Orientador: Jose Maria Campos dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_FlavioNunes_M.pdf: 35059535 bytes, checksum: bdcc933434fe0ba550e4d1291079e6c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho investiga o problema de propagação de ondas em estruturas do tipo barra com modelos de alta ordem. O enforque principal do trabalho concentra-se na implementação de modelos numéricos que representem o fenômeno da propagação de ondas em barras saudáveis e danificadas por uma trinca. Para a investigação do problema utilizou-se o Método do Elemento Espectral, o qual consiste em uma solução analítica das equações diferenciais da onda no domínio da freqüência utilizando-se técnicas matriciais similares ao Método dos Elementos Finitos. Quatro modelos de barra, com diferentes modos de propagação foram implementados computacionalmente em linguagem Matlab®: o modelo elementar; modelo de Love ou do primeiro modo; o modelo de Mindlin-Herrmann ou de dois modos; e o modelo de Mindlin-McNiven ou dos três modos. Para cada modelo de barra foram implementados os elementos espectrais: saudável finito, saudável semi-finito e trincado. Para avaliar o comportamento da onda durante sua propagação nas estruturas analisadas, diferentes exemplos numéricos foram feitos e validados através de comparações com resultados similares encontrados na literatura. As estruturas são excitadas por forças impulsivas construídas por uma onda senoidal modulada com uma janela triangular. Os resultados confirmam que os modelos de elemento espectral representam muito bem o fenômeno da propagação de onda em uma estrutura e também podem ser usados como uma ferramenta eficiente para a localização de trincas. / Abstract: This work investigates the wave propagation problem in high order rod type structures. The main approach is the implementation of numerical models that represent the phenomenon of wave propagation in healthy and cracked rods. The investigation uses the Spectral Element Method, which consists of an analytical solution of wave deferential equations in the frequency domain using matrix techniques similar to the Finite Element Method. Four rod models with diferent propaga- tion modes were implemented computationally in Matlab® language: the elementary model; Love's model or the first model, Mindlin-Herrmann's model or the two model, and Mindlin- McNiven's model or the three-model. For each type of rod spectral elements were implemented: finite he-althy, throw-o® healthy and cracked. To evaluate the wave propagation behavior in the analyzed structures, diferent numerical examples were made and validated through comparisons with si-milar results from the literature. The structures are excited by impulsive forces built by a sine wave modulated with a triangular window. The results confirm that the Spectral Element Method represent the phenomenon of the wave propagation very well in a structure and they can also be used as an efficient tool for the location of crack. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Evandro Conforti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:46:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galdieri_FlavioJose_D.pdf: 39790965 bytes, checksum: 18db9fa30a7997dc5b78aedb2c47a930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Analisa-se neste trabalho o efeito que o ruído acústico incidente sobre a fibra óptica tem na medida da largura de linha espectral do laser HeNe, utilizando experimentalmente o método auto-homódino com um interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder desbalanceado. O interferômetro tem um ramo com dois quilômetros mais longo que o outro, sendo a fibra enrolada em forma de bobina. As fases dos feixes da luz do laser são descorrelacionadas por atraso relativo dado pela bobina. Por razões práticas a linha de atraso foi construída com comprimento muito menor que o requerido, o que não atende a condição de não-correlação, na qual o tempo de atraso relativo é maior que o tempo de coerência do laser. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a linha espectral tem alta correlação com uma linha lorentziana e que a linha é alargada por intensificação do ruído acústico sobre a bobina de fibra. A abordagem teórica considera que o ruído acústico sobre a bobina tem os efeitos de levar o interferômetro a um regime quasi-coerente, descorrelacionando parcialmente as fases e de alargar a linha espectral por intensificação do ruído acústico nas ressonâncias da bobina. Simula-se o alargamento da linha com introdução de uma modulação harmônica no interferômetro. A simulação da bobina, modelada como uma casca cilíndrica de sílica com incidência de uma onda acústica calcula a variação do índice de refração, nas frequências