantitative research design was followed and data collected from 300 research participants aged between 16 and 24 years in Soweto, Gauteng Province in South Africa. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22 and AMOS 21 statistical packages for structural equation modelling. All four hypotheses are supported, with results indicating a positive relationship between brand association, flavour variety, peer influence, perceived value and consumption frequency intention. Peer influence and perceived value have a significantly stronger influence on consumption frequency intention. The results also indicate that flavour variety “ambiguous SSD flavour names” scored higher amongst 16 to 18 years olds. Ambiguous flavour naming strategies have proven to be successful in other beverage categories. Quantity-frequency (QF), a consumption frequency measurement instrument has been used, with consumption skewed towards “sharing” with friends or family. This study contributes significant new knowledge to the existing body of marketing literature in Africa and consumer behaviour in emerging markets. This study has implications for practitioners, academicians and public policy makers. / MT2017

[pt] Desenvolveu-se um modelo de simulação para trocadores de calor de placas soldadas (BPHE – Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger) operando em regime permanente em um sistema de refrigeração em cascata por compressão de vapor, ou seja, condensador, trocador de calor intermediário (ou condensador em cascata) e evaporador. O modelo adota o método de análise local, onde o trocador de calor é dividido em uma série de pequenos volumes de controle, para os quais as equações de troca de calor e de conservação de massa e de energia são aplicadas. Para o calculo dos coeficientes locais de transferência de calor e fator de atrito foram utilizadas correlações disponíveis na literatura, considerando as regiões de escoamento monofásico ou bifásico em cada um dos trocadores, Estas correlações cobrem valores de fluxo de calor entre 2,5 kW/m2 e 185 kW/m2, temperaturas de saturação entre 5 graus Celsius e 30 graus Celsius, e aplicam-se a geometrias com ângulos de corrugação entre 20 e 60 graus. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido em FORTRAN para o cálculo do desempenho térmico dos trocadores de calor e das correlações de asida dos dois fluidos. Na simulação foram consideradas conhecidas as condições de entrada dos fluidos e a geometria do trocador. As propriedades termo-físicas dos fluidos foram calculadas utilizandose a mais recente versão do padrão NIST de referência de propriedades termodinâmicas e de transporte (REFPROP 9.0), permitindo a simulação dos trocadores de calor operando com uma vasta gama de refrigerantes. Os resultados da simulação foram comparados com os dados experimentais (condensador e evaporador) levantados por outros autores para os refrigerantes R22 e R290, tendose obtido boa concordância. Uma analise de sensibilidade para os trocadores de calor, utilizando os novos refrigerantes R1234yf e R1234ze, foi também realizada. / [en] A simulation model of brazed plate heat exchangers (BPHE) operating in steady-state in a cascade vapor compression refrigeration system has been developed. For this system the heat exchangers were the condenser, intermediate heat exchanger or cascade-condenser and evaporator. The model adopts a local analysis method, where the heat exchanger is divided into a series of small control volumes, to which the heat transfer rate equations and the fundamental of conservation of mass and energy equation. Local heat exchanger coefficients and friction factor are calculated using correlations available in literature, considering regions of single-phase or twophase flow for each one of the heat exchangers. These correlations have heat flux values ranging from 2,5kW/m2 to 185kW/m2, saturation temperatures from 5 degrees Celsius to 35 degrees Celsius and were applied to geometries with corrugation angle ranging from 20 degrees to 60 degrees. In order to calculate the thermal performance of the heat exchangers and the output conditions of the two fluids a computational program was developed in FORTRAN. This simulation considers known inlet conditions of the fluids and the geometry of the heat exchanger. The thermophysical properties of the refrigerants fluids were calculated using the version 7 of REFPROP, a package by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), that allow for the simulation of heat exchangers with a wide operating range of refrigerants. The simulation results were compared with experimental data (condenser and evaporator) for R22 and R290 refrigerants, obtaining a good agreement. A sensibility analysis for heat exchangers, using the new R1234yf and R1234ze has also been carried out.

The rise of unhealthy beverage consumption, such as soft drinks, in children and youth for the last 25 years has increased the risk of low bone mass density by replacing milk (a major source of calcium intake), compromised dental health, and possibly contributed obesity. A school-based nutrition education intervention was developed to promote a change in this behavior. This study examined the effectiveness of this nutrition education program, called FUEL (Fluids Used Effectively in Living), in promoting healthy beverage consumption among high school students. The FUEL nutrition education manual consisted of six classroom sessions; it was delivered in four classes of grade nine students using different approaches, either multiple or single strategies. The nutrition intervention used multiple teaching methods which included six lessons delivered as visual, group interaction, tactile, individual, and auditory teaching styles. The multiple strategies approach was delivered through peer educators (led by a dietitian) in one class and dietitian-only in another class. In the single strategy approach, also called self-taught, two classes received only the handouts in the FUEL manual. This latter approach was considered the control to the nutrition intervention. The two classes that received either peer education or self-taught approach were in two high schools in Saskatoon. The two classes with either dietitian-taught or self-taught approaches were in a high school in Prince Albert. The beverage intake, knowledge, and attitude of students were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire before the intervention, a week after the intervention, and three months after the intervention. In Saskatoon only, a one year follow-up beverage intake assessment was performed. None of the schools in the FUEL study provided healthy beverage choices for the students. Generally, students in our study consumed an adequate amount of milk, but they drank sugary beverages daily. There was a tendency to replace milk and 100% fruit juices with sugary drinks. After the intervention, students in multiple teaching strategies decreased their sugary beverage intake significantly. The findings indicated that a school-based nutrition education with multiple teaching strategies may lead to positive knowledge, attitude and behavioural change which will have beneficial effect on long-term health.

The rise of unhealthy beverage consumption, such as soft drinks, in children and youth for the last 25 years has increased the risk of low bone mass density by replacing milk (a major source of calcium intake), compromised dental health, and possibly contributed obesity. A school-based nutrition education intervention was developed to promote a change in this behavior. This study examined the effectiveness of this nutrition education program, called FUEL (Fluids Used Effectively in Living), in promoting healthy beverage consumption among high school students. The FUEL nutrition education manual consisted of six classroom sessions; it was delivered in four classes of grade nine students using different approaches, either multiple or single strategies. The nutrition intervention used multiple teaching methods which included six lessons delivered as visual, group interaction, tactile, individual, and auditory teaching styles. The multiple strategies approach was delivered through peer educators (led by a dietitian) in one class and dietitian-only in another class. In the single strategy approach, also called self-taught, two classes received only the handouts in the FUEL manual. This latter approach was considered the control to the nutrition intervention. The two classes that received either peer education or self-taught approach were in two high schools in Saskatoon. The two classes with either dietitian-taught or self-taught approaches were in a high school in Prince Albert. The beverage intake, knowledge, and attitude of students were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire before the intervention, a week after the intervention, and three months after the intervention. In Saskatoon only, a one year follow-up beverage intake assessment was performed. None of the schools in the FUEL study provided healthy beverage choices for the students. Generally, students in our study consumed an adequate amount of milk, but they drank sugary beverages daily. There was a tendency to replace milk and 100% fruit juices with sugary drinks. After the intervention, students in multiple teaching strategies decreased their sugary beverage intake significantly. The findings indicated that a school-based nutrition education with multiple teaching strategies may lead to positive knowledge, attitude and behavioural change which will have beneficial effect on long-term health.

The subject of this thesis was to evaluate the use of sweeteners in a selected group of soft drinks in terms of influencing sensory quality. Using selected methods of sensory analysis were five kinds of non-alcoholic drinks evaluated - four orange lemonades and one mandarin, which contained different composition of sweeteners. Three out of five samples were suitable for diabetics, because they only contained synthetic alternative sweeteners, one sample contained fructose-glucose syrup and the last sample contained sucrose. Individual samples were assessed by evaluators divided into three groups according to age. First group were evaluators at the age of 11-14, pupils from primary school Kosova Hora, second group - students of University of South Bohemia and the last group were evaluators above 40. The aim of this thesis was to lead to different results in different groups, depending on the attitudes and habits. There were big differences recorded among studied samples. It is interesting that neither group had failed to identify the best sample E, which is only sucrose. The top rated samples were sample A containing aspartame and acesulfame K, and the sample D with fructose-glucose syrup. The worst samples were clearly identified samples B and C, containing three and four kinds of synthetic sweeteners. Last but not least the paper includes a questionnaire for consumers, whose aim was to find out what influences the respondents while buying soft drinks and what is their attitude towards subsitute sweeteners.

