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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVE BLENDING OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) AND ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE RUBBER

Vadori, Ryan 11 January 2013 (has links)
The polymer materials industry is heavily dependent on the use of petroleum based plastics. This poses a problem, as the world is facing ongoing petroleum supply problems. A need exists for a bio-carbon based polymer material that has the performance and cost of currently used petroleum plastics. However, the overall performance of current bio-based plastics indicate that they must be somehow supplemented to achieve the properties of that of petroleum-based polymers. The low impact strength and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid), PLA are targets for improvement. One option is for development is through blending with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The viability and efficacy of using these two polymers as blending partners is investigated. The PLA used in these studies has unique and interesting crystallization properties. These have been examined and detailed in part 1. The second part of study includes neat polymer properties, miscibility analysis, and large scale process results. This results in an optimized blending ratio on which to go forward with development. The mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties are investigated in these studies. Significance of this research and development is widespread, as the material developed has the potential to reduce the use of petroleum-based carbon in plastics. / The financial support from the 2010 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA)/University of Guelph -Bioeconomy for Industrial Uses Research Program, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) AUTO21 NCE project and Grain Farmers of Ontario (GFO), to carry out this research is gratefully acknowledged.
72

COMPARISON OF ETHYLENE TERPOLYMER, STYRENE BUTADIENE, AND POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID TYPE MODIFIERS FOR ASPHALT CEMENT

KANABAR, NEHA 13 December 2010 (has links)
The objective of this study was to compare different modifiers in two asphalt cements, namely Cold Lake 80/100 obtained from the Edmonton, Alberta refinery of Imperial Oil Limited and a PG 58-28 obtained from a now closed refinery in the Montreal, Quebec area. The modifiers investigated were polyphosphoric acid (PPA), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), and reactive ethylene terpolymer (Elvaloy® RET). The comparisons were done based on both unaged and laboratory-aged materials. The investigation covers high temperature grading using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), low temperature grading using a bending beam rheometer (BBR), ductile strain tolerance as measured in the double-edge-notched tension (DENT) test and percentage recovered strain using multiple shear creep recovery (MSCR) test. The Superpave® performance grade span was increased for all modifiers with substantial increases in the high temperature rutting parameter G*/sin while the BBR parameters, T(S = 300 MPa) and T(m = 0.3), remained largely unchanged. In the PG 58-28 base asphalt, Elvaloy® modifiers were able to reduce the intermediate Superpave® grade temperature by significant amounts. All polymer modifiers were good at improving the ductile strain tolerance as measured in the DENT test. In contrast, PPA alone reduces the strain tolerance due to the formation of extra asphaltenes and the likely gelation of the asphaltene-rich phase. Nearly all the modified samples passed the MSCR test except those with poor compatibility (i.e. SBS blended with Cold Lake without sulfur, Elvaloy® systems without acid catalyst, and pure PPA modified systems) or no modifier, which did not reach the required elastic recovery at high levels of non-recoverable compliance. In the BBR test done at low temperatures, all modified systems showed similar elastic recovery and viscous (non-recoverable) compliance. However, in the ductile-to-brittle range the Elvaloy® RET-modified binders showed a definite advantage of a few degrees over the unmodified base asphalts. Finally, chemical aging tendencies, as measured by weight gain and carbonyl formation, turned out to be very similar for all the investigated compositions. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2010-12-13 13:29:45.173
73

Emulsion Polymerization Using Switchable Surfactants

FOWLER, CANDACE IRENE 26 September 2011 (has links)
The work presented herein focuses on expanding the use of CO2-triggered switchable surfactants in emulsion polymerization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers. Bicarbonate salts of the following compounds were employed as surfactants in the emulsion polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and/or butyl methacrylate (BMA): N’-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (1a), N’-dodecyl N,N-dimethylacetamidine (2a) and N’-(4-decylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (3a). A systematic study of the effects of surfactant and initiator concentrations and solids content on the resulting particle size and ζ-potential was carried out, showing that a wide range of particle sizes (40 – 470 nm) can be obtained. It was found that as the basicity of the surfactant decreased, the particle size generated from emulsion polymerization increased. Destabilization of these latexes did not require the addition of salts and was carried out using only non-acidic gases and heat. It was shown that solids content, temperature, particle size and surfactant basicity greatly affect the rate of destabilization of latexes. The area occupied by N’-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium acetate on PMMA particles was determined to be 104 Å2. The monomer-D2O partition coefficient of 2a was determined to be 21 for styrene and 2.2 for MMA. The monomer-D2O partition coefficient of the bicarbonate salt of 2a was determined to be 1.2 for styrene and 0.85 for MMA. An initial assessment of the use of switchable surfactants in the generation of inverse emulsions was carried out. It was determined that butylated polyethyleneimine (BPEI) can successfully stabilize inverse emulsions of cyclohexane and aqueous 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Upon CO2 introduction, this emulsion separates into two distinct phases. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-26 11:10:14.053
74