próprias da casca cilíndrica. A partir destes resultados calcula-se o índice de modulação da onda acústica, com a técnica da matriz de transferência e obtêm-se, no espectro simulado com modulação de fase, a linha espectral alargada. Na parte experimental, o interferômetro foi montado em câmara de vácuo para controlar a intensidade do ruído acústico. Nas medições, o ruído acústico descorrelaciona as ondas por modulação. Devido a este efeito, a linha medida tem alta correlação com uma lorentziana e largura que aumenta com a pressão, que é a hipótese do presente trabalho / Abstract: We experimentally analyze the acoustic noise effect on the measurement of the HeNe laser spectral linewidth, using an unbalanced optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with a two kilometers longer arm. The fiber is wounded on a reel. The measured spectra with self homodyne detection is a process where the original laser signal is split, propagate in the two arms, are coupled together before detection by a photo-diode. The measured signals are non-coherent, given by the relative delay longer than the coherence time in the long arm. For practical reasons, the delay line was built with a much shorter length than required to analyze the laser line, which limits the delay to a value smaller than the coherence time. The theoretical approach here considers the acoustic noise on the longer arm forcing the interferometer system to a quasi-coherent, partially uncorrelating regime. The overall effect is a broadening of the spectral line by the enhancement of acoustic noise in coil fiber resonances. The enlargement of the spectral line is simulated using the introduction of a harmonic modulation wave in the non-coherent regime. A three-dimensional simulation of the optical fiber coil shaped like a silica cylindrical shell, with incidence of an acoustic wave, calculates the variations of refractive index in the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shell through the elasto-optic tensor. The refractive index variation of this model is applied to obtain the modulation index of the light in the fiber, using the transfer matrix technique to simulate the phase modulated spectrum. In the experimental bench, the interferometer is mounted in a vacuum chamber to control the intensity of the acoustic noise effect. The results exhibit increasing spectral linewidth with the air pressure, always preserving a high correlation with a Lorentzian line. In the simulation of the interferometer with phase modulated ligth signals, the spectral line is also broadened. The experimental results is in agreement with the hypothesis of spectral line broadening caused by phase uncorrelated waves whose uncorrelation is enhanced by the acoustic noise random effects in the interferometer long arm optical fiber reel / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

The heat content of a domain D of &Ropf;^d is defined as</sp> < p >E(s) = &int;_D u(s,x)dx, where u is the solution to the heat equation with zero initial condition and unit Dirichlet boundary condition. This thesis studies the behaviour of E(s) for small s with a particular emphasis on the case where $D$ is a planar domain whose boundary is a random Koch curve. When &part;D is spatially homogeneous, we show that we can recover the upper and lower Minkowski dimensions of &part;D from E(s). Furthermore, in some cases where the Minkowski dimension does exist, finer fluctuations can be recovered and the heat content is controlled by s^&alpha; exp{f (log(1/s)} for small s, for some positive &alpha; and some regularly varying function f. When &part;D is statistically self-similar, the heat content asymptotics are studied using a law of large numbers for the general branching process, and we show that the Minkowski dimension and content of &part;D exist and can be recovered from E(s). More precisely the heat content has an almost sure expansion E(s) = c₁ s^&alpha; N_&infin; + o(s^&alpha;), a.s. for small s, for some positive c₁ and &alpha; and a positive random variable N_&infin; with unit expectation. To study the fluctuations around these asymptotics, we prove a central limit theorem for the general branching process. The proof follows a standard Taylor expansion argument and relies on the independence built into the general branching process. The limiting distribution established here is reminiscent of those arising in central limit theorems for martingales. When &part;D is a statistically self-similar Cantor subset of &Ropf;, we discuss examples where we have and fail to have a central limit theorem for the heat content. We conclude with an open question about the fluctuations of the heat content when &part;D is a statistically self-similar Koch curve.

