Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de processus de concentration de solutions colloïdales par voie microfluidique, pour former des matériaux denses et structurés. A partir d'un outil basé sur la perméation de l'eau à travers le PDMS : le microévaporateur, nous proposons de contrôler le séchage de solution pour maîtriser la concentration de solutés afin de former des états denses organisés au choix, alternant cristaux et états amorphes de colloïdes. En adaptant les outils de microévaporation à différentes techniques d'observations, la nucléation et la croissance d'états denses ont été finement étudiées et correlées à un modèle simple de la microévaporation. Ces études expérimentales ont montré le contrôle précis qu'apporte le microévaporateur sur les cinétiques de concentration d'espèces chimiques pour la formation d'états denses de particules. Des études complémentaires ont aussi mis en évidence l'existence d'une dynamique de construction de cristaux colloïdaux avec des réorganisations au niveau du front ainsi qu'un effet de compaction présents lors de la croissance de l'état dense.

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The diploma thesis is focused on the study of influence on the composition of the system to the size of the nanoparticles from aliphatic polyesters with linear and branched molecules constitution. The emulsion method for distributing of solvent was chosen for preparation of nanoparticles. The theoretical part describes the nanoparticles, its origin and application. The following part is applying to biodegradable polymers, especially PLGA. There is also a mention of antifungal agent terbinafine. The nanoparticles are prepared of this substance. The process is described in the experimental part of thesis. The experimental part is testing different composition of samples. A main emphasis is on the choice of polymer solvent and emulsifier. There are also applied mixtures of solvents and emulsifiers. The important aspect is the evaluation of incorporated terbinafine, which has been the model drug. Prepared dispersions were exposed to stress conditions in the form of several days-storage and centrifugation.

In the theoretical part of this thesis are described various types of nanoparticles, such as polymeric particles, liposomes, micelles and solid lipid nanoparticles. There are presented basic informations concerning methods of particles preparation in the laboratory conditions such as solutions of polymers dispersion methods by intensively stirring, coacervation of the solutions of polymers, polymeration methods in dispersions, and the exploitation of methods of dispersion of polymeric solutions in the supercritical solvents. In the folowing part of this thesis are some concise informations about the methods of evaluation of basic parameters of the nanoparticulate systems. There are summarised the trivial informations concerning granulometry of particles, their zeta potential, encapsulation effectivity of drugs, and also about the particles shape factor. The focus of this thesis is in the experiment, the main deal were in minimisation of the particle size prepared by the method of emulsification of biodegradable aliphatic α-hydroxyacids polyesters solutions. The main process arrangement was the selection of the appropriate solvent of polymers in the inner emulsion phase and the founding for the mostly efficient emulsifier during the dispersion process of polymer solutions. In process of the...

Charles Univerzity in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Candidate: Dana Svobodová Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. Diploma thesis title: Particles with antimicrobial silver The theoretical part of this diploma thesis outlines a brief overview of recent findings on silver nanoparticles. Further, it concerns the kinetic properties of colloidal systems, methods of evaluating the size and shape of colloidal particles, mechanism of antimicrobial activity of colloidal silver and methods of preparation of nanoparticles. Concise information about the toxicity of silver nanoparticles and their impact on the environment is also included. In the experimental part comprehensive report on the results of measurements of granulometric characteristics of microparticles and nanoparticles by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is included. The influence of various modifications of preparation procedures and processing on stability, size and the polydispersity of the size in terms of the volume and intensity diameter of the particles with elemental silver deposited on the surface was studied. Optimisation of the disperse system, quality control of the content of colloidal particles by subsequent reduction, the possibilities of using centrifuge and...

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans une volonté de développer des suspensions concentrées à application Génie Civil (chapes anhydrites, bétons cirés). Dans ce contexte industriel, l’étude est focalisée sur l’effet de l’introduction d’adjuvants de type polycarboxylate (PCP) sur les propriétés d’écoulement de suspensions formulées avec une anhydrite fortement réactive. Les travaux expérimentaux sont initiés par le développement de protocoles de caractérisation rhéologique étalonné sur un fluide modèle à seuil. Ceci permet d’évaluer l’effet de la taille de l’entrefer, de la rugosité des plateaux, du précisaillement ainsi que du type et de la durée de sollicitation. Nous avons alors défini un protocole unique, exploitable pour identifier la courbe d’écoulement des suspensions concentrées étudiées.. Les propriétés viscoélastiques des suspensions, évaluées aux faibles déformations, sont également caractérisées sous sollicitations oscillantes. Afin d’affiner la connaissance des structures moléculaires des différents adjuvants sélectionnés pour cette étude, des caractérisations physico-chimiques sont réalisées. Elles permettent de distinguer plusieurs paramètres caractéristiques des adjuvants : masse molaire, indice de polymolécularité et sensibilité à la température en fonction d’un milieu alcalin ou neutre. Des mesures d’adsorptions ont également été réalisées sur deux adjuvants. Nous montrons ainsi que le phénomène d’adsorption semble conditionné par les propriétés du milieu, notamment par la présence de chaux. L’étude rhéologique paramétrique montre que des modifications sensibles de la réponse peuvent apparaître en fonction de l’adjuvant utilisé et de la concentration de la suspension. Les évolutions des indicateurs de consistance et de contrainte seuil de mise en écoulement en fonction de la fraction volumique solide et du dosage en adjuvant sont identifiées. Les résultats sont interprétés en ajustant un modèle de type Krieger-Dougherty. L’évolution du paramètre puissance de ce modèle peut être interprétée comme une modification de la forme et de la rugosité du grain couvert par des molécules de PCP adsorbées. Les paramètres moléculaires conditionnant le plus la rhéologie des suspensions concentrées étudiées sont la masse molaire et l’indice de polymolécularité. L’interprétation des résultats est moins tranchée vis-à-vis du seuil de mise en écoulement que vis-à-vis de la consistance. Dès lors, nous avons mis en évidence la relation seuil-consistance. Sur le plan pratique, se restreindre à l’estimation du seuil de mise en écoulement des suspensions devient pertinent. À cette fin, un modèle analytique permettant d’estimer la contrainte seuil de mise en écoulement à partir d’un test d’écoulement libre sur une surface plane est proposé. L’objectif est d’apporter une amélioration aux modèles existants lorsque l’écoulement est à la frontière entre régime d’affaissement et régime d’étalement. L’analyse, qui peut être généralisée à l’étude de tous types de fluides complexes à seuil, conduit à une meilleure évaluation de la contrainte seuil. En croisant l’information de tests d’étalement et de vidange au cône de Marsh, nous montrons ainsi qu’une rhéométrie rustique est tout à fait pertinente pour un usage industriel. La notion d’enrobage de grain est proposée pour modéliser, à l’échelle microscopique, le rôle de l’adjuvant sur l’interaction entre particules. L’ordre de grandeur de la distance interparticulaire estalors estimé entre 1 et 5 nm en exploitant des données de rhéométrie oscillante. Cette approche phénoménologique permet de mettre en évidence l’effet de la fraction volumique solide sur la distance interparticulaire. Finalement, l’étude de la rhéologie des suspensions concentrées est étendue à la transition liquide solide liée aux réactions d’hydratation. Le suivi de l’effort normal exercé sur une géométrie en contact avec la suspension peut s’interpréter comme un indicateur alternatif de prise. / This work has been initiated to improve the development of mineral suspension used for building construction. In this industrial field, the rheological evolution needs to be controlled from the mixing to the setting up. The study is herein focused on the influence of polycarboxylates superplasticizers as additives on the rheological properties of suspensions made with a reactive anhydrite. Firstly, we develop some protocols of rheological characterization which have been calibrated using a model yield stress fluid. Then, we evaluated the effect of several experimental parameters: the sample gap, the roughness of the plates, pre-shearing as well as the testing time. We finally used a unique protocol to identify the flow curves of the mineral suspensions. In addition, dynamic rheometry was used to study the viscoelastic properties of the suspensions at low strain with two rheometers equipped with different geometries. We assessed the physico-chemical characterization of thevarious additives selected for this study In order to provide the knowledge on their molecular shape. We distinguished several parameters such as: molecular weight and the thermorheologicalbehavior in alkaline or neutral conditions. Moreover, we performed adsorption measurements on tow additives. We showed that the adsorption phenomenon is mainly governed by a weak amount of calcium hydroxide within the suspensions. We observed significant differences on the rheological responses according to the solid volume fraction and the superplasticizers used into the mineral suspension. We identified the evolution of the consistency and the yield stress, derivedwith the Herschel-Bulkley model, against the solid volume fraction and the quantity of the additive. Then, we adjust a Krieger-Dougherty type model on the results. It was shown that the power parameter of this model may be linked to the roughness of the particles covered by the adsorbed layer of superplasticizers. The parameters affecting the rheology were the molecular weight and the polymolecularity index of the polycarboxylates. Nevertheless, these results are more obvious with the evolution of the consistency than the yield stress. As the relation between consistency and yield stress was highlighted, it could be possible to only measure the yield stress of the suspensions. This is here performed from the release of finite volume of material onto a horizontal surface. We experimentally observed that following its yield stress, the material may show a typical shape at the flow stoppage, between slump and spread. Based on these observations, we propose a new analytical model to evaluate the yield stress of the suspensions. Results showed the relevance of the proposed model, in comparison to previous models. The model developed here may be used for different sample sizes and for a wide range of yield stress fluids. The relationship between viscosity and yield stress of the mineral suspensions is discussed by evaluating the viscosity from Marsh cone tests. We finally showed that a hand-made rheometry is relevant for an industrial application. In order to improve the understanding of the adsorbed layer around the particles, a phenomenological approach at a microscopic scale is proposed. From oscillatory measurements, the interparticle distance within the suspensions is evaluated and ranges from 1 to 5 nm. This henomenological approach allowed us to highlight the influence or the solid volume fraction on the interparticle distance. Finally, we investigated from rheological measurements the liquid-solid transition of the suspensions caused by the hydratation reactions. Static and dynamic measurements were also performed to follow the structural evolution at rest of the suspensions versus time. A characteristic evolution of the normal force during the setting time of the suspensions is shown.

