La diffusion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques à prix abordables nous amène à repenser à la manière avec laquelle les coûts des réseaux de distribution sont récupérés auprès des consommateurs. Historiquement, les consommateurs étaient facturés pour l'utilisation du réseau de distribution principalement sur la base de leur volume (net) d'électricité consommé. Avec tel type de tarif de réseau, les consommateurs qui installent des panneaux photovoltaïques contribuent beaucoup moins à la récupération du coût d’investissement réseau. Cependant, ces consommateurs (prosummeurs) dépendent autant du réseau qu’avant. La question examinée dans cette thèse est de savoir comment définir le tarif du réseau de distribution dans ce contexte changeant. Des différents modèles de théorie des jeux sont développés pour faire cette analyse. Dans ces modèles, en plus des investissements dans l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque, des investissements dans les batteries du côté des consommateurs sont aussi considérés. Ce rapport de thèse consiste en un bref aperçu suivi de quatre chapitres indépendants et d'une conclusion. / The uptake of affordable solar PV panels challenges the way in which costs of distribution networks are recuperated from consumers. Historically, consumers were charged for the use of the distribution network mainly according to their (net) volume of electricity consumed over a period of time. With such volumetric network charges, consumers installing PV panels contribute a lot less towards the recuperation of network costs. However, these consumers (prosumers) still rely on the network as much as they did before. The question investigated in this thesis is how to re-design the distribution network tariff in this changing context. Different game-theoretical models are developed to conduct this analysis. In the models, not only investments in solar PV but also investments in batteries at the consumer-side are considered. The thesis consists of a brief overview followed by four standalone chapters and a conclusion.

Following two decades of under-investment, vital elements of South African water infrastructure is in serious disrepair, if not in a crisis. The government is challenged by the cumulative demands of sustained economic growth; as well as the new trade and investment opportunities in the post-financial crisis period. There is a serious backlog in water infrastructure investment, for the development and management of water resources and water services. This under-investment is estimated at more than R110 billion. The three spheres of government – national, provincial and local– which have served South Africa well in past decades now appear unable and ill-equipped to grapple with the present planning and delivery challenge. This research project identified a number of funding models (14) for the financing of water infrastructure development projects. However, the classic public provision model of government planned, installed and financed infrastructure with pricing at marginal cost or on a loss–making basis – with returns recovered through the taxation system – continues to characterise much of South Africa’s publicly provided water infrastructure. Nowadays, water infrastructure is split between fully public, and mixed ownership (water agencies and/or entities); Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in the water sector is not yet a full reality. Further innovation in water infrastructure investment, including closing the circle between public and private-sector capital, is required. Complex issues of pricing, access, public policy and regulation, risk–sharing, tendering processes, taxation and governance have arisen as key challenges that will influence whether private provision of water infrastructure can grow as a viable new model in South Africa. Sustainability has introduced a further new dimension into the calculus of water infrastructure provision. Thus, a framework that takes account of environmental and social aspects, as well as economic aspects, is now widely accepted as necessary.

Following two decades of under-investment, vital elements of South African water infrastructure is in serious disrepair, if not in a crisis. The government is challenged by the cumulative demands of sustained economic growth; as well as the new trade and investment opportunities in the post-financial crisis period. There is a serious backlog in water infrastructure investment, for the development and management of water resources and water services. This under-investment is estimated at more than R110 billion. The three spheres of government – national, provincial and local– which have served South Africa well in past decades now appear unable and ill-equipped to grapple with the present planning and delivery challenge. This research project identified a number of funding models (14) for the financing of water infrastructure development projects. However, the classic public provision model of government planned, installed and financed infrastructure with pricing at marginal cost or on a loss–making basis – with returns recovered through the taxation system – continues to characterise much of South Africa’s publicly provided water infrastructure. Nowadays, water infrastructure is split between fully public, and mixed ownership (water agencies and/or entities); Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in the water sector is not yet a full reality. Further innovation in water infrastructure investment, including closing the circle between public and private-sector capital, is required. Complex issues of pricing, access, public policy and regulation, risk–sharing, tendering processes, taxation and governance have arisen as key challenges that will influence whether private provision of water infrastructure can grow as a viable new model in South Africa. Sustainability has introduced a further new dimension into the calculus of water infrastructure provision. Thus, a framework that takes account of environmental and social aspects, as well as economic aspects, is now widely accepted as necessary.

No description available.

