Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Univ., Diss.-2005--Würzburg, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [242] - 256.

Zugl.: Trier, Univ., Diss., 2007 u.d.T.: Mocek, Claudia: Dass sie in unserem Nahmen beywohnen

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 22, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-62).

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-53).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Bonn, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [245]-258) and index.

La relation diversité-productivité est au cœur des enjeux actuels dans de nombreux écosystèmes. Dans l’étude de cette relation en peuplements forestiers, un aspect de la diversité a été longtemps négligé : l’hétérogénéité des tailles. Nous nous intéressons à l’effet de l’hétérogénéité des tailles sur la production en peuplements purs et mélangés et à ses interactions avec les traits fonctionnels des espèces. L’utilisation de données de l’inventaire forestier national nous a permis de démontrer un effet globalement négatif de l’hétérogénéité des tailles en peuplements purs de différentes espèces ainsi qu'en peuplements mélangés. Dans ce dernier cas, nous avons mis en évidence un effet positif sur la production de la richesse spécifique et un effet positif d’une diminution de la tolérance à l’ombre avec la taille des arbres c’est à dire lorsque les espèces les moins tolérantes dominent la canopée. Nous discutons les intérêts et limites de de ces résultats et leurs conséquences à plus ou moins long terme pour la stabilité et la résilience des peuplements forestiers. / Understanding the link between diversity ecosystem functioning has been a major topic of ecology for the last decades. When studying the relationship between diversity and productivity in tree populations and communities, size heterogeneity has often been disregarded. Our study focuses on the effect of size heterogeneity on the production of pure and mixed forest stands as wells its interactions with species’ functional traits. By using national forest inventory data, we were able to demonstrate a negative effect of size heterogeneity in both pure and mixed stands. In the latter case, we showed a positive effect of species richness as well as a positive effect of a decrease of shade tolerance with tree size, i.e. when the less tolerant species are dominant in the overstorey. We propose potential mechanisms to explain our results and discuss the consequences of such findings at larger time scale for the stability and resilience of forest stands.

Management and restoration of black oak dominated sand savannas often rely on historic vegetative descriptions (settler accounts, surveyor notes, aerial photographs). It is commonly assumed that fire alone maintains savanna structure and composition, however little information is known about the specific fire frequency needed to maintain these systems. The objective of this study was to quantify and correlate characteristics of stand structure with fire history of the Kankakee Sands savannas in northeastern Illinois. Fire history chronologies were determined through dendrochronological methods from 289 dated fire scars identified on 58 black oak (Quercus velutina) trees located throughout four wooded sites. Tree and woody structure was characterized in 30 circular plots (0.04 hectares) in three sites and 26 circular plots in one site that were placed at 25-meter intervals along randomly established permanent line transects in the summer of 2007. The structure analysis consisted of the development of tree age-size relationships among presently dominant and suppressed trees in relation to fire history. Variations in tree and woody structure were strongly related to fire dynamics among the four study sites. Specifically, components such as tree density (n = 114; r = 0.46; P < 0.0001), basal area (n = 114; r = 0.35; P < 0.0001), and total woody stem density (n = 114; r = 0.42; P < 0.0001) all increased as a function of fire-free interval. In addition, sites with shorter fire-free intervals were associated with a higher percentage of hollow tree boles (n = 104 r = -0.31 P < 0.0015) and visible fire scar wounds (n = 104 r = -0.43334 P < 0.0001). While the results of this study suggest fire had a significant role in structuring these four wooded sites, the data also indicated other historic disturbances coupled with individual site characteristics may be integral components in structuring these dynamic systems. For instance, fire-free intervals less than two years maintained conditions of openness, as was referenced to 1939 historic aerial photographs, but eliminated potential future canopy trees. Under these conditions, a dramatic shift in community structure toward prairie vegetation is likely, as no smaller trees were present to assume canopy dominance. Fire-free intervals greater than two years were associated with transition to closed canopy forests. Therefore, management considerations pertaining to fire with the addition of other historic disturbances, including grazing and or selective cutting, are proposed to balance historic canopy openness and promote regeneration of characteristic savanna species.

Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-02-10T16:04:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diss_ester.pdf: 3276457 bytes, checksum: 2f3a592de87bbe6d66b7ce2df19a3748 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T16:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diss_ester.pdf: 3276457 bytes, checksum: 2f3a592de87bbe6d66b7ce2df19a3748 (MD5) / Esta dissertação visa a analisar o fenômeno do humor em um espetáculo de comédia no gênero stand-up sob a ótica da Linguística Cognitiva. Vários estudos sobre o discurso humorístico já foram realizados com foco nos aspectos linguísticos (TRAVAGLIA, 1990; POSSENTI, 1998; CARMELINO, 2009; SCHWARZ, 2010), nossa proposta é demonstrar que as teorias cognitivas podem contribuir para explicar o fenômeno do humor de uma forma ainda não abordada pela linguística mais tradicional. Nosso objetivo é investigar quais são os processos cognitivos que ocorrem no momento da punch-line – onde existe a expectativa do riso. O fenômeno do humor, baseado nas teorias linguísticas cognitivas, tem sido foco de estudo de vários pesquisadores (ATTARDO, 1994; RASKIN, 1979; COULSON, 2001; FAUCONNIER, 1984; FELTES, 2009; COSCARELLI, 2009; KRIKMANN, 2006). Nossa hipótese é que podemos compreender o sentido dos discursos da comédia de stand-up através das seguintes teorias: (i) Frame (FAUCONNIER, 1998, 2002, 2003; FILLMORE, 1984; COULSON, 2001; LAKOFF, 2004; KOESTLER, 1964; RITCHIE, 2004; MINSKY, 1974), e (ii) Teoria dos Espaços Mentais e sua extensão: Mesclagem Conceptual (FAUCONNIER, 2003; TURNER, 2003; KÖVECSES, 2006). Lakoff (2004) afirma que segundo a Ciência Cognitiva nós, seres humanos, pensamos através de frames, e para uma pessoa compreender uma verdade, o que foi dito precisa ter alguma relação com o conhecimento enciclopédico registrado em nossas sinapses, em nosso cérebro. Os temas usados nos espetáculos de comédia stand-up, como: racismo, política, casamento, sexo, etc., servem de pano de fundo para que o comediante alcance o efeito do humor da plateia. Geralmente, esses temas envolvem opiniões socialmente controversas, gerando uma oposição de frames, causando uma incongruência entre os frames da narrativa. O discurso humorístico tem como característica a resolução de uma incongruidade e é esperado que o humor surja no exato momento de sua resolução - quando um frame, considerado estável, por ser aceito culturalmente é mesclado por um novo frame, considerado episódico ou emergente. Dessa forma, temos na teoria da mesclagem conceptual base suficiente para, de forma mais pontual, analisarmos o discurso humorístico, por ser este um processo rico em mesclagens. E estas desvelam, sempre novas maneiras de observar a realidade, pois apontam novos sentidos. Para análise, escolhemos como corpus o espetáculo de comédia no gênero stand-up, Kill the Messenger, protagonizado pelo comediante Chris Rock, em sua turnê Mundial de 2008. Até o momento presente, supomos ser a primeira análise de comédia stand-up em pesquisas no Brasil. / This work aims to analyze the phenomenon of humor of a show of stand-up comedy, under the focus of the Cognitive Linguistics. Many studies about the humor discourse have already been made focusing on linguistics aspects (TRAVAGLIA, 1990; POSSENTI, 1998, CARMELINO, 2009; SCHWARZ, 2010). Our proposal is that the cognitive theories could contribute to explain the phenomenon of humor in a way not yet seen by the traditional linguistic. Our goal is to investigate which cognitive process occurs during the punch line – where one finds the laughter expectation. The humor phenomenon – based on the linguistic cognitive theories – have been the object of study of many researchers (ATTARDO, 1994, RASKIN, 1979, 1985; COULSON, 2001; FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2004; FELTES, 2009; COSCARELLI, 2009, KRIKMANN, 2006). Our hypothesis is that we can find the meaning of stand-up comedy discourse through the following theories: (i) Frame (FAUCONNIER, 1998, 2002, 2003; FILLMORE, 1984; COULSON, 2001, LAKOFF, 2004; RITCHIE, 2004; MINSKY, 1974; KOESTLER, 1964), (ii) Mental Spaces Theory and its extension: Conceptual Blending (FAUCONNIER 2003, TURNER, 2003; KÖVECSES, 2006). Lakoff (2004) says that according to the Cognitive Science people think in Frames. Thus, what is said only will make any sense to us if the concepts fits into our frames, registered in our brain’s synapses. The themes used in the stand-up comedy scripts, such as: racism, politics, marriage, sex, and so on, are the background that allows the comedian to work his way through the audience’s laughter. Overall, these themes evolve controversy social opinions, which could launch frame oppositions, causing incongruity between the narrative’s frames. The humor discourse has as characteristic the resolution of one incongruity and it is expected to humor to show up at this exact moment of the incongruity-resolution. The humor will appear at the time when a usual frame, culturally accepted will be shifted by a new one (episodic). That way, we have in the conceptual blending theory suficient data, more precisely, to analize the humor discourse, for its richness of blendings. For these blendings could reveal new ways of seeing the reality because it points new meanings. As a corpus, we have chosen the Chris Rock stand-up comedy show Kill the Messenger of 2008. Until today, we believe this is the first analysis done in stand-up comedy held in Brazil.