Random controlled free radical copolymerization of acrylic acidstyrene and tert-butyl acrylatestyrene mixtures using nitroxide mediators

Lessard, Benoît H., 1985- January 2008 (has links)
Controlled free radical polymerization facilitates the production of polymers with highly defined microstructures like traditional ionic polymerization; but in contrast allows for previously unattainable monomer combinations such as acrylic acid in its non-protected form. Incorporation of acrylic acid into styrene was done by random copolymerization of acrylic acid (directly and in its protected form as tert-butyl acrylate) with styrene. Styrene/tert-butyl acrylate (S/t-BuA) as well as styrene/acrylic acid (S/AA) mixtures were copolymerized to form tapered or gradient copolymers. Using an alkoxyamine unimolecular initiator, 2-[N- tert-butyl-2,2-(dimethylpropyl)aminooxy] propionic acid (BlocBuilder RTM), along with additional free nitroxide (SG1), the effect of acid protection on polymerization kinetics and copolymer composition was determined. Adding 4.5 mol% SG1/BlocBuilderRTM greatly improved the control of S/t-BuA copolymerization with low polydispersities (1.14-1.22) whereas the S/AA required higher levels of SG1 to produce polymers with low polydispersities that were comparatively still broader compared to the S/t-BuA system (polydispersities ∼ 1.3-1.4 at 9 mol% SG1/BlocBuilderRTM). S/AA copolymerization required higher SG1 concentrations to compensate for degradation of SG1 by attack from the acrylic acid monomer.
75

Nanostructured Photocatalysts for the Destruction of Styrene

Mr Chun Siong Melvin Lim Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
76

Mass spectrometry of metallothionein adducts as candidate biomarkers of styrene oxide and 1-phenylpropylene oxide

Tarr, Sandra G. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 44 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-44).
77

A route to enhanced intercalation in rubber-silicate nanocomposites

Al-Yamani, Faisal M. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, 2005. / "August, 2005." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 11/28/2005) Advisor, Lloyd Goettler; Faculty Reader, Avraam I. Isayev; Department Chair, Sadhan C. Jana; Dean of College, Frank N. Kelley; Dean of Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
78

Precipitation polymerization of divinylbenzene to monodisperse microspheres : an investigation of the particle formation mechanism /

Downey, Jeffrey S. January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.
79

Efeito do lantânio nas propriedades de catalisadores de ferro para a produção de estireno

