In the context of the financial crisis of the last years,a centralizing tendency has grown, leaving asidethe attribution of powers to Regional Governments. The margin of the economic intervention of those entities has been reduced to the management and  implementation of the solutions previously developed and imposed by the Central Government.In this article, the outstanding author presents us a legal analysis, on the basis of the Italian case, as to whether it is reasonable to chase social-economic development, excluding the system of local self-governments, or relegating them to a purely passive role. / En el contexto de la crisis financiera de los últimosaños, se ha dado una tendencia centralizadora queha dejado de lado la atribución de potestades a losGobiernos Regionales. El margen de intervencióneconómica de dichas entidades se ha visto reducido a la gestión y ejecución de soluciones desarrolladas e impuestas por el Gobierno Central.En este artículo, la destacada autora nos plantea un análisis jurídico, tomando como base el caso italiano, respecto a si es que es razonable perseguir el crecimiento económico-social, excluyendo el sistema de los gobiernos autónomos, o relegándolos a un rol meramente pasivo.

nÃo hà / O trabalho tem o objetivo geral de examinar a introduÃÃo das polÃticas de gestÃo democrÃtica e participativa no campo da educaÃÃo pÃblica brasileira, no marco da âreformaâ gerencial do Estado Brasileiro, com Ãnfase na experiÃncia do estado do Cearà entre os anos de 1995 e 2006, tendo em vista a articulaÃÃo de tais diretrizes com as linhas emanadas das instituiÃÃes multilaterais. Nesse sentido, o estudo enfoca as ideologias que informam o referido processo, o Corporativismo e o PrincÃpio da Subsidiariedade, examinando sua reapariÃÃo na teoria polÃtica subjacente à âreformaâ do Estado. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental e bibliogrÃfica fundada no horizonte teÃrico-metodolÃgico do materialismo histÃrico e dialÃtico. A pesquisa resultou em aproximaÃÃes conclusivas que revelam que: a âreformaâ gerencial do Estado brasileiro, responsiva à crise do capital, fundada em bases participativas, prefigura um regime polÃtico integralista, avesso à independÃncia polÃtica das organizaÃÃes de classe; no atual contexto, a gerÃncia descentralizada e participativa visa a capturar, no Ãmbito do aparato estatal, as representaÃÃes classistas (corporativismo) no Ãmbito de uma governanÃa na qual a suposta autonomia na base se destina a gerenciar o plano geral estratÃgico do Estado (PrincÃpio da Subsidiariedade); a gestÃo participativa surge como condiÃÃo sine qua non da publicizaÃÃo, isto Ã, da transferÃncia dos serviÃos pÃblicos para a esfera da sociedade civil, esfera do mercado; o exame da introduÃÃo da gestÃo participativa na rede pÃblica cearense mostrou a articulaÃÃo entre a introduÃÃo dos novos mÃtodos gestionÃrios e as necessidades postas pelo ajustamento fiscal do estado e que o processo nÃo se completou, seja pela resistÃncia de professores e estudantes, seja pela inaÃÃo dos governos, seja pela pouca atraÃÃo exercida sobre o setor privado, embora os modelos de gestÃo participativa e democrÃtica sigam sendo a forma privilegiada de introduÃÃo da âreformaâ gerencial do Estado. / The overall study aims to examine the introduction of policies to democratic and participatory management in the public education in Brazil, in the limits of the Brazilian State management "reform", with emphasis on the Cearà state experience between 1995 and 2006, considering its articulation within the guidelines issued by the multilateral agencies. In this sense, the study focuses on the ideologies that inform the above process, Corporatism and the Principle of Subsidiarity, examining his reappearance in the political theory underlying the "reform" of the State. It is a documental and bibliographical research based on theoretical and methodological horizon of historical and dialectical materialism. The research resulted in approaches that reveal: management "reform" of the Brazilian State, responsive to the crisis of capital, founded in participatory bases, prefigures a integralist political regime, averse to the political independence of the working class organizations; in the current context, decentralized and participatory management aims to capture, in the State apparatus, the classist representations (corporatism) in the context of governance in which an alleged autonomy in the base is designed to manage the overall strategic plan of the State (principle of subsidiarity); management participatory appears as a sine qua non of accaountability, in other words, the transfer of public services to the sphere of civil society, the sphere of the market; the study of the introduction of participatory management in the Cearà public education web showed the link between the new managerial methods and imperatives posed by the State tax adjustment; the process is not completed, because, in a hand, of the resistance of teachers and students and, in onother, by inaction of governments, or by little attraction exerted on the private sector, although the models of participatory and democratic management continue being the preferred way of introducing of the State managerial "reform".

