Zugl.: Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2007

Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Magisterarbeit, 1998.

Zugl.: Rostock, Univ., Diss., 2010

No description available.

The study of the verbal forms occurring in the Cankam texts (date about 50 B.C. - 250 A.D.) reveals that at least two of them namely <u>kalittokai</u> and <u>paripātal</u> possess forms of later origin. In the language of the other sixteen texts, many distinct features of the Old Tamil have been observed. The development of the Tamil language began to take a new turn from the period of <u>kalittokai</u>. Therefore the Old Tamil features as seen in the verbal forms of the earlier texts are of much importance especially to understand the true nature of the Dravidian verb.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of the thesis is to compare the traditional and the modern structuralist approaches to the problem of classifying the Russian verbs. In the Introduction a brief historical outline of the treatment of the problem is given. Within the traditional school two main tendencies developed: classification by the present- and by the infinitive-stem. Within the framework of modern structural linguistics new approaches to the problem of classifying the Russian verb were attempted. These attempts culminated in the descriptive system of Roman Jakobson. Besides its main purpose: a comparison of the results of Jakobson with those of two of the newer representatives of the traditional school - Berneker and Unbegaun -, the thesis has as secondary purpose to explain and to a certain extent to criticize the work of Jakobson. In Chapter I the classification of Berneker which starts from the infinitive is presented and discussed; in spite of its doubtless pedagogical merit, the classification is found to contain flaws in its methodology: it is based on mixed criteria, it is not strictly synchronic, it is not exhaustive and it separates groups of verbs which linguistically belong together (as a result of preoccupancy with script). In Chapter II the classification of Unbegaun, which is based on the present tense form, is discussed. Unbegaun’s classificatory technique is found to be stricter than Berneker’s, but this very strictness accentuates the shortcomings of the system. Like Berneker's, Unbegaun's system is largely based on script, and in his case the consequences are more serious. Chapter III is devoted to a discussion of Jakobson’s approach. Jakobson has solved the problem on which all traditional classifications stranded - the matching of present- and infinitive-stems. His solution consists of the setting up of a (sometimes artificial) underlying stem-form, from which the alternations of the stem can be predicted on the basis of the simplest possible set of rules. The alternations of the stem are, in the main, described in terms of truncation (loss of a final stem phoneme). In view of this feature the basic stem-forms are subdivided into stem in vowel, stem in j, v, m, n, and stem in other consonants. The subdivision proves useful in the statement of the rules for softening and stress, for which Jakobson has been the first to state general rules. In the Conclusion it is demonstrated that, as opposed to the confusion of varied criteria of classification characteristic of the traditional school, the basis of Jakobson's system is simply the phonemic structure of the basic stem-form. Furthermore, Jakobson's systematizing technique differs basically from that of his predecessors. Whereas the latter carry out consecutive subdivisions of the material thus obtaining separate classes of verbs - set up on the basis of separate criteria, Jakobson’s descriptive system forms one closely-knit whole, where a minimum of distinctions is employed to the describe the behavior of a maximum of the total number of Russian verbs. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is concerned with one aspect of the problem of Russian verbal morphology: the basic patterns of different arrangements of the derivational affixes - prefixes and suffixes - of the stems of the Russian verb and the one or more stems that may be assigned to a particular arrangement. This thesis does not consider the desinential morphology of the verb, which may be neatly distinguished from the derivational. The arrangements of the patterns of the derivational affixes is determined by isolating all verb-stems with the same derivational affixes in the same relative position. To quote our examples in section 4.20, page 14 we have two verbs topta / potopta ņiza / naņiza vtaptivaj / vtopta naņizivaj / naņiza vitaptivaj / vitopta proņizivaj / proņiza with the following pattern of recurring forms (morphemes) -a / po- -a v- -ivaj / v- -a vi- -ivaj / vi- -a -a / na- -a pro- -ivaj / pro- -a na- -ivaj / na- -a and by subsuming the prefixes vi- v- pro- and na- as P- we may produce the following schema -a / P- -a P- -ivaj / P- -a for which the second line represents all prefixed forms that occur with the particular stem-base which has this derivational arrangement or matrix . The above schema has the following form in this thesis. -a / P- p-( / -a) All the stem-bases of a matrix are called the form-class of the stem-bases of that matrix. The form-classes are inserted into the matrix , morphological rules are applied, and the original stems are formed, plus those that may in theory exist according to the matrix and morphological rules. In this way we wish to demonstrate the different basic patterns of derivational morphology, and the differences of these patterns as shown by the different matrices. This second objective of this thesis is done by means of a matrix array. A matrix array is an arrangement of matrices according to certain regularities of structure. Form-Class Matrix 1 to Form-Class Matrix 47 is summarized on page 158. The remainder , Form-Glass Matrix 48 to Form-Class Matrix 52 are the complex matrices of the indeterminate | determinate stems and are found on pages 139 to 150. Besides the numbered matrices there are some special cases considered throughout the text. From an examination of the matrix array we may see that row FCM - 10 to FCM - 34 shows stems with varied aspectival imperfective structure , prefixed perfective or perfective in -nu or both. The lexical perfective is attested, but not the lexical imperfective. Row FCM - 1 to FCM - 37 shows the addition of iterative | non-iterative stems formed by -áj or -váj and the presence of lexical imperfective stems with the same structure as the iterative stems. Row FCM - 5 -to FCM - 36 (plus the unnumbered matrices of the row) show iteratives in -ivaj and lexical imperfectives with the same structure. The lexical perfective stems are identical in structure to the aspectival imperfectives and the stems in -nu also occur as lexical perfectives. Row FCM - 13 to FCM - 38 (and the unnumbered matrices) show iteratives in -ìvàj (and in one case -aj) and lexical imperf ectives in - ìvàj or one of –àj ̴ -vàj ̴ eváj. The Extended Matrices are excluded from the above mentioned for three main reasons. (1) FCM - 6, 7, 8, 14, and 22 have aspectival perfectives without an overt formant. (2) FCM - 27 and 32 have an additional lexical perfective in -i and to included these matrices with their above ones would intrude into the general pattern of the matrix array. (3) FCM - 33 , with formants in -a(j) shows characteristics of two matrices and is entered beneath them. Forms is -a(j) are rathered unsettled in usage in modern Russian, to judge by conflicting remarks in the literature. FCM - 39, 40, and 41 examines stems with the formants -aj / -i and FCM - 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46 are concerned with verbs of dual aspect , both imperfective and perfective, and with verbs formed from -ova- ̴ -uj. The form-class matrices for the indeterminate | determinate defy easy characterization, but their complications are in 'in terms of’ the other matrices. If we excluded certain specialized cases we may say that the derivational morphology of the Russian verb may be considered under five very general classes. (1) Stems with various aspectival imperfective structure, with prefixed perfectives, or perfectives in -nu, or in both. The iterative and lexical aspectival stems are formed by -áj ~ -váj ~ -V-váj or - ìvàj or both - áj ~ -váj ~ -V-váj and – ìvàj. (2) Stems with aspectival perfectives without formant and with prefixed imperfectives in - ìvàj, - áj or váj as stated for the particular case. (3) Stems with lexial perfective forms in -i in addition to -V and -nu or - áj and -nu. (4) Stems with the formant -a(j) , i.e. both -a and -aj appear as stem formants. (5) Stems with the formant pair -a / -i (6) Stems with dual aspect and stems in -ova- ~ -uj- (7) Indeterminate l determinate stems / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate

The Japanese passive voice is quite different from that of English. This thesis is an attempt to investigate the nature of the passive form in Japanese in contrast to the English passive voice and to examine the reasons for the differences. An examination is made of the English passive voice, followed by a contrastive analysis of Japanese transitive-intransitive verbs. Results of the investigation show that to some extent, the usage of Japanese intransitive verbs resembles the passive voice in English. There are three chapters in this thesis. The first chapter deals with an historical discussion of the European passive voice, from the notions of the Greek grammarians to the theories of the transformationalists. Japanese traditional grammar is the subject of the second chapter. The gradual development of the discussion of verbs by Japanese grammarians is outlined. Also, the nature of transitive-intransitive verbs is dealt with and an extensive, though not exhaustive, list of root-related transitive-intransitive verbs is presented. In the final chapter, discussions of the passive forms, by various grammarians are presented. Thereafter, the passive forms are examined by dividing them into two major groups: the ordinary form and the adverse passive form. Each form is syntactically examined and illustrations from literary sources are included. Conclusions show that, semantically, the ordinary passive form is similar to the English passive voice, whereas, the adverse passive form indicates a strong emotional feeling. The romanization of Japanese examples is represented by using Kunrei-Shiki¹ except for the following: /shi/...si, /sha/...sya, /shu/...syu, /sho/...syo, /chi/…ti, /tsu/...tu, /cha/…tya, /chu/…tyu, /cho/...tyo, /ji/...zi These latter symbols represent the verbal and adjectival conjugations much easier than the ordinary Kunrei-Shiki. Syllabic /n/ is represented as N to avoid confusion between such morphemes /tani/ (valley) and /tan'i/ (credit), which are shown as tani and taNi, respectively. These symbols are only used for the examples in the text; Kunrei-Shiki is used for references. English translations of Japanese quotations are mine. Romanization approved by the Japanese Ministry of Education. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate