[pt] Materiais plásticos são largamente utilizados em nosso dia-a-dia em embalagens, sacos e outros produtos. Este tipo de material é utilizado devido a suas propriedades como baixo custo, fácil processabilidade, baixa densidade, resistência a microorganismos e água, estabilidade química e durabilidade. Devido às duas últimas propriedades, os polímeros apresentam baixa degradabilidade, causando problemas ambientais. Como óxido de titânio (TiO2) tem se apresentado eficiente como fotocatalisador, reforçar plástico com partículas deste material tem sido uma nova maneira de decompor polímeros a céu aberto. Nanotubos de trititanato (TTNT) podem ser tratados para produzir nanomateriais à base de TiO2 com alta atividade fotocatalítica para a degradação de gases poluentes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo produzir e caracterizar filmes de polietileno reforçados com quatro tipos de nanomateriais à base de TiO2: TTNT sem pós-tratamento (A1), TTNT pós-tratado termicamente a 550 graus Celsius (A5), TTNT pós-tratado com ácido (A11) e, como referência, partículas de óxido de titânio comercial fornecido pela Degussa (P-25). Os filmes foram expostos à luz UV em uma caixa fechada por 350 horas em temperatura ambiente. A degradação foi avaliada por meio da perda de peso do filme ao longo do tempo. Os filmes virgens e fotodegradados foram caracterizados por Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Calorimetria diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Termogravimetria (TGA) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os filmes com TTNT pós-tratado fotodegradaram mais do que os com TTNT não tratado, mas menos que os que continham TiO2. Este resultado foi parcialmente atribuído à dificuldade de dispersão dos nanomateriais. / [en] Plastic materials are widely used in our daily lives in bags, food packaging and other products and applications. This type of material is used because of properties such as low-cost, easy processability, low density, resistance to water and microorganisms, and chemical stability and durability. Due to the last two properties, polymers show low biodegradability causing enviro nmental pollution. As titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been shown to be an efficient photocatalyst, the mixture of plastic with this material has been proven to be a new and useful way to decompose solid polymers in open air. Trititanate nanotubes (TTNT) can also be used as a route for developing TiO2-based nanomaterials with high photocatalytic activity for degradation of gas pollutants. Thus, the present research aims to produce degradable polyethylene polymer (PE) films composed with four types of TiO2-based nanomaterials: TTNT as synthesized (A1), TTNT with thermal post-treatment at 550 Celsius degrees (A5), TTNT with acid post-treatment (A11), and, as a reference, commercial TiO2 nanoparticles from Degussa Company (P25).The main characterization tool was the weight reduction measurement during the degradation process. The films were exposed to artificial UV light under ambient air for 350 hours. Virgin and degraded filmes where characterized by X-ray Diffraction, UV-Vis absorption, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Films with post-treated TTNT showed stronger degradation than films with non-treated loads, but weaker than films containing TiO2. This result was partially assigned to the poor dispersion of the nanomaterials.

[pt] A rápida evolução tecnológica vem acompanhada da necessidade de se obter cada vez mais materiais com melhores desempenhos. Os materiais poliméricos, muito utilizados em nosso cotidiano devido as suas características de boa resistência, boa estabilidade química, fácil processabilidade e baixo custo, ainda são restritos para algumas aplicações devido as suas baixas propriedades mecânicas e térmicas, quando comparados ao aço. A fim de atender a essas características, os materiais compósitos à base de polímeros vêm ganhando um importante espaço. Muito já foi relatado sobre a eficiência da inclusão de cargas em escala nanométrica em uma matriz polimérica, para se obter melhoras nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas. A poliamida 11, muito utilizada em aplicações offshore como revestimento de risers, é um exemplo de polímero que pode possuir melhores propriedades com a aplicação de reforços. Os nanotubos de titanato apresentam boas características mecânicas com módulo de Young em torno de 230 GPa e se apresentam como uma boa carga para nanocompósitos. Sendo assim, no presente trabalho foram fabricados compósitos à base de poliamida 11 com cargas de nanotubos de titanano (TTNT) e nanopartículas de TiO2. Os nanotubos utilizados possuem estrutura de trititanatos e as nanopartículas são do tipo comercial P-25 e foram utilizadas no intuito de comparar os resultados obtidos com os nanotubos, uma vez que estas possuem uma área superficial bem menor. Os nanocompósitos fabricados (A1, A2, A3 e A4) e a poliamida 11 pura (A0 e Ap) foram submetidos a ensaios de tração, termogravimetria (TGA) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foi observada uma melhora significativa nas propriedades mecânicas para as amostras A1 e A3 e nas propriedades térmicas para as amostras A1, A3 e A4, quando comparadas com a poliamida pura. / [en] The fast technological developments comes with the need to obtain more materials combined with better performance. Polimeric materials, commonly used in our daily because of its characteristics of good strength, good chemical stability, easy processability and low cost, are still restricted for some applications owing to their low mechanical and thermal properties compared to steel. In order to improve these characteristics, composite materials based on polymers are gaining an important space. Much has been reported on the effectiveness of inclusion of fillers at nanoscale in a polymer matrix, to obtain improvements in mechanical and thermal properties. The polyamide 11, widely used in offshore applications as coatings of risers, is one example of polymer which can has better properties with the use of reinforcement. The titanate nanotubes exhibit good mechanical properties with Young’s modulus around 230 GPa and appear as good nanocomposite reinforcement. In this study, polyamide 11 composites reinforced with titanate nanotubes (TTNT) and TiO2 nanoparticles were manufactured. The nanotubes used have trititanate structure and the nanoparticles are the commercial type P-25 and were used in order to compare the results with the nanotubes, as the nanoparticles have a smaller surface area. The nanocomposites produced (A1, A2, A3 and A4) and pure polyamide 11 (A0 and Ap) were submitted to tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A significant improvement on mechanical properties for samples A1 and A3 and for thermal properties in samples A1, A3 and A4 were observed when compared to pure polyamide.

Catalysis has an effect on almost every aspect of our lives. They are used to help grow the food we eat, clean the water we drink and produce the fuels our civilisation is so dependent upon. Homogeneous catalysts, those in the same phase as the reaction medium, are highly selective as a result of their tuneable nature, for example through changes to ligands in a metal complex. However, their separation from the reaction medium can become a problematic, costly, non-green issue, overcome through the use of heterogeneous catalysts which can be removed and recycled by simple separation techniques such as filtering and sedimentation. A major limitation on understanding the behaviour of heterogeneous catalysts is the presence of different active sites due to different exposed crystal surface, concentration of defects and morphological variations. With such considerations, the first section of this thesis focuses on the synthesis of discrete and well-defined nanostructured materials (ceria and titanate) using a single-step hydrothermal method. Nanostructured ceria with different morphologies (particles, rods and cubes), present a high oxygen storage capacity and thermal stability. Their oxidation catalytic activity was assessed using CO oxidation as a model reaction as a function of their physical and chemical properties, tuned by morphological control at the nanoscale. An inverse relationship is observed between crystallite size and rates of reaction normalised per surface area. Smaller crystallites present a constrained geometry resulting in a higher concentration of defects, highly active catalytically due to their unsatisfied coordination and high surface energy. The surface to bulk oxygen ratio generally increased as the surface area increased, however, ceria nanorods present a higher surface oxygen content than that which would be predicted according to their surface area, likely due to the selective exposure of the (110) and (100) dominating crystal surfaces presenting more facile oxygen atoms in their surface. Additionally a relationship between surface to bulk oxygen ratios and activation energies was also ascribed to the more facile nature of oxygen atoms on these surfaces and their more readily formed oxygen vacancies as a result. This activity is as a result of the formation of oxygen vacancies being the rate-controlling step. The thermal stability of nanostructured ceria (particles, rods and cubes) was also studied to investigate their performance under cyclic high temperature applications. For this, the materials were pre-treated at 1000 °C under different atmospheres (inert, oxidative and reducing). In all cases, the materials sinter, consequently resulting in a dramatic decrease in surface area. Interestingly, their catalytic activity per surface area towards CO oxidation, seems to be maintained, although those materials pre-treated under inert and oxidising atmospheres became inactive in consecutive catalytic runs. However, nanostructured ceria pre-treated at 1000 °C under hydrogen appeared to maintain its activity per surface area. The presence of hydrogen during thermal treatment does not only facilitate the removal of surface oxygen, but also the bulk oxygen, resulting in a rearrangement of the structure that facilitates its catalytic stability. Titanate nanotubes were shown to be inactive for CO oxidation and thus were used in the second part of this thesis as a support for platinum nanoparticles to study the effect of the structure and metal-support interaction on the resulting catalytic activity. The study focuses on the effect of different loading methods (ion exchange and incipient wetness impregnation) of platinum nanoparticles on the resulting metal particle size, dispersion, metal-support interaction and consequently their resulting catalytic activity. Ion exchange consistently resulted in smaller nanoparticles with a lower dispersion of sizes and more active catalyst, both in terms of turnover frequency values and activation energy, compared with incipient wetness impregnation. The catalytic activity of the platinum supported on titanate nanotubes increases as the metal particle size decreases to a size value (between 1 and 2.5 nm) below which a dramatic decrease in activity is observed. Despite initial differences in catalytic activity between the different catalysts, it was observed that after initial reactions to 400 °C, the activation energy was independent of metal loading weight and was instead inherent of the loading method, suggesting the presence of similar active sites.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Desde o desenvolvimento da primeira cÃlula solar sensibilizada por corante em 1991, este campo de pesquisa vem crescendo consideravelmente. As nanopartÃculas de TiO2 tÃm sido o principal semicondutor aplicado neste tipo de cÃlula. PorÃm com o advento da nanociÃncia e nanotecnologia, novas estruturas semicondutoras com caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas variadas tÃm sido bastante investigadas para este tipo de aplicaÃÃo. Nesse trabalho foi obtido nanotubos de titanato de sÃdio (NTT-Na+) com composiÃÃo Na2Ti3O7, a partir do TiO2 comercial, pelo mÃtodo hidrotÃmico em meio altamente alcalino e nanotubos de titanato protonados (NTT-H+) com composiÃÃo H2Ti3O7 a partir da lavagem dos Na2Ti3O7 em soluÃÃo de HCl 0,1 mol/L para realizaÃÃo da troca iÃnica Na+ por H+. Utilizou-se, tanto os produtos Na2Ti3O7 e H2Ti3O7 quanto o material de partida TiO2 em fotoeletrodos de cÃlulas solares sensibilizadas por mesoporfirina. Para isso, algumas lÃminas de vidro para microscopia receberam a aplicaÃÃo de filmes finos de SnO2-F por meio da tÃcnica de spray pirÃlise, adquirindo propriedades condutoras. ApÃs isso, as camadas de TiO2, Na2Ti3O7 e H2Ti3O7 foram depositadas com auxÃlio de um bastÃo de vidro sobre os substratos condutores para servirem como suportes durante a aplicaÃÃo do corante. ApÃs a adsorÃÃo do corante pelas camadas as cÃlulas foram fechadas por meio de um eletrÃlito com par redox (I3-/3I-) utilizando como contra eletrodos, vidros condutores com camadas contendo carbono em suas superfÃcies. As diferentes amostras de vidros condutores apresentaram resistÃncias elÃtricas de 4,66 â 8,66 Ω/□. As camadas de TiO2, Na2Ti3O7 e H2Ti3O7 sobre as lÃminas condutores foram analisadas por diversas tÃcnicas de microscopias e apresentaram, entre outras, caracterÃsticas porosas com superfÃcies bastantes irregulares. Por fim, ao expor as trÃs cÃlulas fotovoltaicas à radiaÃÃo solar de 1258 W/m2 foram verificados corrente elÃtrica de 13 ÂA e tensÃo de 370 mV para a cÃlula com eletrodo de Na2Ti3O7, corrente de 7,6 ÂA e tensÃo de 256 mV para a cÃlula com eletrodo de H2Ti3O7, corrente de 1,1 ÂA e tensÃo de 1,6 mV para a cÃlula com eletrodo de TiO2. / Since the development of the first dye sensitized solar cell in 1991, this field of research has grown considerably. TiO2 nanoparticles have been the main semiconductor on this kind of cell. With the advance in nanoscience and nanotechnology, new semiconductor structures with various morphological characteristics have been deeply studied for this sort of application. In this work, it was chosen to synthesize sodium titanate nanotubes (NTT-Na+) composed of Na2Ti3O7, by using anatase TiO2 associated with the hidrothermic method in high alkaline mean and titanate protonned nanotubes (NTT-H+) composed of H2Ti3O7 obtained by the washing of Na2Ti3O7 in 0,1mol/L HCl solution to perform the ionic trade, Na+ by H+. Both Na2Ti3O7 and H2Ti3O7 were used, as well as TiO2, on solar cell electrodes sensitized by mesoporfirin. In order to do that, some microscopy glass blades received the application of SnO2-F thin films by the use of the spray pyrolyse technique, acquiring conductive properties. After that, layers of TiO2, Na2Ti3O7 and H2Ti3O7 were deposited by using a glass stick over the conductive substrates, to work as support during the dye application. After the dye is adsorbed, the cells were closed using an electrolyte as redox pair (I3-/3I-) and conductive glass with layers of carbon in its surface, as counter electrode. The different samples of conductive glass showed electric resistance of 4,66 â 8,66 Ω/□. The layers of TiO2, Na2Ti3O7 and H2Ti3O7 over the conductive blades were analyzed through several microscopic techniques and presented, amongst others, porous characteristics with very irregular surfaces. While exposing the three photovoltaic devices to solar radiation of 1258 W/mÂ, the following values of current and tension were verified: 13 μA and 370 mV for the cell with Na2Ti3O7 electrode; 7,6 μA and 256 mV for the cell with H2Ti3O7 electrode; 1,1 μA and 1,6 mV for the cell with TiO2 electrode.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-08T14:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Luisa Alban.pdf: 1572475 bytes, checksum: 51e47c0f80b15d05eda24af2e3b8fde5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-09T11:13:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Luisa Alban.pdf: 1572475 bytes, checksum: 51e47c0f80b15d05eda24af2e3b8fde5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Luisa Alban.pdf: 1572475 bytes, checksum: 51e47c0f80b15d05eda24af2e3b8fde5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The interest in nanostructures such as titanate nanotubes (TNTs) has grown notably in recent years due to their biocompatibility and economic viability, which makes them promising for application in the biomedical field. Quercetin (Qc) has been reported to have great potential as a chemopreventive agent widely used in the study of the treatment of diseases such as bladder cancer. Therefore, this work aimed to study the incorporation of quercetin in sodium TNTs (NaTNT) and zinc (ZnTNT), as well as characterize the nanostructures formed. In addition, it was intended to conduct Qc release tests and biological and antitumor activities in T24 lineage cells. The nanostructures of TNTs were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, MEVFEG, EDS, MET DRX and TGA techniques. The results showed that the nanostructures have a tubular structure and the exchange of Na+ ions by Zn2+, as well as the incorporation of quercetin in the structure do not alter this morphology. In addition, the interaction established between Zn and Qc increases the thermal stability of nanostructures. The release test showed that the maximum delivery of Qc occurs after 24h and the presence of Zn controls the release of the flavonoid. Biological assays have shown that the NaTNTQc and ZnTNTQc nanostructures decrease the cellular viability of T24 after 48h in high concentrations. Furthermore, NaTNT, NaTNTQc and ZnTNT reduce the number of T24 lineage cells when combined with irradiation after 48h showing that the combination of nanostructures and ionizing energy is an attractive object of study in the treatment of bladder cancer. / O interesse por nanoestruturas como nanotubos de titanatos (TNTs) tem crescido notavelmente nos ?ltimos anos devido a sua biocompatibilidade e viabilidade econ?mica, o que os tornam promissores para a aplica??o na ?rea biom?dica. A quercetina (Qc) tem sido relatada como tendo grande potencial como agente quimiopreventivo amplamente utilizada no estudo do tratamento de doen?as como c?ncer de bexiga. Neste sentido, este trabalho pretendeu estudar a incorpora??o de quercetina em TNTs de s?dio (NaTNT) e de zinco (ZnTNT), bem como, realizar a caracteriza??o das nanoestruturas formadas. Al?m disso, pretendeu-se conduzir testes de libera??o de Qc e atividades biol?gicas e antitumorais em c?lulas da linhagem T24. As nanoestruturas de TNTs foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas por t?cnicas de FTIR, MEV-FEG, EDS, MET DRX e TGA. Os resultados mostraram que as nanoestruturas apresentam estrutura tubular, e a troca de ?ons Na+ por Zn2+, bem como a incorpora??o de quercetina na estrutura n?o alteram esta morfologia. Al?m disso, a intera??o estabelecida entre o Zn e Qc aumenta a estabilidade t?rmica das nanoestruturas. O ensaio de libera??o mostrou que a entrega m?xima de Qc ocorre ap?s 24h e apresen?a de Zn controla a libera??o do flavonoide para o meio. Os ensaios biol?gicos mostraram que as nanoestruturas NaTNTQc e ZnTNTQc diminuem a viabilidade celular de T24 ap?s 48h em altas concentra??es. Ainda, NaTNT, NaTNTQc e ZnTNT reduzem o n?mero de c?lulas da linhagem T24 quando combinadas com irradia??o ap?s 48h mostrando que a combina??o entre as nanoestruturas e energia ionizante se apresenta como um objeto de estudo atrativo no tratamento de c?ncer de bexiga.

O poli(tereftalato de etileno), PET, é um material polimérico importante, largamente utilizado na produção de garrafas para refrigerante e água mineral. Entretanto, a destinação das embalagens de PET pós-consumo vem criando sérias preocupações econômicas e ambientais. Uma das alternativas de destino desse material é a reciclagem química por glicólise, tendo como objetivo a produção do monômero tereftalato de bis-hidroxietila (BHET). Esta reação, embora referenciada, ainda apresenta problemas como rendimento de BHET e tempo de reação, entre outros, tendo como desafio o desenvolvimento de novos catalisadores eficientes e altamente seletivos. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho busca estudar a atividade catalítica de um material nanoestruturado, os nanotubos de titanatos (TNT), na glicólise de PET (virgem e pós-consumo) comparado ao acetato de zinco (catalisador mais utilizado citado em literatura), a otimização de alguns parâmetros reacionais (granulometria de PET pós-consumo, razão Etilenoglicol:PET, porcentagem molar de TNT) e uma modificação dos nanotubos com zinco (ZnTNT) na despolimerização do PET Para a caracterização dos produtos as principais técnicas utilizadas foram a Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), além de resultados de rendimento, turnover number (TON) e turnover frequency (TOF). A despolimerização ocorreu por reação de glicólise utilizando PET virgem e pós-consumo e etilenoglicol para diferentes tempos a uma temperatura de 196°C. Os principais resultados mostram os TNT como catalisadores promissores, apresentando rendimentos em BHET de 83,9 e 76,7%, para PET virgem e pós-consumo, respectivamente, para 3 horas de reação. Esses valores são equiparáveis aos obtidos quando utilizado acetato de zinco, em que foi alcançado 79,4% (PET virgem) e 80,8% (PET pós-consumo). Após a modificação dos TNT com zinco, os resultados de rendimento em BHET alcançaram 87,1% para 3 horas de reação na menor granulometria estudada, demonstrando ser um catalisador ainda mais eficiente para essa reação. / Polyethylene terephthalate, PET, is an important polymer material, widely used in the production of bottles for soda and mineral water. However, the disposal of post-consumer PET packaging has created serious economic and environmental concerns. One of the alternatives for the disposal of this material is the chemical recycling by glycolysis, aiming the production of the monomer bis-(2hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). This reaction, although referenced, still presents problems such as BHET yield and reaction time, among others, having as challenge the development of new efficient and highly selective catalysts. In this context, the present work aims to study the catalytic activity of a nanostructured material, the titanate nanotubes (TNT) in PET glycolysis (virgin and post-consumer) compared to zinc acetate (the most used catalyst cited in literature), the study of some reaction parameters (post-consumer PET granulometry, Ethylene glycol:PET ratio and TNT molar percentage) and a modification of the catalyst with zinc (ZnTNT) in the depolymerization of PET For the characterization of the products, the main techniques used were Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), as well as yield, turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) results. The depolymerization occurred by glycolysis reaction using virgin and post-consumer PET and ethylene glycol at different times at a temperature of 196°C. The main results show TNT as promising catalysts, with yields of BHET yields of 83.9 and 76.7%, for virgin and post-consumer PET, respectively, for 3 hours of reaction. These values are similar to those obtained when zinc acetate was used, in which 79.4% (virgin PET) and 80.8% (post-consumer PET) were reached. After the modification of the TNT with zinc, the yield results in BHET reached 87.1% for 3 hours of reaction at the smaller particle size studied, proving itself to be an even more efficient catalyst for this reaction.

O poli(tereftalato de etileno), PET, é um material polimérico importante, largamente utilizado na produção de garrafas para refrigerante e água mineral. Entretanto, a destinação das embalagens de PET pós-consumo vem criando sérias preocupações econômicas e ambientais. Uma das alternativas de destino desse material é a reciclagem química por glicólise, tendo como objetivo a produção do monômero tereftalato de bis-hidroxietila (BHET). Esta reação, embora referenciada, ainda apresenta problemas como rendimento de BHET e tempo de reação, entre outros, tendo como desafio o desenvolvimento de novos catalisadores eficientes e altamente seletivos. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho busca estudar a atividade catalítica de um material nanoestruturado, os nanotubos de titanatos (TNT), na glicólise de PET (virgem e pós-consumo) comparado ao acetato de zinco (catalisador mais utilizado citado em literatura), a otimização de alguns parâmetros reacionais (granulometria de PET pós-consumo, razão Etilenoglicol:PET, porcentagem molar de TNT) e uma modificação dos nanotubos com zinco (ZnTNT) na despolimerização do PET Para a caracterização dos produtos as principais técnicas utilizadas foram a Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), além de resultados de rendimento, turnover number (TON) e turnover frequency (TOF). A despolimerização ocorreu por reação de glicólise utilizando PET virgem e pós-consumo e etilenoglicol para diferentes tempos a uma temperatura de 196°C. Os principais resultados mostram os TNT como catalisadores promissores, apresentando rendimentos em BHET de 83,9 e 76,7%, para PET virgem e pós-consumo, respectivamente, para 3 horas de reação. Esses valores são equiparáveis aos obtidos quando utilizado acetato de zinco, em que foi alcançado 79,4% (PET virgem) e 80,8% (PET pós-consumo). Após a modificação dos TNT com zinco, os resultados de rendimento em BHET alcançaram 87,1% para 3 horas de reação na menor granulometria estudada, demonstrando ser um catalisador ainda mais eficiente para essa reação. / Polyethylene terephthalate, PET, is an important polymer material, widely used in the production of bottles for soda and mineral water. However, the disposal of post-consumer PET packaging has created serious economic and environmental concerns. One of the alternatives for the disposal of this material is the chemical recycling by glycolysis, aiming the production of the monomer bis-(2hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). This reaction, although referenced, still presents problems such as BHET yield and reaction time, among others, having as challenge the development of new efficient and highly selective catalysts. In this context, the present work aims to study the catalytic activity of a nanostructured material, the titanate nanotubes (TNT) in PET glycolysis (virgin and post-consumer) compared to zinc acetate (the most used catalyst cited in literature), the study of some reaction parameters (post-consumer PET granulometry, Ethylene glycol:PET ratio and TNT molar percentage) and a modification of the catalyst with zinc (ZnTNT) in the depolymerization of PET For the characterization of the products, the main techniques used were Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), as well as yield, turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) results. The depolymerization occurred by glycolysis reaction using virgin and post-consumer PET and ethylene glycol at different times at a temperature of 196°C. The main results show TNT as promising catalysts, with yields of BHET yields of 83.9 and 76.7%, for virgin and post-consumer PET, respectively, for 3 hours of reaction. These values are similar to those obtained when zinc acetate was used, in which 79.4% (virgin PET) and 80.8% (post-consumer PET) were reached. After the modification of the TNT with zinc, the yield results in BHET reached 87.1% for 3 hours of reaction at the smaller particle size studied, proving itself to be an even more efficient catalyst for this reaction.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Dry reforming of methane reaction was conducted in the presence of titanate nanotubes (TNTs) modified with Co, Ni and Pt. TNTs were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment and than these solids were either submitted to ion exchange for Ni and Co using hexahydrate nitrate solutions, or they were submitted to wet impregnation with H2Ptl6.6H2O (1% w/w of Pt) solution. The solids were characterized before and after the dry reforming of methane by elemental chemical analysis (CHN), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, thermoprogrammed reduction (TPR), CO2 thermoprogrammed desorption (CO2-TPD), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Raman and XRD results showed the presence of Na2Ti3O7 phase to all sodic nanotubes, while that the nanotubes modified displayed peaks and vibrational modes relative to CoTi3O7, NiTi3O7 and PtOx/Na2Ti3O7 phases. TEM images exhibited tubular morphology composed by multi-walls, as observed by XRD and Raman. SEM-EDS results showed the nanotubes composition with M/Ti ratio lower than the theoretical (value of 0,33), due to the presence of structural water. The XPS results confirmed the presence of M(OH)2 phase (M=Co, Ni or Pt) present on nanotubes surface. TPR patterns suggested the formation of M0/MTiO3 (M = Co, Ni and Pt) after the reduction of the nanotubes at 650 ÂC. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of sodic and modified TNTs showed isotherms type IV with an essentially mesoporous structure. CO2-TPD patterns suggested the presence of weak and moderate basic sites in all catalysts, indicating phase transformation due to the decomposition, in situ, of as-prepared nanotubes. The catalyst NiTNT exhibited the highest CO2 and methane conversion at 600 ÂC, with about 43 and 25%, respectively, and H2/CO ratio equal 1, without deactivation over time. PtTNT was lesser susceptible to coking, although sintering remarkably decreased the performance of this solid. On the other hand, PtTNT and CoTNT showed formation of coke over the PtOx/PtTiO3 and Co0/CoTiO3 active phase, respectively, so that the latter solid deactivated during the dry reforming of methane. / A reaÃÃo da reforma seca do metano foi conduzida na presenÃa de nanotubos de titanatos (TNTs) modificados com Co, Ni e Pt. Os TNTs foram sintetizados via tratamento hidrotÃrmico e, posteriormente, foram submetidos à troca iÃnica por Ni e Co, utilizando soluÃÃes de nitrato hexahidratado, ou foram submetidos à impregnaÃÃo via-Ãmida com soluÃÃo de H2PtCl6.6H2O (1% m/m de Pt). Os catalisadores foram caracterizados antes e apÃs reaÃÃo de reforma seca do metano por anÃlise quÃmica (CHN), difraÃÃo de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia Raman, isotermas de adsorÃÃo-dessorÃÃo de nitrogÃnio, reduÃÃo termoprogramada (TPR), dessorÃÃo termoprogramada de CO2 (TPD-CO2), microscopia eletrÃnica de transmissÃo (TEM), microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura (MEV-EDS) e espectroscopia fotoeletrÃnica de raios-X (XPS). Os resultados de Raman e DRX evidenciaram a presenÃa da fase Na2Ti3O7 para os nanotubos sÃdicos, enquanto que para os nanotubos modificados foram identificados picos e modos vibracionais referentes Ãs fases CoTi3O7, NiTi3O7 e PtOx/Na2Ti3O7. As imagens de TEM exibiram morfologia tubular composta por multiparedes, corroborando com os resultados de DRX e Raman. Os resultados de MEV-EDS mostraram a composiÃÃo dos nanotubos com razÃo M/Ti menor que o teÃrico (0,33), devido à presenÃa de Ãgua estrutural. Os resultados de XPS confirmaram a existÃncia da fase M(OH)2 (M=Co, Ni ou Pt) presentes na superfÃcie dos nanotubos. As curvas de TPR sugeriram a formaÃÃo da fase M0/MTiO3 (M = Co, Ni e Pt), apÃs a reduÃÃo dos nanotubos a 650 ÂC. As isotermas de adsorÃÃo-dessorÃÃo de nitrogÃnio dos TNTs sÃdicos e modificados apresentaram isotermas do tipo IV com estrutura essencialmente formada por mesoporos. Os perfis de TPD-CO2 sugeriram a presenÃa de sÃtios bÃsicos fracos e moderados em todos os catalisadores, indicando mudanÃa de fase devido à decomposiÃÃo in situ dos nanotubos como sintetizados. O catalisador NiTNT apresentou os melhores resultados de conversÃo de CO2 e metano a 600 ÂC, com aproximadamente 43 e 25%, respectivamente, e razÃo H2/CO igual a 0,5, sem desativaÃÃo ao longo do tempo. PtTNT foi menos susceptÃvel à formaÃÃo de coque, embora o fenÃmeno de sinterizaÃÃo tenha desfavorecido o desempenho do sÃlido. Por outro lado, os sÃlidos PtTNT e CoTNT apresentaram formaÃÃo de coque sobre as fases ativas PtOx/PtTiO3 e Co0/CoTiO3, respectivamente, de modo que este Ãltimo sÃlido desativou durante a reaÃÃo da reforma seca do metano.