In the theoretical section of presented diploma thesis are discussed various nanoparticles such as micelles and liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Special attention was focused on copolymer PLGA. There are characterized different procedures in the preparation of nanoparticles. From the approches for nanoparticles evaluation are chosen measuring size of nanoparticles and their zeta potential. The experiment was almost unambiguously focused on study of effect of diffrent factors on nanopartlicles size and distribution from linear PLGA and PLGA used for branching of tripentaerythritol and polyacrylic acid. Keywords: nanoparticles, size, size distribution, zeta potential, interactions of nanoparticles

A indústria cerâmica tem destinado produtos para as mais diversas áreas e, com a crescente exigência de alta qualidade, tornou-se necessário desenvolver novas técnicas para o processamento cerâmico. O objetivo consiste em produzir corpos a verde (antes da queima) mais homogêneos, com menor incidência de micro-defeitos. Tais materiais podem ser produzidos preparando-se suspensões aquosas de pós cerâmicos como o óxido de alumínio (Al2O3), conhecido como alumina. Estas suspensões possuem um alto teor de sólidos no meio. A adição de outras espécies ao meio auxilia a dispersão das partículas, aumentando a estabilidade da suspensão. Estas espécies podem ser polieletrólitos (polímeros com cargas) que interagem com a superfície das partículas de alumina, através de vários mecanismos, promovendo um impedimento à aproximação de outras partículas. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados três tipos de taninos, que são macromoléculas de origem vegetal, de nome comercial Weibull e Macrospec; e Dispersan, sendo que a diferença entre eles está na quantidade de grupos hidroxila, maior em Macrospec com relação a Weibull, e na mistura com polímero sintético, o poliacrilato de sódio, caso do Dispersan. Um derivado quaternizado de quitosana, (nitrogênio trimetilado), um polissacarídeo natural, também foi utilizado como agente de estabilização. A meta pretendida correspondia à obtenção de suspensões com partículas menores e portanto menor viscosidade e maior fluidez, ou seja a suspensões mais homogêneas que levem a produtos de melhor qualidade. A avaliação da estabilidade das suspensões, devido à adição das macromoléculas, foi feita através de medidas de viscosidade, potencial zeta, diâmetro médio de partícula, além de testes de sedimentação. Dentre os agentes de estabilização utilizados, os taninos Weibull, Macrospec e Dispersan, no geral, apresentaram desempenho similar, contribuindo para uma diminuição da viscosidade e do tamanho das partículas da suspensão e no teste de sedimentação, um melhor empacotamento. A quitosana quaternizada também levou à estabilização da suspensão em determinadas condições mas, comparativamente aos taninos, apresentou desempenho inferior. Os resultados foram promissores, todavia, devendo o estudo ser aprofundado considerando-se condições diversificadas. / The ceramic industry provides products for several areas, and new processing techniques became necessary to meet the quality requirements. The objective is to produce more homogeneous green microstructures (bodies before burning), with lower number of micro-defects. Such materials can be produced from aqueous suspensions of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), known as alumina. These suspensions have a large number of solid particles, and dispersion of particles may be assisted by the addition of other species, increasing stability. These species can be polyelectrolytes (polymers with charges) that interact with the surface of alumina particles, hindering the approach of other particles. In this work, vegetal macromolecules such as tannins and chitosan, polysaccharides found in exoskeleton of crustaceans, are used as stabilizing (stabilization) agents of the suspension. Evaluation of the suspension stability, due to addition of these macromolecules, is performed through measurements of viscosity, zeta potential, particle diameter, pore size and sedimentation tests. The overall aim is the attainment of less viscous suspensions with smaller particles and greater fluidity, i.e. more homogeneous suspensions that lead to better-quality products. Amongst the stabilizing agents used, the tannins presented the better performance, contributing for a reduction in viscosity and particle size, in addition to a better wrapping up in the sedimentation tests. Although the quaternized chitosan has also contributed for a decrease in viscosity and particle size, it presented inferior performance, in comparison to that of tannins. These results were nevertheless promising, and a further study with chitosan is recommended, in which other conditions are employed.

