Spelling suggestions: "subject:"[een] UNJUST ENRICHMENT"" "subject:"[enn] UNJUST ENRICHMENT""
11 |
Restitution from banksMoore, Jonathon P. January 2000 (has links)
This study analyses certain controversial issues commonly arising when a claim for restitution is brought against a bank. Chapter 1 considers the equitable claim traditionally labelled ‘knowing receipt’. Three issues are discussed: (i) the basis in principle of the claim for ‘knowing receipt’; (ii) whether the claim requires proof of fault on the part of the recipient; and (iii) whether the claim can be brought in relation to the receipt by a bank of a mortgage or guarantee offered to the bank in breach of trust or fiduciary duty. The conclusions are (i) that ‘knowing receipt’ is often a claim in unjust enrichment, though the dishonest recipient will also be liable for an equitable wrong; (ii) that when the unjust enrichment version of ‘knowing receipt’ is in issue, the claim should be one of strict liability; and (iii) a claim in unjust enrichment can be brought against a bank to defeat its interest in a mortgage or guarantee offered in breach of trust. Chapters 2 to 4 concern a concept within the law of unjust enrichment that has come to be called ministerial receipt. A ministerial receipt is a receipt of money or property by an agent on behalf of his or her principal. Banks often receive money as agents on behalf of account holders. Chapters 2 and 3 analyse that concept as it is dealt with at common law and in equity respectively. At common law, ministerial receipt is a defence which exists only if the agent pays over the money in question before receiving notive of the right of the plaintiff to restitution. By contrast, ministerial receipt in equity operates to restrict a right to restitution which would otherwise arise. A claim for 'knowing receipt' cannot be brought against an agent in equity. Chapter 4 argues that the equitable tratement of agents is correct as a matter of principle, and that no common law claim in unjust enrichment should be maintainable against a person who receives as agent. Special attention is given to banks. Chapter 5 analyses three other defences which a bank can plead in answer to restitutionary claims: 'good consideration', bona fide purchase and set off. It is concluded that there is no general defence of 'good consideration'; that the bank can plead bona fide purchase in relation to money deposited into an account in credit; and that in the context of combining two or more bank accounts set off is merely a species of bona fide purchase.
|
12 |
A qualificação do lucro da intervenção:responsabilidade civil ou enriquecimento sem causa? / The classification of profits wrongfully obtained: Torts or unjust enrichment?Sérgio Ricardo Savi Ferreira 05 May 2010 (has links)
O presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que, nas hipóteses em que alguém intervém na esfera jurídica alheia e obtém benefícios econômicos sem causar danos ao titular do direito ou, causando danos, o lucro obtido pelo ofensor é superior aos danos causados, as regras da responsabilidade civil, isoladamente, não são suficientes, à luz do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto sanção eficaz pela violação de um interesse merecedor de tutela. Isto porque, como a principal função da responsabilidade civil é remover o dano, naquelas hipóteses, não fosse a utilização de um remédio alternativo, o interventor faria seu o lucro da intervenção, no primeiro caso integralmente e, no segundo, no valor equivalente ao saldo entre o lucro obtido e a indenização que tiver que pagar à vítima. A tese pretende demonstrar que o problema do lucro da intervenção não deve ser solucionado por intermédio das regras da responsabilidade civil, devendo, portanto, ser rejeitadas as propostas de solução neste campo, como a interpretação extensiva do parágrafo único, do artigo 944, do Código Civil, as indenizações punitivas e o chamado terceiro método de cálculo da indenização. Como alternativa, propõe-se o enquadramento dogmático do lucro da intervenção no enriquecimento sem causa, outorgando ao titular do direito uma pretensão de restituição do lucro obtido pelo ofensor em razão da indevida ingerência em seus bens ou direitos. Defende-se que a transferência do lucro da intervenção para o titular do direito tem por fundamento a ponderação dos interesses em jogo à luz da Constituição Federal, com especial atenção ao princípio da solidariedade, e da teoria da destinação jurídica dos bens. A tese procura demonstrar, ainda, que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro não exige um efetivo empobrecimento do titular do direito para a configuração do enriquecimento sem causa e que a regra da subsidiariedade não impede a cumulação de ações, de responsabilidade civil para eliminar o dano (e no limite do dano), e de enriquecimento sem causa, para forçar a restituição do saldo positivo que permanecer no patrimônio do ofensor após o pagamento da indenização, se houver. Finalmente, a tese pretende provocar a discussão acerca da quantificação do