O poli(tereftalato de etileno), PET, é um material polimérico importante, largamente utilizado na produção de garrafas para refrigerante e água mineral. Entretanto, a destinação das embalagens de PET pós-consumo vem criando sérias preocupações econômicas e ambientais. Uma das alternativas de destino desse material é a reciclagem química por glicólise, tendo como objetivo a produção do monômero tereftalato de bis-hidroxietila (BHET). Esta reação, embora referenciada, ainda apresenta problemas como rendimento de BHET e tempo de reação, entre outros, tendo como desafio o desenvolvimento de novos catalisadores eficientes e altamente seletivos. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho busca estudar a atividade catalítica de um material nanoestruturado, os nanotubos de titanatos (TNT), na glicólise de PET (virgem e pós-consumo) comparado ao acetato de zinco (catalisador mais utilizado citado em literatura), a otimização de alguns parâmetros reacionais (granulometria de PET pós-consumo, razão Etilenoglicol:PET, porcentagem molar de TNT) e uma modificação dos nanotubos com zinco (ZnTNT) na despolimerização do PET Para a caracterização dos produtos as principais técnicas utilizadas foram a Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), além de resultados de rendimento, turnover number (TON) e turnover frequency (TOF). A despolimerização ocorreu por reação de glicólise utilizando PET virgem e pós-consumo e etilenoglicol para diferentes tempos a uma temperatura de 196°C. Os principais resultados mostram os TNT como catalisadores promissores, apresentando rendimentos em BHET de 83,9 e 76,7%, para PET virgem e pós-consumo, respectivamente, para 3 horas de reação. Esses valores são equiparáveis aos obtidos quando utilizado acetato de zinco, em que foi alcançado 79,4% (PET virgem) e 80,8% (PET pós-consumo). Após a modificação dos TNT com zinco, os resultados de rendimento em BHET alcançaram 87,1% para 3 horas de reação na menor granulometria estudada, demonstrando ser um catalisador ainda mais eficiente para essa reação. / Polyethylene terephthalate, PET, is an important polymer material, widely used in the production of bottles for soda and mineral water. However, the disposal of post-consumer PET packaging has created serious economic and environmental concerns. One of the alternatives for the disposal of this material is the chemical recycling by glycolysis, aiming the production of the monomer bis-(2hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). This reaction, although referenced, still presents problems such as BHET yield and reaction time, among others, having as challenge the development of new efficient and highly selective catalysts. In this context, the present work aims to study the catalytic activity of a nanostructured material, the titanate nanotubes (TNT) in PET glycolysis (virgin and post-consumer) compared to zinc acetate (the most used catalyst cited in literature), the study of some reaction parameters (post-consumer PET granulometry, Ethylene glycol:PET ratio and TNT molar percentage) and a modification of the catalyst with zinc (ZnTNT) in the depolymerization of PET For the characterization of the products, the main techniques used were Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), as well as yield, turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) results. The depolymerization occurred by glycolysis reaction using virgin and post-consumer PET and ethylene glycol at different times at a temperature of 196°C. The main results show TNT as promising catalysts, with yields of BHET yields of 83.9 and 76.7%, for virgin and post-consumer PET, respectively, for 3 hours of reaction. These values are similar to those obtained when zinc acetate was used, in which 79.4% (virgin PET) and 80.8% (post-consumer PET) were reached. After the modification of the TNT with zinc, the yield results in BHET reached 87.1% for 3 hours of reaction at the smaller particle size studied, proving itself to be an even more efficient catalyst for this reaction.

Actuellement, les injections systémiques de médicaments atteignent faiblement les sites tumoraux et de fortes doses sont alors administrées provoquant des effets secondaires parfois lourds. Les possibilités offertes par les applications en médecine des nanoparticules permettent de nouvelles stratégies pour vectoriser des substances actives dans les cellules malades. Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le cancer de la prostate qui est le deuxième cancer le plus diagnostiqué et la cinquième cause de décès chez les hommes dans le monde.Les nanotubes de titanate (TiONts) sont synthétisés par voie hydrothermale et présentent une longueur moyenne de 170 nm, un diamètre extérieur de 10 nm et une cavité interne accessible de 4 nm. Leur morphologie tubulaire permet aux TiONts d’être internalisés plus facilement dans les cellules, sans induire de cytotoxicité, tout en créant un effet radiosensibilisant.Deux nanohybrides ont été développés dans cette thèse, pour lutter contre le cancer de la prostate par injection intratumorale (IT) et une attention particulière a été portée sur leur élaboration. Ces nouveaux nanomédicaments ont été pleinement caractérisés par différentes techniques (MET, ATG, potentiel zêta, XPS, spectroscopies UV visible, IR et Raman).La première approche consiste à combiner les TiONts avec un agent thérapeutique (le docétaxel, DTX), largement utilisé pour inhiber les tumeurs de prostate et un agent chélatant (le DOTA, radiomarqué avec l’111In) pour suivre la biodistribution des tubes par SPECT/CT. La surface des TiONts a été préalablement