Santos, Manuela de Santana 29 October 2007 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-15T15:53:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa Manuela.pdf: 2230006 bytes, checksum: c333e5f619891c4c93f788ac275e016a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-15T16:03:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa Manuela.pdf: 2230006 bytes, checksum: c333e5f619891c4c93f788ac275e016a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T16:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa Manuela.pdf: 2230006 bytes, checksum: c333e5f619891c4c93f788ac275e016a (MD5) / CAPES / Entre os intermediários utilizados na indústria petroquímica, o estireno é um dos mais importantes. Este monômero é empregado na produção de diferentes materiais poliméricos, sendo o poliestireno o mais importante. Desde 1930, a desidrogenação catalítica do etilbenzeno em presença de vapor d’água é mais importante via de produção de estireno. O catalisador clássico, baseado em óxido de ferro contendo potássio e cromo, entretanto, rapidamente desativa com o tempo, causando a necessidade de troca do catalisador a cada um ou dois anos. Como conseqüência, vários estudos estão sendo conduzidos com o intuito de descobrir dopantes alternativos que possam tornar o catalisador mais estável. Com esse objetivo, investigou-se neste trabalho, o efeito do lantânio e do método de preparação sobre as propriedades catalíticas da hematita. Amostras com diferentes razões molares ferro/lantânio (5, 10, 15 e 20) foram preparadas através do método sol-gel a partir de nitrato de lantânio, nitrato de ferro e hidróxido de amônio. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, medida de área superficial específica e redução à temperatura programada e avaliados na desidrogenação do etilbenzeno em presença de vapor d’água. Foi observado que as amostras mais ricas em lantânio (Fe/La = 5 e 10) se mostraram amorfas aos raios X, mas as outras eram formadas por hematita. Após a reação, detectou-se magnetita, em todas as amostras, hematita e um óxido de ferro e lantânio (FeLaO3). O lantânio evitou a sinterização dos sólidos, mas apenas nos catalisadores novos. Os catalisadores dopados com lantânio se mostraram mais ativos do que a hematita pura e este efeito aumentou com a quantidade de lantânio até o valor de Fe/La = 10; quantidades maiores desse dopante diminuiu a atividade. Esta melhoria do catalisador foi atribuída ao papel do lantânio em elevar a atividade intrínseca, assim como em estabilizar as espécies Fe+3, consideradas como a fase ativa. A fim de promover uma melhoria ainda maior desse catalisador, o efeito do tipo do agente precipitante foi também investigado, através da preparação de amostras com carbonato de sódio e potássio e hidróxido de sódio e potássio. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados pelas mesmas técnicas e também por espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios X e espectroscopia Mössbauer. O emprego de carbonato de sódio e potássio e hidróxido de sódio e potássio favoreceu a cristalização e a produção de sólidos com baixos valores de área superficial específica; a resistência contra redução aumentou. Também foi observado que sódio e potássio atuaram como promotores estruturais, sendo o potássio o mais eficiente, especialmente quando associado a espécies hidroxilas. O catalisador preparado com carbonato de potássio foi o mais ativo, um fato que foi atribuído à produção de ferrita de potássio na superfície das partículas, responsáveis pelo aumento da atividade dos sítios. O mais eficiente método de preparação desse sólido é a adição dos reagentes sobre a água; através da adição de carbonato de potássio aos nitratos de ferro e lantânio ou vice-versa foram obtidos catalisadores menos ativos. O catalisador foi mais ativo com conversão de 13% quando comparado a uma amostra comercial, que apresentou conversão de 9,0%, então é promissor para aplicação industrial / Among the intermediates used in petrochemical industry, styrene is by far one of the most important. This monomer is used for the production of different polymeric materials, the most important being polystyrene. Since 1930, the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in the presence of steam is the most important route for styrene production. The classical catalyst, based on iron oxide containing potassium and chromium, however, fastly deactivates with time, causing the need of replacing the catalyst each one or two years. As a consequence, several studies have been carried out in recent years aiming to get alternative dopants which could make the catalysts more stable. With this goal in mind, the effect of lanthanum and of the preparation method on the catalytic properties of hematite was investigated in this work. Samples with different iron to lanthanum molar ratio (5, 10, 15 and 20) were prepared by sol-gel method from lanthanum nitrate, iron nitrate and ammonium hydroxide. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, specific surface area measurements and temperature programmed reduction and evaluated in the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in the presence of steam. It was found that the samples richest in lanthanum (Fe/La = 5 and 10) were amorphous to X-ray but the other were made off hematite. After reaction, magnetite, hematite and an iron and lanthanum oxide (FeLaO3) were detected in all the samples. Lanthanum avoided sintering but only for the fresh catalysts. The lanthanum-doped catalysts were more active than pure hematite and this effect increased with lanthanum amount up to Fe/La = 10; higher amounts of this dopant decreased the activity. This improvement of the catalysts was assigned to the role of lanthanum in increasing the intrinsic activity as well as in stabilizing the Fe+3 species, wich are supposed to be the active phase. In order to improve this catalyst even more, the effect of the kind of the precipitant agent was also investigated, by preparing samples with sodium and potassium carbonate and sodium and potassium hydroxide. The catalysts were characterized by the same techniques and also by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mossabuer spectroscopy. The use of sodium and potassium carbonate and hydroxide makes the crystallization easier and favors the production of solids with low specific surface areas; the resistance against reduction increased. It was also found that sodium and potassium were structural promoters, being potassium the most effective one, especially when associated with hydroxide species. The catalyst prepared with potassium carbonate was the most active one and this was assigned to the production of potassium ferrite on the particle surface, responsible for the increase of active of the sites. The most efficient way to prepare this solid is by adding all reagents to water; by adding potassium carbonate to the iron and lanthanum nitrate or vice-versa less active catalysts were produced. The catalyst was more active (13% of conversion) when compared to the commercial sample which showed 9% of conversion and thus is promising for industrial applications.
80