objeto da restituição, propondo alguns critérios que deverão orientar o aplicador do direito. / The present study aims to demonstrate that when someone profits by interfering In: another persons rights without causing damage to the victim, or when the act does cause damage but the benefits so obtained are greater than the damage caused, tort rules alone are not enough, under Brazilian Law, as an efficient sanction for violation of an interest or right that deserves protection. Since the maIn: function of civil liability rules is to redress the damage, or make the victim whole, without an alternative remedy the wrongdoer would keep the benefits wrongfully obtained, fully In: the first case and In: the second case to the extent of the difference between the profits obtained and damages paid to the victim. I aim to show that the problem of benefits wrongfully obtained cannot be solved through tort rules alone, and some proposed measures In: this area, such as expansive interpretation of Article 944, sole paragraph, of the Civil Code, punitive damages and the so-called third method of quantifying damages should be rejected. As an alternative, I propose framing the question of benefits wrongfully obtained withIn: the rules on unjust enrichment, granting the victim the right to claim restitution of benefits obtained by the wrongdoer by interference In: the victims assets or rights. I argue that the transfer of the benefits wrongfully obtained to the victim should be based on a balance of conflicting interests In: light of the Federal Constitution, with special attention to the solidarity principle and on the theory of the juridical allocation of assets. Besides this, I argue that Brazilian law does not require the victim to suffer any kind of damage In: order to apply unjust enrichment rules and that the subsidiarity rule does not prohibit the filing of joint claims, a tort one to remedy the damage (limited to the actual damage caused) and an unjust enrichment one to force restitution of any positive balance that remains with the wrongdoer after payment of damages. Finally, I intend to stimulate discussions on how to quantify the amount of restitution In: these cases and offer some criteria that can guide judges.
|
13 |
Der strafrechtliche Schutz gegen ungerechtfertigte Vermögensverschiebungen in England und Wales im Vergleich mit dem deutschen Strafrecht /Och, Frank. January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Univ., Diss.-2003--Würzburg, 2002.
|
14 |
Failure of conditionWilmot-Smith, Frederick J. January 2013 (has links)
This thesis is an investigation of a doctrine generally known as ‘failure of consideration’, but which I term ‘failure of condition’. I have two principal aims. First, to clarify quite what the doctrine of failure of condition is. Secondly, to explain why it has the effects it does – in particular, why it justifies the response of restitution. The doctrine, at core, concerns conditional transfers: when a transfer is made conditionally, and the condition fails, the transfer can be recovered. For this reason, I term the doctrine ‘failure of condition.’ I investigate the nature of this relationship and argue that the reason why the transfer is conditional is that the agent’s intention to make the transfer was itself conditional. The justification of restitution is a more complex affair than is customarily accepted – but there is a valid justification lurking not far from the surface of orthodoxy. A secondary concern of the thesis is to re-examine an old theory in the field of common mistake, frustration and termination following a breach of contract. It used to be thought that these doctrines could be explained by failure of condition. That theory has fallen out of favour – it seems that no one accepts it today. This rejection rests upon a confusion over the nature of the doctrine of failure of condition. Once the nature of this doctrine has been clarified, we can see how closely the various doctrines align with one another; we can also see where the true difficulty with the failure of condition explanation lies.
|
15 |
Restitution in cases of failure of performance of contracts and misrepresentationCrown, Barry Clive January 1980 (has links)
No description available.
|
16 |
The consequences of contracts concluded by unassisted minors : a comparative evaluationWatt, Ilze Jr 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a general principle of the law of South Africa that an unassisted contract of a
minor is unenforceable against the minor. Although it binds the other party, the minor
is not bound. The minor will only be bound if the contract is enforced by his guardian,
or if the contract is ratified by the child after attaining majority. This implies that the
other party is in a rather unfortunate position, since the effectiveness of the contract
will remain uncertain until the guardian of the minor decides to enforce or repudiate
the contract, or until the minor ratifies it after attaining majority. The other party may
not resile from the contract during this interim period.