This study, set within the contextual background of Victorian politics, ‘seeks to identify the economic, political and social implications of tariff protection for the Castlemaine region from 1870-1901. The introduction of the Victorian tariff in 1865 precipitated a reversal of earlier attitudes towards protection by politicians and their constituents. Reasons are sought for changes in the perceptions of the Castlemaine electorate and its political representatives towards the tariff between 1870 and Federation. An examination has been made of the role of the tariff in the creation of employment in the region’s primary and secondary industries together with its influence on politicians, primary and secondary industry leaders and workers. Also explored is the relative impact of the tariff on the economic performance of Castlemaine industries, whether producing for export or domestic markets.

No description available.

The shift towards more renewable energy sources is imminent, this shift is accelerated by the technological advancement and the rise of environmental awareness. However, this shift causes major operational problems to the current grid that is optimised for unidirectional power flow. Besides the operational problems, there are problems related to the optimal tariff scheme. In this thesis a study on the effect of the adoption of photovoltaic solar panels and the electric vehicles on the households' electricity demand profile is presented. The change on the demand profile is going to affect the current tariffs, this effect is also explored in this thesis. In this thesis real life data on household electricity use and photovoltaic power production was used. For electric vehicle charging simulated data was used. Besides that, a demand response scheme for electric vehicle is proposed in order to estimate the savings potential of this demand response on the electricity bill. The results show that the change in the demand profile is not merely a change in the total energy consumption, but it is a change in the power peaks as well. The peaks change significantly in condominiums and rental apartments, in this households' type it increases by around 80%, while in detached and row houses little change is noticed on the peaks, yet they still increase by around 10%. The demand response shows around 1- 12% savings in the distribution bill depending on the household, however it showed more incentives for condominiums and rental apartments. The current distribution tariffs perform asymmetrically with the various households. However, one tariff ensures 11.7 MSEK financial revenue for the distribution system operator, this is higher than the other tariffs' revenue by more than 28.5%. The new prospective situation requires totally different tariffs that ensure a balance between firstly a reasonable revenue for the distribution system operator and secondly incentives for consumers to self produce electricity as well as to reduce their peaks.

O presente trabalho se propôs a estudar os efeitos do imposto de importação sobre o nível de investimento das empresas nacionais beneficiadas e sobre o valor de mercado dessas empresas. O mercado estudado foi dos Estados Unidos, pois graças a uma base de dados diferenciada da NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH (NBER), que vincula a alíquota do imposto do produto a um setor, foi possível fazer a análise entre investimento e esse imposto utilizando-se do método de mínimos quadrados. Para analisar o efeito sobre o valor de mercado das empresas foi feito um estudo de evento. As conclusões são de que uma variação positiva nessa alíquota faz com que as empresas aumentem seus níveis de investimento. Esse efeito é maior em empresas com maior rentabilidade e menor nas empresas que tem melhores oportunidades de investimento (medido pelo Q de Tobin). No estudo de eventos, em um dos dois eventos analisados o aumento da alíquota teve impacto positivo no valor de mercado das empresas beneficiadas. A principal implicação desses resultados é que essa política protecionista realmente beneficia o setor protegido fazendo com que as empresas invistam mais, principalmente as mais lucrativas. / This dissertation proposes to study the effects of import tariffs on the investments and market value of the national firms benefited by it. This study uses an American database, because thanks to a unique database of the NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH (NBER), which associates the import tariffs rate to an industry sector, it was possible to analyze between investments and tariffs, using the method of least squares. To analyze the effect on the market value of the companies an event study was used. The conclusion is that a positive variation on tariffs will lead to an increase on the firm’s investment level. This effect is more significant on firms with more profitability and less significant on firms that have better investment opportunities (measured by Tobin’s Q ratio). In the event studies, in one case the increase on import tariffs had a positive influence on the market value of the benefited companies. The most important implication of this results is that this protectionist policy really benefits the protected sector of the economy making its companies invest more, specially the most profitable ones.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / "The implications of state trading, and the costs and benefits of GATT membership; with illustrations from the stell industry." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).

El objetivo es determinar si la sujeción de las bases en un concurso público de subasta, incentiva o desincentiva a los empresarios generadores de energía renovable y por otra parte hacer una propuesta de mejora; El Tipo de investigación usada en esta investigación es la Teoría fundamentada cualitativa, teniendo como unidad de análisis de la de Unidad de prácticas y un tipo de triangulación de expertos. Los resultados son primero; Que el D.L n.° 1002 y el D.S. 012-2011-EM, al momento de su aplicación, desincentiva la generación de energía renovable para microempresarios. / Tesis / Tesis