Efeito do método de preparação nas propriedades catalíticas de óxidos de ferro contendo alumínio

Medeiros, Alleyrand Sergio Ramos January 2011 (has links)
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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Alleyrand Sergio R Medeiros.pdf: 2411212 bytes, checksum: 2b333422fe83fe3b6d26eaf1b467f681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Foi estudado o efeito do método de preparação nas propriedades catalíticas de óxidos de ferro contendo potássio com o objetivo de obter sólidos eficientes para catalisar a desidrogenação do etilbenzeno em presença de vapor d´água, a principal rota comercial para a produção de estireno. Este monômero é um produto químico de alto valor comercial utilizado na manufatura de polímeros e resinas, entre outras aplicações. Devido à toxidez dos catalisadores comerciais, existe a necessidade de investigar sólidos alternativos. As amostras baseadas em óxido de ferro contendo alumínio (Fe/Al (molar)= 10), ou não, foram preparados por hidrólise de nitrato de ferro e de alumínio com hidróxido de potássio pela adição de soluções: (i) do agente precipitante sobre a solução dos sais metálicos; (ii) dos sais metálicos (separadas) sobre a solução de hidróxido de potássio; (iii) dos sais metálicos (misturadas) sobre a solução do agente precipitante; (iv) dos sais metálicos (misturadas) e da solução do agente precipitante sobre a água; (v) do nitrato de ferro e da solução de hidróxido de potássio sobre a água, seguida de impregnação do gel obtido com solução de nitrato de alumínio; (vi) do nitrato de ferro e da solução de hidróxido de potássio sobre a água, seguida da impregnação do gel com solução de nitrato de alumínio e (vii) do agente precipitante sobre a solução do sal de ferro, seguido da impregnação com solução de nitrato de alumínio. As amostras foram caracterizadas por análise química, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, medidas de área de superficial específica, difração de raios X, redução a temperatura programada e espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios X. Os catalisadores foram avaliados em um microreator de leito fixo, a 1 atm e 530 ° C, utilizando uma razão molar vapor d´água/ etilbenzeno de 10. Após a reação, os catalisadores foram caracterizados por medidas de área superficial específica e difração de raios-X. Em todos os casos, foi produzida hematita (-Fe2O3) e não foi detectada nenhuma fase contendo potássio ou alumínio. Observou-se que a ação do alumínio sobre a hematita depende amplamente do método de preparação. A área superficial específica pode variar, dependendo da forma de introdução de alumínio no sólido: ela pode aumentar ou diminuir, dependendo do emprego da impregnação ou da precipitação, respectivamente. A redutibilidade dos sólidos também varia com o alumínio, dependendo do método de preparação; a amostra mais redutível é obtida pela adição da solução de hidróxido de potássio sobre a solução de nitrato de ferro e de alumínio, enquanto a menos redutível é obtida pela adição dos reagentes sobre a água, na ausência de alumínio. O método de preparação também afeta a ação do alumínio sobre a atividade de hematita na desidrogenação do etilbenzeno em presença de vapor. Em geral, quando o alumínio é adicionado ao sólido por precipitação são obtidos catalisadores mais ativos, em relação ao método de impregnação. Em todos os casos, o papel de alumínio, bem como do método de preparação, em afetar a atividade catalítica está mais relacionado à atividade intrínseca do que à área superficial específica. Dentre os métodos estudados, aquele em que uma solução de hidróxido de potássio é adicionada a uma solução de nitrato de ferro e alumínio, produziu catalisadores mais ativos em presença ou não de alumínio. Estes materiais apresentaram elevado rendimento a estireno, mas também foram seletivos aos subprodutos. O catalisador mais promissor para a produção de estireno foi aquele preparado por adição de uma solução de nitrato de ferro e alumínio a uma solução de hidróxido de potássio. Este método produziu um catalisador que levou ao rendimento a estireno mais elevado, com baixa seletividade a benzeno e tolueno e alta estabilidade, alcançada após 5000 s de reação. / Salvador

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