Should it be established that the contract has failed, the question arises to what
extent the parties are obliged to return performances made in purported fulfilment of
the contract. In terms of the law of South Africa, the prevailing view is that these claims are based
on unjustified enrichment. However, the extent of these claims differs. In principle,
both parties’ liability will be limited to the amount remaining in its estate, according to
the defence of loss of enrichment. But the application of the defence is subject to an
exception that does not apply equally to the parties. Had the other party known or
should the other party have known that the enrichment was sine causa, yet
continued to part with it, he will be held liable for the full enrichment. However, this
exception does not apply to the enrichment liability of minors. In other words,
whether the minor knew or should have known that the enrichment was sine causa,
he would still be allowed to raise the defence of loss of enrichment. Furthermore, the
rules applicable to minors’ enrichment liability applies to all minors, and no scope is
left to consider the specific circumstances of each minor.
It is accepted that there are two competing principles relating to minors’ unassisted
contracts. On the one hand, the law must protect the minor from his immaturity and
lack of experience. On the other hand, the law must protect the interests of the other
party. It will be seen throughout this study that the determination of how to balance
these competing principles is not an easy task. The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the principles governing the unwinding of
unassisted minors’ contracts in South Africa. A comparison will be made with the principles applied in other legal systems, in order to identify similarities and
differences in the approaches and, to establish what underlies the differences in the
various approaches.
Germany, England and Scotland have been chosen for comparison for various
reasons. First, they share some historical roots, and they represent three major legal
traditions, namely the civil law, common law and mixed legal systems, of which
South Africa also forms part. Secondly, both England and Scotland have
experienced recent legislative reform in this regard, which implies that their
respective legal systems should be in line with modern tendencies, and
consequently they may provide a valuable framework for possible reform in South
Africa. In Germany, although mainly regulated by rather older legislation, there have
been interesting developments in the determination of consequences of failed
contracts. Hellwege has argued that the unwinding of all contracts should be treated similarly,
regardless of the unwinding factor. He has also suggested that in order to prevent
the accumulation of risk on one party, and to ensure that the risk is placed on the
person who is in control of the object, the defence of loss of enrichment should not
be available to any party. His reasoning and suggestions is dealt with in more detail
in this thesis.
This study argues that the current strict approach applied under South African law
regarding minors’ unassisted contracts needs to be re-considered. The current
approach is dated and is not in line with modern tendencies and legislation. No
proper consideration is given to minors’ development into adulthood or personal
circumstances of the parties. It is submitted that in the process of re-consideration,
some form of acknowledgement must be given to minors’ development towards
mature adults. It is submitted that this would be possible by introducing a more
flexible approach to regulate the enforceability and unwinding of minors’ unassisted
contracts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING Dit is ‘n algemene beginsel van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg dat ‘n kontrak aangegaan
deur ‘n minderjarige sonder die nodige bystand van sy ouer of voog onafdwingbaar
is teenoor die minderjarige. Die minderjarige sal slegs gebonde wees indien die
kontrak afgedwing word deur sy voog, of indien die minderjarige self die kontrak
ratifiseer nadat hy meerderjarig word. Dit impliseer dat die ander party in ‘n
ongunstige posisie is, aangesien die werking van die kontrak onseker is totdat die
voog besluit om die kontrak af te dwing of te repudieer, of totdat die minderjarige dit
ratifiseer nadat hy meerderjarig word. Gedurende hierdie interim periode mag die
ander party nie terugtree uit hierdie kontrak nie.
Sou dit bepaal word dat die kontrak misluk het, ontstaan die vraag tot watter mate
die partye verplig word om prestasies wat reeds gemaak is, terug te gee. In terme van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is die meerderheidsopinie dat hierdie eise
gebaseer is op onregverdige verryking, maar die omvang van die partye se eise
verskil. In beginsel is beide partye se aanspreeklikheid beperk tot die bedrag wat
steeds in sy boedel beskikbaar is, weens die beskikbaarheid van die verweer van
verlies van verryking. Maar die toepassing van die verweer is onderworpe aan ‘n
uitsondering wat nie op beide partye geld nie. Indien die ander party geweet het of
moes geweet het dat die verryking sine causa was, maar steeds afstand gedoen het
van die verryking, sal hy aanspreeklik gehou word vir die volle verryking. Hierdie reel
is egter nie van toepassing op die minderjarige se verrykingsaanspreeklikheid nie.