Hoje, a literatura é bastante limitada no que se refere a estudos sobre a influência da mídia no consumo de alimentos, especialmente se pretendemos articular cultura e saúde. Neste estudo, buscamos compreender a prática discursiva presente na publicidade televisiva de um refrigerante a partir do olhar de diversos segmentos da sociedade. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, que parte de um filme publicitário de um refrigerante muito consumido. Realizamos dez grupos focais envolvendo profissionais e estudantes do campo da Nutrição e da Comunicação e prestadores de serviços de limpeza de uma universidade, num total de 74 participantes. Entre os temas que surgiram a partir da análise do material oriundo dos grupos focais e tomando por referência teórica autores como Bourdieu, Bauman e Ayres, destacamos a recontextualização e a fragmentação da vida humana e, em seu interior, da alimentação dita saudável na prática discursiva publicitária, neste momento em que, no Brasil, a prevalência de obesidade e de outras doenças crônico-degenerativas a ela associada encontra-se em elevação e onde há movimentos na sociedade militando pela regulamentação da publicidade de alimentos industrializados. Parece-nos que, ao reduzir o ser humano à condição de consumidor tentando levá-lo para o mundo idealizado dos sonhos, colocam-se os objetivos de aumento de vendas e de lucros acima daqueles relativos à promoção de saúde, à boa alimentação e ao bem viver. A indústria de alimentos juntamente com as agências de publicidade operam fenômenos inerentes a esse modelo de financiamento da televisão através da publicidade que reforçam perspectivas fragmentárias, recontextualizadas e conflituosas de pensar a saúde, a alimentação e a vida. Não contribuem, ou mesmo, dificultam a construção de projetos de felicidade num mundo mais justo e humano. / Nowadays the literature is really limited regarding to studies about the influence of press in food consumption, especially if we intend to articulate culture and health. In this study, we want to understand the discursive practice present on a soft drink TV publicity, taking the point of view of several segments in society. It is about an exploratory study, which is part of a publicity movie of a very consumed soft drink. We made ten focal groups involving professionals and students of Nutrition and Communication fields and also cleaning services suppliers from a university, totalizing 74 participants. Among the themes that came up from a material analysis of the focal groups and taking by theoretical reference authors like Bourdieu, Bauman and Ayres, we highlight the recontextualization and fragmentation of human life and, in its interior, of the said healthy feeding at the publicity discursive practice, at this moment that, in Brazil, the prevalence of obesity and other chronic-degenerative diseases related to it are growing and there are movements in society fighting for the publicity regulamentation of industrialized products. It seems to us that, restricting the human being down to the condition of consumer trying to take it to the industrialized world of dreams, placing the goal of sales increase and profit above those of health promotion, of good feeding and living the life. The food industry along with the publicity agencies perform some phenomena related to this model of TV financing through publicity, which reinforce fragmentary perspectives, recontextualized and conflicting about thinking about health, feeding and life. They do not contribute nor difficult the construction of projects of happiness in a more human and fair world.

Hoje, a literatura é bastante limitada no que se refere a estudos sobre a influência da mídia no consumo de alimentos, especialmente se pretendemos articular cultura e saúde. Neste estudo, buscamos compreender a prática discursiva presente na publicidade televisiva de um refrigerante a partir do olhar de diversos segmentos da sociedade. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, que parte de um filme publicitário de um refrigerante muito consumido. Realizamos dez grupos focais envolvendo profissionais e estudantes do campo da Nutrição e da Comunicação e prestadores de serviços de limpeza de uma universidade, num total de 74 participantes. Entre os temas que surgiram a partir da análise do material oriundo dos grupos focais e tomando por referência teórica autores como Bourdieu, Bauman e Ayres, destacamos a recontextualização e a fragmentação da vida humana e, em seu interior, da alimentação dita saudável na prática discursiva publicitária, neste momento em que, no Brasil, a prevalência de obesidade e de outras doenças crônico-degenerativas a ela associada encontra-se em elevação e onde há movimentos na sociedade militando pela regulamentação da publicidade de alimentos industrializados. Parece-nos que, ao reduzir o ser humano à condição de consumidor tentando levá-lo para o mundo idealizado dos sonhos, colocam-se os objetivos de aumento de vendas e de lucros acima daqueles relativos à promoção de saúde, à boa alimentação e ao bem viver. A indústria de alimentos juntamente com as agências de publicidade operam fenômenos inerentes a esse modelo de financiamento da televisão através da publicidade que reforçam perspectivas fragmentárias, recontextualizadas e conflituosas de pensar a saúde, a alimentação e a vida. Não contribuem, ou mesmo, dificultam a construção de projetos de felicidade num mundo mais justo e humano. / Nowadays the literature is really limited regarding to studies about the influence of press in food consumption, especially if we intend to articulate culture and health. In this study, we want to understand the discursive practice present on a soft drink TV publicity, taking the point of view of several segments in society. It is about an exploratory study, which is part of a publicity movie of a very consumed soft drink. We made ten focal groups involving professionals and students of Nutrition and Communication fields and also cleaning services suppliers from a university, totalizing 74 participants. Among the themes that came up from a material analysis of the focal groups and taking by theoretical reference authors like Bourdieu, Bauman and Ayres, we highlight the recontextualization and fragmentation of human life and, in its interior, of the said healthy feeding at the publicity discursive practice, at this moment that, in Brazil, the prevalence of obesity and other chronic-degenerative diseases related to it are growing and there are movements in society fighting for the publicity regulamentation of industrialized products. It seems to us that, restricting the human being down to the condition of consumer trying to take it to the industrialized world of dreams, placing the goal of sales increase and profit above those of health promotion, of good feeding and living the life. The food industry along with the publicity agencies perform some phenomena related to this model of TV financing through publicity, which reinforce fragmentary perspectives, recontextualized and conflicting about thinking about health, feeding and life. They do not contribute nor difficult the construction of projects of happiness in a more human and fair world.