Ce mémoire présente le travail de recherche qui consiste à développer et à mettre au point un dispositif capable d'alimenter en électricité un habitat isolé et le rendre autonome en utilisant des sources d'énergie renouvelable. Le système multi-sources considéré comprend une éolienne et des panneaux photovoltaïques comme sources principales, des batteries de type Lithium-Ion pour le stockage ainsi qu'un générateur Diesel comme source de secours. Dans le but d'apporter une contribution face aux problèmes de gestion d'énergie pour systèmes hybride et la commande des chaînes de conversion d'énergie renouvelable, nous proposons dans ce travail une stratégie de gestion des flux de puissances basée sur la prédiction des potentiels énergétiques sur un horizon très-court pour générer des références optimales pour assurer l'autonomie de la charge. Pour cela, nous présentons dans un premier temps, un dimensionnement des différents modules du système multi-sources ainsi que la modélisation de chacune des chaînes de conversion d'énergie. Par la suite, cette modélisation nous a permis de développer des lois de commande en utilisant les techniques LMI pour le placement de pôles dans le but d'augmenter les performances transitoires du suivi de références. L'algorithme de gestion proposé ainsi que les stratégies de commande développées pour le suivi de références et la maximisation de puissance ont été validées en simulation en utilisant des données issues de mesures réelles. Après avoir obtenu des résultats en simulation avec Matlab/Simulink, nous avons validé ces travaux expérimentalement en réalisant des tests sur la plateforme multi-sources équipée de cartes dSPACE du laboratoire / This dissertation presents a research project that consists of the development of a device that is able to supply an isolated house with electricity and to make it autonomous by using renewable energy sources. The multi-source system considered in this thesis includes a wind turbine and photovoltaic panels as main sources, Lithium-Ion batteries for storage and Diesel generator as emergency source. In order to make a contribution considering problems of energy management for hybrid systems as well as problems in controlling energy conversion chains, we are suggesting a power flow management strategy which is based on the prediction of the potential energy available on the veryshort-term. That strategy aims at generating optimal references in order to insure the electrical autonomy of the house. For this, we present firstly, a sizing and modelingof the different modules of the multi-source system. This modelling allowed us subsequently to develop a static and dynamic state feedback control strategies by using LMI techniques for pole placement in order to increase the transition performancesfor reference monitoring. The proposed management algorithm as well as the developed control strategies for tracking and maximizing power is validated in simulation using data obtained through real measurements. After having results in simulationusing Matlab/Simulink, we have validated them experimentally by conducting tests via a multi-source platform equipped with dSPACE cards of our laboratory