Met ander woorde, indien die minderjarige geweet het of moes geweet het dat die
verryking sine causa was, en steeds afstand gedoen het van die verryking, sal hy
steeds die verweer van verlies van verryking kan opper. Bowendien, die reels van
toepassing op minderjariges se verrykingsaanspreeklikheid is van toepassing op alle
minderjariges, en geen ruimte word gelaat om die spesifieke omstandighede van
elke minderjarige in ag te neem nie. Wanneer ons kontrakte aangegaan deur minderjariges sonder die nodige bystand,
oorweeg, word dit algemeen aanvaar dat daar twee kompeterende beginsels van
belang is. Aan die een kant moet die reg die minderjarige beskerm teen sy
onvolwassenheid en gebrek aan ondervinding. Aan die ander kant moet die reg ook
die belange van die ander party beskerm. Dit sal deurlopend in hierdie studie gesien word dat die behoorlike balansering van hierdie twee beginsels nie ‘n maklike taak is
nie.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om die beginsels wat die afdwingbaarheid en
ontbinding van minderjariges se kontrakte in Suid-Afrika, wat aangegaan is sonder
die nodige bystand van ‘n voog, te ondersoek. ‘n Vergelyking sal getref word met die
beginsels wat in ander regstelsels toegepas word, om sodoende die ooreenkomste
en verskille te identifiseer, asook om te bepaal wat hierdie verskille onderlê.
Duitsland, Engeland en Skotland is gekies as vergelykende jurisdiksies vir verskeie
redes, naamlik hulle historiese gebondenheid en die feit dat hulle drie groot
regstradisies (die kontinentale regstelsel, die gemenereg en die gemengde
regstelsel) verteenwoordig. Bowendien het beide Engeland en Skotland onlangse
wetgewende hervorming ondergaan in hierdie sfeer van die reg, wat impliseer dat
hierdie regstelsels waarskynlik in lyn sal wees met moderne tendense. Gevolglik kan
hulle ‘n waardevolle raamwerk skep waarbinne moontlike hervorming in Suid-Afrika
mag plaasvind. Alhoewel Duitsland grotendeels nog deur ouer wetgewing gereguleer
word, het dit ook ‘n reeks interessante verwikkelinge ondergaan in die bepaling van
die gevolge van kontrakte wat misluk het. Hellwege argumenteer dat die ontbinding van alle kontrakte dieselfde hanteer moet
word, ongeag die onderliggende ontbindende faktor. Hy stel ook voor dat om te
verhoed dat die risiko op slegs een party geplaas word, en om te verseker dat dit
eerder gedra word deur daardie party wat beheer het oor die voorwerp, die verweer
van verlies van verryking nie vir enige party beskikbaar moet wees nie. Sy
redenering en voorstelle word in meer besonderhede in hierdie studie bespreek.
Hierdie studie argumenteer dat die huidige streng benadering wat in Suid-Afrika
toegepas word met betrekking tot kontrakte aangegaan deur minderjariges sonder
die nodige bystand van ‘n voog, heroorweeg moet word. Die huidige benadering is
verouderd en is nie lyn met moderne tendense en wetgewing nie. Bowendien word
geen behoorlike oorweging gegee aan minderjariges se ontwikkeling tot
volwassenheid nie, en die partye se persoonlike omstandighede word ook nie in ag
geneem nie. Daar word argumenteer dat in die proses van heroorweging, ‘n mate
van erkenning gegee moet word aan minderjariges se persoonlike ontwikkeling.