Crime of fraud, credit and loan fraud pursuant to section 209,210, 211 and 212 of the Criminal Code Criminal code, No. 40/2009 Coll., contains the criminal offence of a fraud (Section 209) and it's special cases such as the insurance (Section 210), loan (Section 211) and subsidy fraud (Section 212), in total of four separate offences dealing with fraudulent deliquency. The author of the thesis deals with the characterization of facts of fraud. Property fraud (Section 209) is a damage crime, but the special forms of fraud have features of pre-accomplished crime (preparation of crime). Fraudster's criminal liability for insurance, loan or subsidy fraud is rather larger than criminal liability for general type of fraud. Analysis of the judicial decisions of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of the Czech republic is one part of the diploma thesis. From the results of the analysis the author concludes that there is a personal criminal liability for fraud when the perpetrator sues for a fake debt. This kind of deceptive activity is an attempt of crime of the fraud. The difference between special type of fraud (insurance, loan or subsidy Sec. 210 - 212 Criminal code) and general fraud (Sec. 209 Criminal code) is evident also in the level of evidence. Culpability of fraud must comprise of the intent to...

The main subject of this Master's thesis is the analysis of the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression in the Czech legal order, both in historical context and the context of current legislation. This work is analysing the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression with its relating principle 'ultima ratio' and its concept in the Czech, or more like Czechoslovakian criminal substantive law since the first half of the twentieth century till today. The principle is defined both in theoretical legal terms and the practical legal terms in the context of the Czech higher court case law analysis. In the first chapter of the presented work, the author is discussing the historical point of view at already mentioned principle which is described in more of a detail as it comes to its criminal law codexes accepted in the years 1950 and 1961.This chapter is meant to highlight the fact that a criminal act itself in this period of time - obviously taken the differences in the political arrangments of Czechoslovakia - was treated differently than it would be today, which decreased the legal reassurance of Czechoslovakians, who were 'looked after' mostly by the institute of former so-called social endangerment. It is also important to mention that this period of time used to deal with an intrusion...

Le principe de subsidiarité est ici étudié en droit canonique, et au cours de son histoire contemporaine. Le catholicisme romain procède, depuis moins d’un siècle, à une complexe acculturation et inculturation, certes conditionnelle par respect envers sa spécificité religieuse, à propos de procédures de subsidiarité. Et, y compris, afin que de telles procédures puissent être assumées dans les rapports de pouvoirs internes à cette Église chrétienne. Car la meilleure des mises en œuvre de subsidiarité a acquis une réputation de précieuses contributions pour rendre le vécu en sociétés plus humain : un savoir procédural pour articuler les différents ordres supérieurs et inférieurs. Que ces subsidiarités articulent davantage de participation effective de tous et de toutes aux décisions les concernant. Aussi les formes de subsidiarités les plus ajustées et opportunes peuvent en principe faciliter un exercice plus libre et plus responsable des compétences légitimement réparties. Mais, leurs applications concrètes ne sont pas sans soulever des difficultés, des confusions indues et équivoques de compétences. L’Église catholique romaine recommande l’application du principe de subsidiarité à la société civile (ad extra). À quelles conditions institutionnelles des procédures de subsidiarités dans l’Église catholique romaine contemporaine (ad intra) ? / The principle of subsidiarity is studied here in canonic law, and during modern history. The Roman Catholicism has proceeded, less than a century, in a complex acculturation and inculturation, admittedly conditional with respect for religious specificity, about the procedures of subsidiarity. And, furthermore, in order such procedures to be assumed in the power relations internal to this Christian Church. Because the best practice of subsidiarity has acquired, in a real-world situation and in the Church, a reputation of precious contributions to make society more human: a procedural knowledge to articulate the different superior and inferior orders. That this subsidiarity leads to a more efficient participation of everybody to the decisions concerning them. Thus the most adjusted and appropriate forms of subsidiarity can in principle make easier the exercise of the competences legitimately distributed. But, their concrete application is not without raising some difficulties, undue confusion and equivocal competences. The Roman Catholic shaping of this principle of social and political moral of subsidiarity, addressed to all the good societies possibly well-disposed, is advocated, firstly and mostly, since the encyclical letter Quadragesimo Anno of May 15th 1931 from Pie XI. The Roman Catholic Church teaches and recommends steadfastly the application of the principle of subsidiarity to the civil society (ad extra).What about its existence in the modern Roman Catholic Church (ad intra)?

Verbal hate speech and the legitimacy of its criminal punishment Hate speech has been enjoying an elevated level of media attention in the last few years. These biased expressions of hate - most often verbal - targeted against specific groups of people are a manifestation of social antagonisms and as such, disturb public order and coexistence of people; furthermore, they are often associated with issues of prejudice, bias-motivated violence, xenophobia, discrimination, and extremism. Criminal punishment of this type of expression is already possible today and it can be reasonably expected to become increasingly important. The purpose of this thesis is a critical review concerning the legitimacy of criminal punishment of verbal hate speech in the Czech Republic, including identification of troublesome elements of the current legislation. Conclusions of this review shall stem primarily from the legal analysis of constituent elements of relevant crimes, commentary literature, jurisprudence and legal literature related to the topic. The first chapter aims to explain the central concepts - hate speech, verbal hate speech and the relationship between them. A closer look is given to the phenomenon which links these concepts together and, at the same time, constitutes an inherent part of them both: biased...