The induction motor is a highly utilised electrical machine in industry, with the nuclear industry being no exception. A typical nuclear power station usually contains more than 1000 motors, where they are used in safety and non-safety application. The efficient and fault-free operation of this machine is critical to the safe and economical operation of any plant, including nuclear power stations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted that covered the functioning of the induction machine, its common faults and methods of detecting these faults. The Condition Based Maintenance framework was introduced in which condition monitoring of induction machines is an essential component. The main condition monitoring methods were explained with the main focus being on Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) and the various methods associated with it. Three analysis methods were selected for further study, namely, Current Signature Analysis, Instantaneous Power Signature Analysis (IPSA) and Motor Square Current Signature Analysis (MSCSA). Essentially, the methodology used in this dissertation was to study the three common motor faults (bearings, stator and rotor cage) in isolation and compare the results to that of the healthy motor of the same type. The test loads as well as fault severity were varied where possible to investigate its effect on the fault detection scheme. The data was processed using an FFT based algorithm programed in MATLAB. The results of the study of the three spectral analysis techniques showed that no single technique is able to detect motor faults under all tested circumstances. The MCSA technique proved the most capable of the three techniques as it was able to detect faults under most conditions, but generally suffered poor results in inverter driven motor applications. The IPSA and MSCSA techniques performed selectively when compared to MCSA and were relatively successful when detecting the mechanical faults. The fact that the former techniques produce results at unique points in the spectrum would suggest that they are more suitable for verifying results. As part of a comprehensive condition monitoring scheme, as required by a large population of the motors on a nuclear power station, the three techniques presented in this study could readily be incorporated into the Condition Based Maintenance framework where the strengths of each could be exploited.

In this research an attempt is made at explaining the physical processes behind energy dissipation during wave breaking, through spectral analysis of the resulting sound. The size of an air bubble can be directly linked to the frequency of the sound that is heard using the simple harmonic solution to the Rayleigh–Plesset equation. It indicates the inverse relationship between frequency and bubble size. And this relationship has been used to identify wave breaking in general [MANASSEH 2006]. Now this research goes a step farther and looks at how the frequency spectrum of the sound changes with time, in an effort to understand the general pattern and from that to deduce an empirical equation that describes the breaking down of turbulence during a wave breaking event. Two main processes have been identified, with the second process having three main indicators that are necessary to evidence wave breaking. The first process is a near instantaneous shattering of the initial air bubble into much smaller metastable bubbles of a size that appears to be common for all waves independent of wave height. Then in the second process, the bubbles continue to break down following a recognisable pattern. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The e-OPRA Implant System (Integrum AB, Sweden) is a system which employs permanently accessible implantable neuromuscular electrodes in combination with osseointegrated attachment of the prosthesis to the skeleton, in order to create a more natural control of advanced robotic upper-limb prostheses. The system enables the possibility of sensory feedback, via a cuff electrode to the ulnar nerve which allows for direct neurostimulation of the nerve. This work proposes a method using electroencephalography (EEG) to quantitatively evaluate the cognitive workload of a person controlling a prosthesis, and how said workload changes when sensory feedback is enabled. Based on previous studies on EEG and cognitive workload, the proposed methods include collecting EEG data from subjects who are performing a grasping task while listening to a selection of sounds and counting the number of times a specific tone is presented. The data is analysed using both event related potentials (ERPs) as well as spectral analysis. The method was used in a trial run consisting of two healthy subjects, and one transhumeral amputee implanted with the e-OPRA system. Although the subject group was not large enough to draw any statistical conclusions, the trial run and the results from it suggest that the methods could be used in a larger study to evaluate the cognitive workload of amputees implanted with the e-OPRA system.