Orientador: Jose de Assis Fonseca Faria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:14:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarinaCostada_M.pdf: 3345030 bytes, checksum: e6bf10ea5513c154e9e48eb649851bff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A agua de coco verde (Cocus nucifera L.) e bem conhecida por suas propriedades nutritivas, hidratantes e de baixos teores de gordura. Outra bebida com grande participacao no mercado de bebidas no Brasil e o refrigerante, bebida contendo dioxido de carbono (CO2) na sua formulacao. A adicao de CO2 proporciona maior vida e refrescancia para a bebida, alem de contribuir para uma alimentacao mais segura, inibindo o desenvolvimento de microrganismos aerobios. O objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de uma bebida carbonatada a base de agua de coco verde e avaliacao do processo de carbonatacao dessa bebida. Diferentes formulacoes foram avaliadas sensorialmente, fixando-se inicialmente o pH em 4,4 e variando-se o volume de carbonatacao e o valor de solidos soluveis (0Brix). A bebida formulada foi clarificada, pasteurizada (90 °C/30s), resfriada, carbonatada e envasada em garrafas de polietileno tereftalato (PET) e armazenadas a temperatura ambiente. Para o processo de clarificacao e carbonatacao, avaliou-se diferentes tipos filtros e de carbonatadores. A bebida carbonatada foi avaliada atraves de analises fisico-quimica, microbiologica e sensorial pos processo e durante a estocagem. Quando a agua de coco carbonatada possuia volume de carbonatacao entre 4,1 a 4,3, 60% dos consumidores consideraram a quantidade de solidos soluveis de 8,2 como ideal de docura e 38,87% preferiram 7,2 oBrix. O processo de carbonatacao criou um ambiente seletivo para microrganismos na agua de coco carbonatada. O baixo pH e o ambiente de baixa tensao de oxigenio favoreceu o crescimento de leveduras e bacterias lacticas. Os resultados desta pesquisa sugeriram que o oxigenio atua fortemente sobre as alteracoes na cor da agua de coco in natura, pasteurizada e carbonatada, e em alguns casos aparecendo cor ligeiramente rosada e/ou marrom / Abstract: The coconut water (Cocus nucifera L.) is well known for its nutritional properties, high hydrating power and low fat levels. Another beverage with great participation in soft drinks market is the carbonated soft drinks, which is a traditional drink containing carbon dioxide (CO2) in its formulation. The addition of CO2 provides more life and greater refreshing to the beverage, besides contributing to a safer food, and inhibiting the development of aerobic microorganisms. The objective of this study was the development of a soft drink based on coconut water and the evaluation of process for the carbonation of coconut water and its shelf life study. Different formulations were sensory evaluated. The coconut water was standardized to pH 4,4 and settled the range of volume carbonation and soluble solids. The drink formulated was clarified, pasteurized (90°C/30s), cooled, carbonated and bottled in plastic bottles (PET) and stored at room temperature. Before heat processing clarification filters were tested and after this two carbonation equipments were tested and evaluated. The shelf life was followed by physicalchemical, microbiological and sensorial analysis. When the formulation of coconut water presented carbonation between 4.1 to 4.3, 60% of consumers considered the amount of soluble solids of 8.2 oBrix as ideal for sweetness but 38.87% preferred 7.2. The process of carbonation created a selective environment for microorganisms. Also the low pH and the environment of low oxygen tension favored the growth of yeasts and lactic bacteria. The growth of lactic acid bacteria in coconut water was favored by the nutrient-rich medium such as amino nitrogen. It was observed that oxygen acted strongly on the appearance of coconut water, both in nature, pasteurized, and carbonated, forming pink or brown colors / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Africa is acknowledged as a vast, untapped market for consumer goods as trade barriers are coming down and economies are starting to develop. The need for consumer goods arises with economic activity. This poses the following question, which will be addressed by this research: How can potential African consumer markets be successfully unlocked by a South African beverage organisation, thereby reducing risk of failure and eliminating the cost of a hit-and-miss approach? The secondary study focused on evaluating the aspects involved with risks and the modes of entry into foreign markets. The macro-environmental factors affecting the expansion into foreign markets were investigated to determine what influence they had on the entry mode chosen for a specific country targeted for expansion. Finally the marketing factors influencing the entry mode were analysed. The significance of trade blocs together with the advantages thereof was included in the study. The primary study was based on the theory and principles of existing literature. The Coca-Cola Sabco organisation was taken as a case study. Four countries, namely Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique and Namibia, were investigated. Questionnaires containing a set of questions to satisfy the sub-problems were sent to the various country managers and their first layers