No description available.

Batteries are important energy storage devices and are used in different applica- tions. The purpose of this thesis is to study behavior and characteristics of batter- ies when used in system-level design process. In addition, the use of hardware-in- loop (HIL) simulation of batteries for power system applications is studied. The thesis also aims to investigate the ability of HIL in alleviating the need for extensive and detailed modeling of battery storage systems and to improve the accuracy of the simulation of systems where they are used. The major problem of using battery models is that they are greatly aff ected by external factors such as temperature and history of the charge/discharge regimes. An HIL scheme eliminates the need for mathematical modeling of batteries by interfacing them directly to the simula- tor, where charging and discharging regimes, state of charge estimation methods and efficiency can be investigated.

This thesis reports on low-energy injection studies, considering a multi-shot and multiturn injection method in radial phase space, using only one kicker magnet. A new model is presented in which the coupling between the radial and longitudinal phase space significantly increases the injection efficiency at low energies. Coupling with the longitudinal phase space takes place if the energy of the injected beam is different from the equilibrium ring energy and if there is dispersion at the septum position. Coupling with the vertical phase space, introduced by skew quadrupole fields, also increases the injection efficiency. A computer program, MCIS, has been written in order to make quantitative predictions from the new model. Calculations are presented for HELIOS, a superconducting synchrotron with a final electron energy of 700 MeV. The present injection energy is 200 MeV. The calculations show that if injection were to take place off-energy by δ _m ≈ 1 %, then the injection energy could be lowered to a minimum of about 35 MeV. This prediction only takes into account single particle beam dynamics. The effect of most other parameters on the injection efficiency is also calculated. Experimental studies of the injection process were performed during the commissioning period of Helios, which was carried out by a team under the author's direction. Data obtained at an injection energy of 100 MeV are compared with calculations. A precise measurement of the relative energy deviation of the injected beam δ_m has been made. The agreement with the model is good and it proves the presence of longitudinal coupling for the optimum injection conditions. The measurement of the optimum kicker strength also agrees with the model, as does the general behaviour of injection as a function of several parameters. The measurements lead to a high level of confidence in the model presented. The belief in the general validity of the model is reinforced by its agreement with the overall injection behaviour of accelerators other than HELIOS, which inject successfully at low energies.

Genes encoding representatives of two subfamilies from the vicilin storage protein family in pea (Pisum sativum L.) have been sequenced and characterised. One, encoding convicilin, shows that this protein differs from vicilin by the insertion of a hydrophilic region near the N-terminus. The transcription start point has been determinedand the pattern of expression in developing seeds elucidated. By theexpression of this gene in tobacco, the specific polypeptide product ofthe gene was identified as a minor component of convicilin , with a lowerMr than the major species . The other gene subfamily investigated wasThat encoding the vicilin 47,000 Mr polypeptide. A gene and a cDNA weresequenced, and the gene found to diverge from the cDNA in the 3" regionof the coding sequence. No product from this divergent gene could beidentified.A member of the legumin gene family (legK) was sequenced and found to be inactive due to a mutation of the start codon. The region of DNAencoding the start codon of this gene was amplified by polymerase chainreaction from a pea line in which the gene was known to be active . Thesequence of this revealed the presence of a normal start codon. Two dimensional protein gels were run with seed extracts from these twolines , and the product of (legK) demonstrated by its occurrence in theline with the functional gene. A method for the extraction and purification of the major pea root protein was established. The protein was shown to have a Mr of 16,000 and not to be susceptible to cleavage by cyanogen bromide. Partial amino acid sequence data was obtained from the purified protein .A differential screen of cDNA from purple and green poddedvarieties of pea was conducted, and differentially expressed cDNAsisolated . The nature of the expression of these cDNAs was studied in thetwo lines and the cause of instability in the purple podded phenotypeinvestigated . A genomic library was constructed from the purple poddedline . Two genes were selected by the differentially expressed cDNAs andtheir DNA sequences determined. A gene encoding a pectinestera- likesequence, and the pod expressed cDNA used to select it , were found to betwo members of a small multigene family in pea. The second gene selectedproved to encode a protein containing two distinct domains; the N-terminal region being of a repetitive proline-rich nature and the C-terminal region being hydrophobic and cysteine rich . This gene waspresent as a single copy in the pea genome and its expression appearedto be linked to pigmentation.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Graduation date: 1950

Graduation date: 1955

Graduation date: 1989