The Concept of a Criminal Offence in the Czech Criminal Code Abstract The presented thesis deals with the matter of the concept and particularly of the conception of a criminal offence. Committing a criminal offence is an exclusive requirement for establishing criminal liability. Despite its significance for substantive and procedural criminal law, there are still both some academic and practical uncertainties concerning its conception in the criminal code in force. This thesis aims to thoroughly explore the conception of the criminal offence in the criminal code, starting from the basic theoretical questions, current legislation in force including its historical development and finally to highlight some legislative issues and its possible solutions through de lege ferenda proposals. The first chapter of this thesis concerns with the matter of defining basic concepts that the criminal offence is based on. It further deals with the theoretical models of conception and concept of the criminal offence that might be used by the legislator while creating the law and describes its strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, it deals with its combinations. The next part of the thesis focuses on how the legal regulation of the concept and conception of a criminal offence evolved in modern codes of criminal law in our...

La précision des critères d’application du principe de subsidiarité et le développement de son contrôle par les institutions politiques constituent un progrès vers un plus grand respect de ce principe ; ces avancées restent néanmoins insuffisantes à en prévenir toute violation. En droit canadien, le problème est similaire, la précision des critères de la clause Paix, Ordre et Bon Gouvernement et de la clause de commerce, si utile qu’elle soit, ne permet pas d’éviter tout conflit de loi. L’étude de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice montre ses réticences à procéder à un contrôle allant au-delà de la recherche d’une motivation formelle de la nécessité de l’intervention européenne. Pourtant, la comparaison de la capacité à agir des différents niveaux de gouvernements, capacité à agir évoluant dans le temps, ne peut se faire sans référence au contexte d’application de la norme. La Cour de Justice pourrait comme la Cour Suprême du Canada, expliciter dans ses décisions son appréciation de la capacité à agir de chaque niveau de gouvernement. La subsidiarité éclaire sous un jour nouveau la clause de commerce ou la doctrine de l’intérêt national, jusqu’alors parfois perçues comme permettant un développement constant et unilatéral des compétences fédérales au détriment de celles des provinces. L’efficacité du contrôle du principe de subsidiarité ne dépend pas seulement de la Cour qui le met en œuvre mais peut aussi dépendre des institutions politiques l’ayant saisi, de l’argumentation des requérants en particuliers. / The precision of the criteria for the application of the principle of subsidiarity and the development of political institutions’ capacity to regulate it constitute progress towards increased respect for this principle; nevertheless, these advances remain insufficient to prevent all potential violations of the principle. In Canadian law the problem is similar; making the criteria of the Peace, Order and Good Government clause and of the commerce clause more precise is necessary. Nevertheless, however useful it is, it is not enough to avoid all conflicts. The study of the jurisprudence of the Court of justice shows its reluctance to proceed to a control going beyond the search for a formal motivation of the necessity of the European intervention. The comparison of the capacity to act of different levels of governments, evolving in time, cannot be made without reference to the context of the application of the principle of subsidiarity. The Court of justice can, as the Supreme Court of Canada does, clarify in its decisions its appreciation of the capacity to act of each level of government. The principle of subsidiarity enlightens in a new light the commerce clause and the doctrine of the national interest, until then sometimes perceived as allowing a constant and unilateral growth of federal power at the expense of the provinces. Efficient regulation of the principle of subsidiarity not only depends of the Court that applies it, but it can also depend on political institutions and applicants’ arguments.

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Numerous studies have examined the effect of natural disasters and social vulnerability indicators on broad factors using different theoretical frameworks; however, no study synthesizes a framework of theories to comprehensively examine the nexus among natural disasters, social vulnerability, subsidiarity principle, and government finance in the U.S. The dissertation utilizes a broad framework of theories to address two objectives of the dissertation namely the determinants of (1) infrastructure investment and (2) public assistance programs. Using panel data from 50 U.S states over a 17-time period (2000 – 2017), the first objective of the study investigates the determinants of infrastructure investment using a synthesis of theories. The study maintains that state infrastructure investment is not necessarily because of disaster punctuations but economic prosperity. The findings paint a picture of a proactive government that is perhaps prepared and does not act necessarily because of disaster events. The objective of the second study investigates the determinants of public assistance receipt assessed in 4 ways. The study maintains that subsidiarity assistance is influenced by both disasters and social vulnerabilities. However, disaggregating subsidiarity assistance into its sub-components (total public assistance, emergency work funds, permanent work funds, and intergovernmental transfers) provide a nuanced understanding of public assistance receipt. Federally declared disasters are strongly associated with disaster-relief forms of assistance, but not a significant determinant of intergovernmental transfers. Social vulnerability indicators, more especially – poverty, inequality (Gini), political influence, income, and infrastructure investment positively influence the receipt of federal intergovernmental transfers. The findings demonstrate that federal allocation of subsidiarity assistance follows a formula in terms of addressing wicked problems related to disasters and social vulnerabilities. In addition, the dissertation finds that disaster impact and social vulnerability theory additively explains the subsidiarity principle of U.S. federal government assistance programs to subnational governments. The dissertation contributes to theory, policy and management practices, and enlightens scholars and policymakers on the vital factors that stimulate state infrastructure investment and federal assistance receipt for best policy practice. Policymakers must constantly modify funding policies and effectively utilize tax-payer dollars following a formula to respond to jurisdictional vulnerabilities and public service needs