Within the field of pattern recognition (PR) a very active area is the clustering and classification of multispectral data, which basically aims to allocate the right class of ground category to a reflectance or radiance signal. Generally, the problem complexity is related to the incorporation of spatial characteristics that are complementary to the nonlinearities of land surface process heterogeneity, remote sensing effects and multispectral features. The present research describes the application of learning machine methods to accomplish the above task by inducting a relationship between the spectral response of farms’ land cover, and their farming system typology from a representative set of instances. Such methodologies are not traditionally used in crop-livestock studies. Nevertheless, this study shows that its application leads to simple and theoretically robust classification models. The study has covered the following phases: a)geovisualization of crop-livestock systems; b)feature extraction of both multispectral and attributive data and; c)supervised farm classification. The first is a complementary methodology to represent the spatial feature intensity of farming systems in the geographical space. The second belongs to the unsupervised learning field, which mainly involves the appropriate description of input data in a lower dimensional space. The last is a method based on statistical learning theory, which has been successfully applied to supervised classification problems and to generate models described by implicit functions. In this research the performance of various kernel methods applied to the representation and classification of crop-livestock systems described by multispectral response is studied and compared. The data from those systems include linear and nonlinearly separable groups that were labelled using multidimensional attributive data. Geovisualization findings show the existence of two well-defined farm populations within the whole study area; and three subgroups in relation to the Guarico section. The existence of these groups was confirmed by both hierarchical and kernel clustering methods, and crop-livestock systems instances were segmented and labeled into farm typologies based on: a)milk and meat production; b)reproductive management; c)stocking rate; and d)crop-forage-forest land use. The minimum set of labeled examples to properly train the kernel machine was 20 instances. Models inducted by training data sets using kernel machines were in general terms better than those from hierarchical clustering methodologies. However, the size of the training data set represents one of the main difficulties to be overcome in permitting the more general application of this technique in farming system studies. These results attain important implications for large scale monitoring of crop-livestock system; particularly to the establishment of balanced policy decision, intervention plans formulation, and a proper description of target typologies to enable investment efforts to be more focused at local issues.

Le bassin de Cariaco représente un emplacement idéal pour l’étude de la préservation de la matière organique (MO) en particulier la sulfuration naturelle, car il a présenté des conditions euxiniques récurrentes au cours de son histoire. Pour contraindre les processus de préservation de la MO, nous avons étudié les sédiments varvés du bassin de Cariaco sur une période de 130 ka. Nous avons mis au point un protocole basé sur des hydrolyses séquentielles permettant d’isoler des kérogènes libres d'artefacts. Ce protocole a permis de libérer d’importantes quantités de carbohydrates représentant jusqu'à 3% du carbone organique total. Ces carbohydrates d’origine algo-bactérienne présentent une diminution en profondeur lié à des processus de dégradation in situ et/ou à l’incorporation dans la matrice macromoléculaire. L’étude des marqueurs moléculaires présents dans les extraits organiques corrobore l’origine principalement autochtone de la MO. Cependant la contribution des végétaux terrestres a été mise en évidence dans les échantillons correspondant aux périodes glaciaires. Le processus de sulfuration naturelle a un rôle important dans la préservation de la MO à Cariaco. La sulfuration intramoléculaire est indiquée par la présence des thiophènes et thiolanes à l’état libre. La désulfuration au nickel de Raney et la pyrolyse des kérogènes révèlent également une sulfuration intermoléculaire. La sulfuration ne présente pas une tendance générale à l’augmentation dans l’intervalle étudié. Le processus se révèle sensible aux variations climatiques, et facteurs tels que les conditions redox du milieu et la disponibilité et réactivité des précurseurs moléculaires. / The Cariaco basin provide an ideal location to study the organic matter (OM) preservation processes in particular the natural sulfurization, since it has presented recurrent euxinic conditions along its history. To better understand the OM preservation processes, we have studied the varved sediments of Cariaco in a time interval of 130 ky. In this study, we have employed an artifact free method based on stepwise hydrolysis for the isolation of kerogen. This method permitted to obtain important amounts of monomeric carbohydrates, accounting for up to 3% of the total organic carbon. Those algal/bacterial-derived carbohydrates present a decrease with depth related to in situ degradation and/or incorporation to the macromolecular matrix. The investigation of the organic extracted biomarkers corroborate the authochtonous origin of the OM. Nevertheless, an important contribution of terrestrial OM was observed in the samples from glacials periods. The natural sulfurization process have an important role in the preservation of OM in Cariaco basin. The intramolecular sulfurization was revealed by the presence of free alkylthiophenes and thiolanes. Raney nickel desulfurization and kerogen pyrolysis also revealed intermolecular sulfurization. The natural sulfurization does not present a global increase in the time interval studied. This process respond to variations in climatic conditions, redox conditions in the water column and sediments and also to the reactivity and availability of the molecular precursors.