Background: Recently there has been a revitalization in research on classic psychedelic substances. This class of drugs has been found to produce intense and profoundly meaningful experiences, and offers a unique opportunity to study the neural correlates of the sense of self. The objective of this research was to systematically review the effects of classic psychedelics on spontaneous brain activity, as measured on three electrophysiological modalities: spectral analysis, signal diversity, and functional connectivity. Method: We searched Pubmed to identify papers in English, published between January 1990 to May 2021, where electrophysiological methods were used to evaluate the effects of classic psychedelics in healthy individuals during non-task resting states. Results: Sixteen papers were included. Classic psychedelic substances generally decrease spectral power in most frequency bands, mainly in the alpha range, increase signal diversity, and decrease the flow of information throughout the brain. Conclusion: Decreases in alpha power, increased signal diversity, and decreases in default mode network activity might be important neural correlates of the psychedelic state. However, inconsistencies in the results and heterogeneity in study design are some of the limitations that have to be considered when interpreting these results.

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This doctoral dissertation has mainly concentrated on modeling studies of shorter period acoustic-gravity waves propagating in the upper atmosphere. Several cases have been investigated in the literature, which are focusing on the propagation characteristics of high-frequency gravity wave packets. The dissertation consists of five main divisions of which each has its own significance to be addressed, and these five chapters are also bridged in order with each other to present a theme about gravity wave ducting dynamics, energetics, and airglows. The first chapter is served as an introduction of the general topic about atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves. Some of the historical backgrounds are provided as an interesting refreshment and also as a motivation reasoning this scientific research for decades. A new 2-D, time-dependent, and nonlinear model is introduced in the second chapter (the AGE-TIP model, acronymically named atmospheric gravity waves for the Earth plus tides and planetary waves). The model is developed during this entire doctoral study and has carried out almost all research results in this dissertation. The third chapter is a model application for shorter period gravity waves ducted in a thermally stratified atmosphere. In spite of mean winds the thermal ducting occurs because ducted waves are fairly common occurrences in airglow observations. One-dimensional Fourier analysis is applied to identify the ducted wave modes that reside within multiple thermal ducts. Besides, the vertical energy flux and the wave kinetic energy density are derived as wave diagnostic variables to better understand the time-resolved vertical transport of wave energy in the presence of multiple thermal ductings. The fourth chapter is also a model application for shorter period gravity waves, but it instead addresses the propagation of high-frequency gravity waves in the presence of mean background wind shears. The wind structure acts as a significant directional filter to the wave spectra and hence causes noticeable azimuthal variations at higher altitudes. In addition to the spectral analysis applied previously the wave action has been used to interpret the energy coupling between the waves and the mean flow among some atmospheric regions, where the waves are suspected to extract energy from the mean flow at some altitudes and release it to other altitudes. The fifth chapter is a concrete and substantial step connecting theoretical studies and realistic observations through nonlinearly coupling wave dynamic model with airglow chemical reactions. Simulated O (1S) (557.7 nm) airglow images are provided so that they can be compared with observational airglow images. These simulated airglow brightness variations response accordingly with minor species density fluctuations, which are due to propagating and ducting nonlinear gravity waves within related airglow layers. The thermal and wind structures plus the seasonal and geographical variabilities could significantly influence the observed airglow images. By control modeling studies the simulations can be used to collate with concurrent observed data, so that the incoherencies among them could be very useful to discover unknown physical processes behind the observed wave scenes.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an advanced data analysis technique for spectral analysis based on the direct measurement of the spectrum of optical emission from a laser-induced plasma. Assignment of different atomic and ionic lines, which are signatures of a particular element, is the basis of a qualitative identification of the species present in plasma. The relative intensities of these atomic and ionic lines can be used for the quantitative determination of the corresponding elements present in different samples. Calibration curve based on absolute intensity is the statistical method of determining concentrations of elements in different samples. Since we need an exact knowledge of the sample composition to build the proper calibration curve, this method has some limitations in the case of samples of unknown composition. The current research is to investigate the usefulness of ANN for the determination of the element concentrations from spectral data. From the study it is shown that neural networks predict elemental concentrations that are at least as good as the results obtained from traditional analysis. Also by automating the analysis process, we have achieved a vast saving in the time required for the data analysis.