of management. Likewise, interviews were conducted with Coca-Cola Sabco head office strategic management. The empirical results obtained, indicated a strong concurrence, with the theory of entry modes and the influences of macro-environmental factors. In certain aspects, however, some contradictions with the theory pertaining to the Coca-Cola Sabco organisation, were observed. The findings concurred with the theory in that risk were minimised by the acquisition of a going concern that already possessed the infrastructure and logistics such as raw material procurement, manufacturing staff skills, distribution networks and political contacts. The empirical results contradict theory with respect to location economies and scale economies, as the Coca-Cola Company’s franchise agreement excludes the exporting of beverage products. Furthermore, Coca-Cola Sabco becomes involved in expansion initiatives only in reaction to an invitation from the Coca-Cola Company and not of its own desire. Therefore, market surveys are conducted subsequent to an invitation from the Coca-Cola Company. South African organisations planning expansion initiatives into emerging African markets need to take the specific macro- environmental factors of the country in question into consideration in order to minimise risk. A franchise agreement restricting exporting as in the case of Coco-Cola Company or any other restrictive agreement, might cause a deviation from contemporary theory, for example, where markets will be assessed for purposes of location and scale economies. Deviations from contemporary theory could also occur where a franchise opportunity is offered in a specific country that may not be the preferred market choice, due to its lack of growth potential.

Job insecurity in the current global climate has escalated and more organisations are engaged in downsizing and restructuring in an attempt to survive under difficult economic conditions. At the same time, organisations are also exposed to structural reforms and international competition leading to transformations in the labour market. Jordan, Ashkanasy and Hartel (2002) developed a model to explain the effect of job insecurity on employees’ coping behaviour. In their two stage model they propose that perceptions of job insecurity could lead to lower affective organisational commitment and higher job-related stress which in turn could lead to negative coping behaviour. They then include emotional intelligence - a moderator linking the above-mentioned constructs. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether this model will be applicable to a national soft drink company in South Africa. A literature review was conducted to determine how emotional intelligence, job insecurity, affective organisational commitment, job-related stress, and coping behaviour were conceptualised. The relationships between these constructs and the role of emotional intelligence as moderator were also determined. This was done to investigate the model of Jordan et al. (2002). A cross-sectional research design was used for the purpose of this study. Managers of a national soft drink company were the participants. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) (Schutte et al., 1998); the Job Insecurity Questionnaire (JIQ) of De Witte, (2000); the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire of Meyer and Allen (1997); the COPE Questionnaire of Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989); and the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ) of Van Zyl and Van der Walt (1991), including the biographical questionnaire, were utilised. The SPSS programme was used to perform the statistical analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Cronbach alpha coefficients were used to assess the reliability; and explorative factor analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the measuring instruments. Pearson’s product-moment coefficients were used to specify the relationships between the variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the moderating influence of emotional intelligence. It was determined that, in this specific research group, job insecurity has a negative correlation with affective organisational commitment, but job insecurity has a positive correlation with job-related tension. A positive correlation was found between job-related tension and negative coping behaviours, such as denial, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement or alcohol-drug disengagement. A negative correlation was found between job-related tension and affective organisational commitment. Furthermore, job insecurity was found to have a negative correlation with affective organisational commitment. Lastly, problem-focused coping has a positive relationship with emotion-focused coping. All of these correlations were statistically and practically significant. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the moderating effect of emotional intelligence as mentioned above. The results indicated emotional intelligence does not moderate any of the relationships between the constructs. Conclusions and limitations of this research and recommendations for the national soft drink organisation as well as for future research were made. / MA, Industrial Psychology, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011