El presente plan de negocio fue elaborado con el objetivo de poder determinar la viabilidad de una cadena de hostales en Venezuela, para cumplir con esto se dividió el estudio en algunas áreas relevantes. La organización tendrá como finalidad la prestación de servicio de alojamiento en 3 ciudades y proveerá al cliente de un lugar cómodo, limpio, seguro, de esparcimiento, compartir y pasarla bien a un precio económico. El factor más importante es el buen servicio y la satisfacción de los clientes. Se realizó un estudio del entorno en el que se establecieron una serie de características y ventajas para el sector turístico actualmente en Venezuela, ya que este es determinado como una actividad prioritaria en la Constitución Bolivariana de la Republica y se han definitivo una serie de leyes en pro de su desarrollo. De la investigación de mercado se conocen las necesidades y expectativas de los clientes y las nuevas tendencias y comportamientos de los turistas actuales. Donde se observó que son cada vez más informados y activos en las actividades de esparcimiento en las que forman parte. Con toda esta información se procedió a realizar un plan de marketing y comunicación, que determina los atributos principales del servicio, el posicionamiento deseado, los canales de distribución, y el plan de promoción que se ejecutará para el éxito del negocio. En el plan operativo se identificaron y elaboraron una serie de flujogramas de los principales servicios y procesos a realizar en cada uno de los hostales. Se estableció el organigrama de la empresa donde colaborarán 8 personas por sucursal y un total de 26 personas en la organización. Se realiza un plan de implementación de las actividades a seguir desde la constitución legal de la sociedad hasta el comienzo de la operación, donde se determina que la implementación del proyecto requiere un tiempo de aproximadamente 6 meses. Finalmente se presenta un plan financiero, en donde se muestra el plan de inversión necesario para la realización del proyecto y así mismo los flujos de efectivo que se producen para los próximos 10 años cumpliendo con la meta del 70% de ocupación anual establecida. Se obtiene una tasa interna de retorno del 17% con un periodo de recuperación del capital en el tercer año. Esta rentabilidad está estrechamente relacionada con el financiamiento a tasas preferenciales destinado al sector turístico.

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Integração Contemporânea da América Latina da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestra em Integração Latino-Americana. Orientadora: Prof. Doutora Renata Peixoto de Oliveira / Submitted by Roberta Pacheco Antunes (roberta.antunes@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-04T16:52:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-MESTRADO-PPGICAL.pdf: 2544694 bytes, checksum: ce09e1b7d5713adbe3c2cc82add715fb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nilson Junior (nilson.junior@unila.edu.br) on 2018-01-04T16:58:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-MESTRADO-PPGICAL.pdf: 2544694 bytes, checksum: ce09e1b7d5713adbe3c2cc82add715fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-04T16:58:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-MESTRADO-PPGICAL.pdf: 2544694 bytes, checksum: ce09e1b7d5713adbe3c2cc82add715fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-04 / El presente trabajo analiza las relaciones bilaterales Brasil-Venezuela, moralmente, cómo y cuándo estas relaciones se desarrollaron, en qué intensidad, por medio de cuales proyectos y hasta qué punto tales proyectos se concretar o no. Se verifica la influencia de los regímenes políticos de los dos países en este proceso de relación, ya sea a través de sus Constituciones Federales, su política exterior, el papel regional desempeñado y su inserción internacional. Se busca comprender cómo se desarrollaron las relaciones bilaterales entre Brasil y Venezuela en el período comprendido desde la década de 1950 hasta 2010, con énfasis en el lapso temporal entre 1999 y 2010, teniendo como hipótesis el desarrollo de las referidas relaciones bilaterales en movimiento pendular, paralelo a las ondas integracionistas latinoamericanas, ahora avanzando en el proceso de integración entre los dos países, ora retrocediendo / O presente trabalho analisa as relações bilaterais Brasil-Venezuela, mormente, como e quando estas relações se desenvolveram, em que intensidade, por meio de quais projetos e até que ponto tais projetos se concretizaram ou não. Verifica-se a influência dos regimes políticos dos dois países neste processo de relacionamento, seja por meio de suas Constituições Federais, sua política externa, o papel regional desempenhado e sua inserção internacional. Busca-se compreender como se desenvolveram as relações bilaterais entre Brasil e Venezuela no período compreendido desde a década de 1950 até 2010, com ênfase no lapso temporal entre 1999 e 2010, tendo como hipótese o desenvolvimento das referidas relações bilaterais em movimento pendular, balançando em paralelo às ondas integracionistas latino americanas, ora se avançando no processo de integração entre os dois países, ora se retrocedendo.

