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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

[en] ANALYSIS OF WELLBORE FAILURE MODES DURING DRILLING OPERATIONS / [pt] ANÁLISE DE MODOS DE FALHA NA PAREDE DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO DURANTE A PERFURAÇÃO

ANDERSON RANIERE SOBRAL DA SILVA 15 September 2023 (has links)
[pt] A perfuração de poços de petróleo envolve diversas fases. Com o avanço da tecnologia é possível explorar em águas ultra profundas com lâmina d água acima de 1500 metros de profundidade, com isso uma série de medidas precisam ser tomadas para que eventos catastróficos não ocorram durante a perfuração, eventos estes que podem gerar danos irreversíveis ao meio ambiente, multas altíssimas e expor a vida de centenas de pessoas. Dos eventos indesejados durante a perfuração, destacamos as instabilidades nas paredes dos poços, eventos como este podem gerar desmoronamentos devido à baixa pressões internas ou rupturas das paredes dos poços devido altas pressões. Com base nos modos de falha dos poços citados acima, o fluido de perfuração tem o objetivo de manter a pressão ideal no poço, sustentar suas paredes evitando desmoronamento, não somente isto, mas também remover os detritos ou cascalhos das rochas perfuradas, lubrificar e resfriar a broca. O presente trabalho buscou analisar o comportamento da parede dos poços quando submetidos a pressões que geram instabilidades e levam os poços a falhas irreversíveis, o método utilizado para mitigar os riscos foi o critério de falha de Mohr-Coulomb, e o desenvolvimento foi elaborado via métodos numéricos, mais específico em código de programação na linguagem Python, onde foi possível realizar simulações que visavam monitorar a estabilidade dos poços, demonstrando as áreas mais seguras e calculando as tensões atuantes durante a perfuração. / [en] The drilling of oil wells involves several phases. With the advancement of technology it is possible to explore ultra-deepwater with a water depth above 1500 meters deep, and a series of measures need to be taken so that catastrophic events have not occurred during drilling, events that can cause irreversible damage to the environment, very high fines and expose the lives of hundreds of people. Of the external events during drilling, we highlight the instabilities in the walls of the wells, events like this can generate landslides due to low internal pressure or ruptures of the walls of the wells due to high pressure. Based on the failure modes of the wells mentioned above, the drilling fluid has the objective of maintaining the ideal pressure in the well, sustaining its walls avoiding collapse, not only that but also removing the debris or cuttings from the drilled rocks, lubricating and cool the bit. The present work sought to analyze the behavior of the wall of the wells when it patented the pressure that generated instabilities and lead the wells to irreversible failures, the method used to mitigate the risks was the confirmed Mohr-Coulomb failure, and the development was elaborated via methods numerical, more specific in programming code in the Python language, where it was possible to carry out simulations that aimed to monitor the stability of the wells, demonstrating the safest areas and calculating the stresses acting during drilling.
2

Using experiment and first-principles to explore the stability of solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries

Benabed, Yasmine 01 1900 (has links)
Cotutelle entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université catholique de Louvain / Les batteries aux ions lithium (BIL) sont considérées comme la technologie la plus prometteuse en matière de stockage d’énergie. Elles possèdent les plus hautes densités d’énergie connues, permettant la miniaturisation constante des appareils électroniques commercialisés. La recherche dans le domaine des BIL s’est plus récemment tournée vers leur implémentation dans les véhicules électriques, qui nécessitera de plus hautes densités d’énergie et de puissance . Une manière concrète d’augmenter la densité d’énergie d’une BIL est d’en augmenter le voltage de cellule. Pour se faire, la nouvelle génération de batteries sera composée de matériaux d’électrode positive à haut potentiel (tel que LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 avec un potentiel de 4.7 V vs. Li+ /Li) et de lithium métallique en électrode négative. Néanmoins, l’introduction de ces matériaux d’électrode positive à haut potentiel est limitée par la stabilité électrochimique de l’électrolyte liquide conventionnel, composé d’un sel de lithium et de solvants organiques (typiquement LiPF6 + EC/DEC), qui s’oxyde autour de 4.2 V vs. Li+/Li , . L’utilisation du lithium métallique comme électrode négative est entravée par la nature liquide de l’électrolyte conventionnel, qui n’offre pas assez de résistance mécanique pour empêcher la formation de dendrites de lithium, causant à terme le court-circuit de la batterie. De tels courts-circuits présentent un risque d’incendie car les électrolytes liquides sont composés de solvants organiques inflammables à basse température, posant un sérieux problème de sécurité. Les électrolytes solides, de type céramique ou polymères, sont développés en alternative aux électrolytes liquides. Ils ne contiennent aucun solvant inflammable et sont stables à haute température. Ils constituent l’élément clé d’une nouvelle génération de batteries au lithium dite batteries au lithium tout-solide. Ces dernières sont développées pour répondre à des attentes élevées en termes de sécurité, de stabilité et de haute densité d’énergie. Les électrolytes solides doivent satisfaire un certain nombre d'exigences avant de pouvoir être commercialisés, notamment posséder une conductivité ionique élevée, une large fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique et une conductivité électronique négligeable. Ces propriétés constituent les critères les plus importants à prendre en compte pour la sélection de matériaux d’électrolytes solides. Cependant, on remarque dans la littérature que la majorité des études se concentre sur la conductivité ionique des électrolytes solides, reléguant au second plan l’exploration de leurs stabilité électrochimique et conductivité électronique. La fenêtre de stabilité électrochimique a longtemps été annoncée comme étant très large chez les électrolytes solides céramiques (au moins de 0 à 5 V vs. Li+/Li). Néanmoins, des études plus récentes tendent à démontrer que la valeur de cette fenêtre dépend grandement de la méthode électrochimique utilisée pour la mesurer, et qu’elle est de surcroit souvent surestimée. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une méthode pertinente pour déterminer la fenêtre de stabilité des électrolytes solides avec précision. Cette méthode a été optimisée et validée sur des électrolytes solides céramiques phare comme Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 et Li7La3Zr2O12. Quant à la conductivité électronique, elle est rarement étudiée dans les électrolytes solides, qui sont considérés comme isolants électroniques compte tenu de leur large bande interdite. Cela dit, de récentes études à ce sujet prouvent que malgré leur bande interdite, les électrolytes solides peuvent générer de la conductivité électronique par le biais de défauts, et que celle-ci, même faible, peut éventuellement mettre l’électrolyte en échec. Pour cette raison, le second objectif de ce projet de thèse a été d’explorer la formation de défauts dans les électrolytes solides afin de déterminer leur effet sur la génération de conductivité électronique. Pour avoir une vision d’ensemble, les premiers-principes ont été utilisés pour étudier six électrolytes solides largement utilisés notamment LiGe2(PO4)3, LiTi2(PO4)3, Li7La3Zr2O12, et Li3PS4. / Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered the most promising energy storage technology. LIBs electrode materials have the highest known energy densities, allowing the constant miniaturization of commercial electronic devices. Research in the field of LIBs has more recently turned to their implementation in electric vehicles, which will require higher energy and power densities . A concrete way to increase the energy density of LIBs is to increase the cell voltage. To do so, the new generation of batteries will be composed of high potential positive electrode materials (such as LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 with a potential of 4.7 V vs. Li+/Li) and metallic lithium in the negative electrode. Nevertheless, the introduction of these high potential positive electrode materials is limited by the electrochemical stability of conventional liquid electrolytes, composed of a lithium salt and organic solvents (LiPF6 + EC/DEC), which gets oxidized around 4.2 V vs. Li+/Li , . The use of metallic lithium as the negative electrode is also hindered by the liquid nature of the conventional electrolyte, which does not offer enough mechanical resistance to prevent the formation of lithium dendrites, ultimately causing a short-circuit of the battery. Such short-circuits are likely to lead to thermal runaway because liquid electrolytes are composed of organic solvents that are flammable at low temperature, posing a serious safety issue. Solid electrolytes, based on ceramics or polymers, are developed as an alternative to liquid electrolytes. They contain no flammable solvents and are stable at high temperatures. They are the key element of a new generation of lithium batteries called all-solid-state lithium batteries. These are developed to meet high expectations in terms of safety, stability and high energy density. Solid electrolytes must satisfy a number of requirements before they can be commercialized, including possessing a high ionic conductivity, a wide electrochemical stability window and negligible electronic conductivity. These properties are the most important criteria to consider when selecting solid electrolyte materials. However, the majority of studies found in the literature focuses on the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, overshadowing the exploration of their electrochemical stability and electronic conductivity. The electrochemical stability window has long been reported to be very wide in ceramic solid electrolytes (at least from 0 to 5 V vs. Li+/Li). Nevertheless, more recent studies tend to show that the value of this window depends greatly on the electrochemical method used to measure it, and that it is often overestimated. In this context, the first objective of this thesis was to develop a relevant method to determine the stability window of solid electrolytes with precision. This method was optimized and validated on flagship ceramic solid electrolytes such as Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 and Li7La3Zr2O12. As for the electronic conductivity, it is scarcely studied in solid electrolytes, which are considered as electronic insulators given their wide band gaps. That being said, more recent studies on this subject proved that despite their band gap, solid electrolytes can generate electronic conductivity through defects, and that electronic conductivity, even if it is weak, can eventually cause the failure of the electrolyte. For this reason, the second objective of this thesis project was to explore the formation of defects in solid electrolytes in order to determine their effect on the generation of electronic conductivity. To get a better overview, first-principles were used to investigate six widely used ceramic solid electrolytes, including LiGe2(PO4)3, LiTi2(PO4)3, Li7La3Zr2O12, and Li3PS4.

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