Daar word verder argumenteer dat ‘n meer buigsame benadering toegepas moet word ten opsigte van die regulering van die afdwingbaarheid en ontbinding van
hierdie kontrakte.
|
17 |
Bezdůvodné obohacení v obchodním právu / Unjust enrichment under business lawGejdoš, Jakub January 2014 (has links)
The thesis is focused on the legal concept of unjust enrichment specifically in relation to the area of business law. Although the basic legal regulation relevant also for the area of business law was, and even after the adoption of the new private law codes, still remains in the civil code, the thesis endeavors to focus on certain specifics related particularly to the business relations. For these purposes it deals, in less or more detailed manner, also with other legal concepts, which are significant for the topic and closely related (such as limitation of claims resulting from the unjust enrichment, good faith of legal entities, invalidity of legal acts etc.). The thesis analyses legal acts regulating the institution of unjust enrichment for the area of private law, eventually specifically for the business relations. Especially in the areas where the legal text itself is not exhaustive, it supplies also analysis of relatively extensive case law (available so far only in respect of the previous legislation), eventually also the analysis of expert opinions. It draws attention to certain conflicts in interpretation of individual legal provisions. Considering the recent essential change of the private law basis (new private law codes) the thesis provides to a considerable extent comparison of the...
|
18 |
Bezdůvodné obohacení podle anglické a české právní úpravy / Unjust Enrichment under English and Czech LawŠkvareková, Gabriela January 2014 (has links)
1 ABSTRACT UNJUST ENRICHMENT UNDER ENGLISH AND CZECH LAW The topic of presented thesis is "Unjust Enrichment under English and Czech Law". It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis and comparison of legal rules governing unjust enrichment in English and Czech law. The thesis is systematically divided into four principal chapters which are further subdivided. The first chapter presents an introduction to unjust enrichment. It provides a brief historical overview and a description of legal nature of unjust enrichment. It also aims to bring a basic comparison of the common law system and the civil law system to which English law and Czech law belong. Unjust enrichment on the European level is analysed in the second chapter. Two chosen soft law instruments of the European private law are presented here, namely Draft Common Frame of Reference and Principles of European Law of Unjust Enrichment, which set forth non-binding rules for the functioning of unjust enrichment. The third chapter is focused on the English law of unjust enrichment. It primarily brings the analysis of the requirements of unjust enrichment under English law. These requirements, which are based on the case law of the English courts, are as follows: (1) benefit, (2) at the claimant's expense, (3) unjust factor, and (4) lack of defence....
|
19 |
Bezdůvodné obohacení v obchodním právu / Unjust enrichment under business lawJančařík, Ondřej January 2014 (has links)
1 Abstract This thesis deals with the institute of unjust enrichment extending to commercial law. It is focused on specific aspects of existence of this institute in commercial law. Particularly it means an issue of the limitation of unjust enrichment claims in business relationships as well as other special elements of unjust enrichment in commercial law regulations such as the question of repayment of the performance caused by the withdrawal, the protection of the company name claims and protection against unfair competition, rights of industrial property and bill of exchange and cheques enrichment. Although the work is primarily based on existing legislation, it is not limited to the examination of the issue from the perspective of re-codification of private law. The thesis analyzes the various provisions of the relevant commercial law regulations whose interpretation is in theory and practice greatly divided, and with their detailed analysis using initially established theoretical basis, trying to make their own suggestions.
|
20 |
Kolektivní správa autorských práv se zaměřením na problematiku bezdůvodného obohacení z pohledu kolektivního správce / Collective administration of copyright, focusing on the unjust enrichment from the collective rights manager's point of viewPalička, Jan January 2016 (has links)
Collective administration of copyright, focusing on the unjust enrichment from the collective rights manager's point of view Key words: Collective administration, copyright, unjust enrichment This master's thesis is focused on the collective management of copyright in the Czech Republic and it especially focuses on the issue of claiming an unjust enrichment from the colletive administrator's perspective. The main aim of the theses is to introduce the aforementioned and systematically discuss the legal adjustments and the functioning of the institutions on both theoretical and practical levels. The theses is divided into two imaginary halves, the first half focuses on the collective administration of copyright in general terms, the second half deals with the enforcement of unjust enrichment by the collective administrator itself. The thesis is divided into ten chapters. The first chapter deals with the basic definitions of the concept of collective administration and it's inclusion into the Czech legal system as well as the definitions of the basic concepts and issues used in this area of law. The second chapter briefly discusses the history of collective administration in the world as well as in the Czech Republic. The third chapter describes the rights which are the subject of collective...
|
Page generated in 0.0573 seconds