Tesis

This thesis presents a case study of small state diplomacy. It investigates the international approaches of Guyana from 1966 to 1992, to the territorial controversy with Venezuela. The Anglo-Venezuelan dispute over the boundary with British Guiana was settled by arbitration in 1899, but was reopened in 1962. British Guiana gained its independence in May 1966, after an agreement was signed in Geneva, which designated the once settled dispute a "controversy". The foreign policy strategies deployed by Guyana demonstrate the extent to which a small state can effectively utilize diplomacy. The thesis challenges those interpretations which have viewed Guyana's foreign policy mainly in terms of a mechanism used by the government to secure legitimacy. Such arguments fail to consider the multifaceted characteristic of foreign policy and the threat to Guyana's territorial integrity from the more powerful Venezuela. It is contended that it would be more accurate to state that during periods of tensions with Venezuela, preservation of the Guyanese state was the principal goal of foreign policy. When relations improved, this goal was of continued importance, but other goals became prominent. The thesis analyses Guyanese-Venezuelan relations as Caracas pursued its claim. It evaluates Guyana's international response as its main defence strategy, given that state's military and economic weaknesses vis-a-vis Venezuela. It assesses the effectiveness of Burnham's vitriolic diplomacy 1966-1985 and the more subtle form during the Hoyte administration, 1985-1992. An examination of the foreign ministries' archives in London, Washington, Caracas and Port-of-Spain was conducted to gain insights into the interaction of the of the dispute's re-emergence and cold war concerns over Guyana. The measures taken by the USA, Britain, Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago to ensure that Venezuelan action did not affect Burnham's rule are revealed. Burnham's role in the signing of the 1966 Geneva Agreement is also explored.

Orientador: Marcelo Santos / Banca: Karina P. Mariano / Banca: Alexandre Fuccille / Resumo: Este trabalho busca mostrar a dualidade político funcional dos conselhos comunais durante o Governo Chávez em uma trajetória temporal de 2007 a 2012. Em um contexto de crise da popularidade chavista, qual será o limite entre a função de distribuição de recursos às regiões comunais e a função semiconsciente de articulação política e mapeamento eleitoral dos conselhos comunais? Através de análise quantitativa e qualitativa, a pesquisa tem intenção mostrar como um aparelho criado para distribuição de recursos é utilizado pelo governo como instrumento de mapeamento de preferências políticas a fim de controlar a atuação de grupos oposicionistas por meio de ações de veto ou autorização da execução de demandas da área atendida pelo conselho em questão. / Resumen: Este trabajo busca mostrar la dualidad político-funcional de los consejos comunales durante el gobierno de Chávez en una trayectoria temporal de 2007 a 2012. En un contexto de crisis de popularidad chavista, ¿cuál será el límite entre la función de distribución de recursos a las localidades comunales y la función semiconsciente de articulación política y mapeo electoral? A través de análisis cuantitativa y cualitativa, la investigación tiene intención de mostrar cómo un aparato creado para distribución de recursos es utilizado por el gobierno cómo instrumento de mapeamiento de preferencias políticas con el fin de controlar a actuación de grupos opositores por medio de acciones de veto o da ejecución de las demandas del área atendida por el consejo en cuestión. / Abstract: This paper seeks to show the political-functional duality of communal councils during the Chávez government in a timeline from 2007 to 2012. In a context of crisis of Chávez popularity, what would be the limit between the function of resource distribution to communal localities and the semiconscious function of political articulation and electoral mapping? Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis, the research intends to show how a device created for the distribution of resources is used by the government as an instrument for mapping political preferences to control the actions of opposition groups through actions of veto or demands execution of the area served by de Council in question. / Mestre

The thesis is focused on incoming tourism Venezuela in relation to the Czech Republic. Conditions for the development of incoming tourism in this exotic destination are detected. Are also detected and compared different modes of travel to Venezuela on the Czech market. Finally, it is also carried out a survey on the demand for this destination from the Czech clientele. All data are thoroughly evaluated and are outlined possibilities of further development of incoming tourism Venezuela.