A indústria cerâmica tem destinado produtos para as mais diversas áreas e, com a crescente exigência de alta qualidade, tornou-se necessário desenvolver novas técnicas para o processamento cerâmico. O objetivo consiste em produzir corpos a verde (antes da queima) mais homogêneos, com menor incidência de micro-defeitos. Tais materiais podem ser produzidos preparando-se suspensões aquosas de pós cerâmicos como o óxido de alumínio (Al2O3), conhecido como alumina. Estas suspensões possuem um alto teor de sólidos no meio. A adição de outras espécies ao meio auxilia a dispersão das partículas, aumentando a estabilidade da suspensão. Estas espécies podem ser polieletrólitos (polímeros com cargas) que interagem com a superfície das partículas de alumina, através de vários mecanismos, promovendo um impedimento à aproximação de outras partículas. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados três tipos de taninos, que são macromoléculas de origem vegetal, de nome comercial Weibull e Macrospec; e Dispersan, sendo que a diferença entre eles está na quantidade de grupos hidroxila, maior em Macrospec com relação a Weibull, e na mistura com polímero sintético, o poliacrilato de sódio, caso do Dispersan. Um derivado quaternizado de quitosana, (nitrogênio trimetilado), um polissacarídeo natural, também foi utilizado como agente de estabilização. A meta pretendida correspondia à obtenção de suspensões com partículas menores e portanto menor viscosidade e maior fluidez, ou seja a suspensões mais homogêneas que levem a produtos de melhor qualidade. A avaliação da estabilidade das suspensões, devido à adição das macromoléculas, foi feita através de medidas de viscosidade, potencial zeta, diâmetro médio de partícula, além de testes de sedimentação. Dentre os agentes de estabilização utilizados, os taninos Weibull, Macrospec e Dispersan, no geral, apresentaram desempenho similar, contribuindo para uma diminuição da viscosidade e do tamanho das partículas da suspensão e no teste de sedimentação, um melhor empacotamento. A quitosana quaternizada também levou à estabilização da suspensão em determinadas condições mas, comparativamente aos taninos, apresentou desempenho inferior. Os resultados foram promissores, todavia, devendo o estudo ser aprofundado considerando-se condições diversificadas. / The ceramic industry provides products for several areas, and new processing techniques became necessary to meet the quality requirements. The objective is to produce more homogeneous green microstructures (bodies before burning), with lower number of micro-defects. Such materials can be produced from aqueous suspensions of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), known as alumina. These suspensions have a large number of solid particles, and dispersion of particles may be assisted by the addition of other species, increasing stability. These species can be polyelectrolytes (polymers with charges) that interact with the surface of alumina particles, hindering the approach of other particles. In this work, vegetal macromolecules such as tannins and chitosan, polysaccharides found in exoskeleton of crustaceans, are used as stabilizing (stabilization) agents of the suspension. Evaluation of the suspension stability, due to addition of these macromolecules, is performed through measurements of viscosity, zeta potential, particle diameter, pore size and sedimentation tests. The overall aim is the attainment of less viscous suspensions with smaller particles and greater fluidity, i.e. more homogeneous suspensions that lead to better-quality products. Amongst the stabilizing agents used, the tannins presented the better performance, contributing for a reduction in viscosity and particle size, in addition to a better wrapping up in the sedimentation tests. Although the quaternized chitosan has also contributed for a decrease in viscosity and particle size, it presented inferior performance, in comparison to that of tannins. These results were nevertheless promising, and a further study with chitosan is recommended, in which other conditions are employed.

No description available.