fonctionnalisée par l’APTES et le poly(éthylène) glycol (PEG3000) pour rendre les TiONts stables et biocompatibles. Afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de ce nanohybride, des tests in vitro ont montré que l’association entre les TiONts et le DTX permettait de maintenir une activité cytotoxique sur des lignées cellulaires de prostate (cellules 22Rv1 et PC 3) alors que les TiONts sans le DTX n’étaient pas toxiques. Les études in vivo ont montré, sur des souris Swiss nude mâles, que plus de 70% des nanovecteurs étaient retenus dans la tumeur, après injection IT, après 7 jours. De plus, un retard de croissance tumorale pour les souris ayant reçu le nanohybride avec la radiothérapie (RT) est observé, par rapport aux souris ayant reçues seulement le DTX. Après cette étude, d’autres molécules organiques ont été greffées avec succès à la surface des TiONts pour améliorer la stabilité colloïdale et la biocompatibilité des nanotubes : AHAMTES, catéchols (LDOPA, DHCA et NDOPA), phosphonates (PHA, ALD et un polymère hétérobifonctionnel de type phosphonate : (HO)2 (O)P-PEG NH2). De plus, le greffage de différentes longueurs de chaîne de PEG a été évalué par deux voies de synthèses. Le greffage de ces PEG en milieu organique (PyBOP) s’est avéré très prometteur pour améliorer leur taux de greffage et leur stabilité colloïdale.Dans une seconde approche, pour accroître l’effet radiosensibilisant, des nanoparticules d’or (AuNPs), elles-mêmes modifiées par le DTDTPA, ont été couplées avec les TiONts en présence ou non de DTX. Cette nouvelle combinaison a pour objectif le maintien des AuNPs, par les TiONts, dans la tumeur afin d’améliorer l’effet de la RT. Grâce aux AuNPs modifiées par le DTDTPA, le nanohybride est également détectable par imagerie X et par SPECT/CT. Les résultats in vitro ont démontré l’activité cytotoxique de l’édifice final. Des études de biodistribution et de croissance tumorale ont également été réalisées sur des tumeurs PC-3 xénogreffées sur des souris.Ces TiONts fonctionnalisés apparaissent comme un nouvel outil polyvalent dans le domaine médical, notamment pour lutter contre le cancer de la prostate. / Currently, the systemic injections of drugs reach very weakly tumor sites and large doses are thus administered causing adverse side effects. The new implementations of nanoparticles in the medical field offer new strategies to vectorize an active substance in diseased cells. This work is focused on the prostate cancer, which is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide.Titanate nanotubes (TiONts) are synthetized by a hydrothermal process and have average dimensions of about 170 nm in length, 10 nm in outer diameter and also have an internal cavity of 4 nm in diameter. Their needle-shaped morphology allows them to be internalized more easily into cells without inducing cytotoxicity while providing a radiosensitization effect.In the present manuscript are described two TiONts-based nanohybrids which were developed with a view to fight against prostate cancer by intratumoral (IT) injection and a particular attention was paid on their elaboration. These new nanomedicines were extensively characterized by different techniques (TEM, TGA, ζ potential, XPS, UV visible, IR and Raman spectroscopies).The first approach that has been developed consists in combining TiONts with a therapeutic agent (docetaxel, DTX), widely used for the treatment of prostate cancer, and a chelating agent (DOTA) allowing the radiolabeling with 111In radionuclide to monitor TiONts biodistribution by SPECT/CT. The surface of TiONts was beforehand coated with a siloxane (APTES) and linked to a heterobifunctional polymer (PEG3000) to create well-dispersed and biocompatible TiONts. In vitro tests demonstrated that the association between TiONts and DTX had cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1 and PC-3 cells) whereas TiONts without DTX did not. The results of in vivo SPECT/CT imaging are also presented as well as first irradiation tests in Swiss nude mice after IT injection on PC-3 tumors. Biological tests showed that more than 70% of TiONts nanovectors were retained within the tumor for at least 7 days. In addition, tumor growth of mice receiving nanohybrids with radiotherapy was significantly slower than that of mice receiving free DTX. After this first study, other organic molecules were successfully grafted to the surface of TiONts to improve colloidal stability and biocompatibility of nanotubes: AHAMTES, catechols (LDOPA, DHCA and NDOPA) and phosphonates (PHA, ALD and a phosphonate heterobifunctional polymer-based: (HO)2 (O)P PEG NH2). Moreover, the influence of different PEG lengths has been considered on the nanomedicine efficacy by two different pathways. The grafting of these PEG in an organic medium (PyBOP) was very promising to improve their graft ratio and their colloidal stability.In a second approach and in order to improve the radiosensitizing effect, DTDTPA-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were coupled with TiONts in the presence of DTX. This novel combination aims at retaining these AuNPs into the tumor via the TiONts to enhance the radiotherapeutic effect. The nanohybrid was also detectable by X-ray and SPECT/CT imaging through AuNPs-DTDTPA. Preliminary in vitro results showed once again that our final nanohybrid had a satisfactory cytotoxic activity. Biodistribution and tumor growth studies were also realized on PC-3 xenografted tumors on mice.These functionalized-TiONts could thus become a new tool in the field of biomedicine to fight against prostate cancer and appear as versatile nanovectors.