Os crocodilianos, como são chamados vernacularmente os membros de Crocodylia, tem uma origem mesozoica, datando do Campaniando da América do Norte e Europa. No final deste período, ou no início do Paleoceno, um grupo de aligatoroídeos dispersou para a América do Sul, dando origem a um dos dois grupos principais de Alligatoridae, os Caimaninae. Este grupo é pobremente registrado no continente durante todo o Paleogeno, apesar de ser o único grupo de Crocodylia presente na região durante este período. O Mioceno é marcado pela maior diversidade de Caimaninae, considerando qualquer época ou lugar. Além disso, a diversidade miocênica é constituída também por crocodilídeos e gavialoídeos, até então não registrados para o continente sul-americano. Este cenário muda na passagem para o Plioceno, quando estes últimos desaparecem por completo na América do Sul, e os caimaníneos, apesar de continuarem existindo, não deixaram registro fóssil. Os crocodilídeos miocênicos foram extintos no continente, mas é nesta Época que o gênero Crocodylus sofreu dispersão transoceânica da África para as Américas. O Pleistoceno é marcado por um registro fóssil fragmentário, apesar de serem encontrados crocodilídeos em diversas localidades por toda a América do Sul. No Holoceno são encontradas evidências de interação entre Homo sapiens e crocodilianos, representadas em pinturas rupestres e restos zooarqueológicos. Apesar da grande quantidade de fósseis já coletados e estudados, o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil de Crocodylia na América do Sul está muito aquém do desejado. A presente Tese é formada por 5 artigos sobre novos registros de crocodilianos fósseis sulamericano. O primeiro artigo descreve uma nova espécie de Crocodylus, o primeiro registro para a América do sul. O segundo artigo extende a diagnose de Caiman brevirostris através da análise de um novo espécime, e realiza uma análise cladística dos Jacarea. O terceiro artigo apresenta os primeiros registros de crocodilianos para o Pleistoceno da Venezuela, descrevendo também uma nova espécie de Caiman. O quarto artigo reporta uma nova espécie pliocênica de Crocodylus, a mais antiga para as Américas. Além disso, a espécie é táxon irmão das espécies recentes de crocodilos do Novo Mundo. O quinto e último artigo descreve uma nova espécie de Eocaiman, para ao Paleoceno da Bacia de Itaboraí. Através destes novos registros, esta Tese contribui para o conhecimento sobre os crocodilianos da América do Sul. / The crocodylians, as the members of the Crocodylia are vernacularly called, have an early origin, dating back to the Late Cretaceous. At the end of this period, or at the beginning of the Paleocene, a group of alligatoroids dispersed to South America, giving rise to one of the main groups within Alligatoridae, Caimaninae. This group is poorly recorded in this continent during the Paleogene, despite the fact that it was the only Crocodylia group in the region during this period. The Miocene is known for the greatest Caimaninae diversity, considering anytime or anywhere. Besides, the Miocene diversity is also formed by crocodylids and gavialoids, until then not recorded in South America. This scenario changed when passing to the Pliocene, when the crocodylids and gavialoids disappeared in South America, and the caimanines, although remained, they left no fossil record. The Miocene crocodylids were extinct in the continent, but was in that time when the genus Crocodylus dispersed from Africa to the Americas. The Pleistocene is known by a fragmentary fossil record, although being recorded a number of localities all over the South America. In the Holocene, interaction between Homo sapiens and crocodilians are found, represented by rock art and zooarcheological remains. In spite of the great number of collected and studied fossils, the knowledge on the Crocodylia Fossil Record is beneath expectations, but the perspectives for research are optimist. This thesis has 5 articles about new records of fossil crocodilians from South America. The first describes a new species of Crocodylus, the first for South America. The second extends the Caiman brevirostris diagnosis through a new specimen, and performs a cladistics analysis of the Jacarea. The third presents the first Pleistocene crocodilians from Venezuela, describing a new species of Caiman. The forth article reports a new Pliocene species of Crocodylus, the oldest record in the Americas. Also, this taxon is the sister group to the recent New World crocodiles. At last, the fifth article describes a new species of Eocaiman, from the Paleocene of Itaboraí basin. Through these new fossils, this Thesis contributes to the knowledge on the fossil crocodilians from South America.

No description available.