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"Looked into the streets - the glaring lights and the tall buildings - and there I conceived Metropolis" exclaimed the Austrian filmmaker Fritz Lang at the sight of New York. This visit inspired him while creating the sets and background for the radical movie Metropolis released in 1927. Taken right after World War I, the movie set in 2026 was heavily symbolic with German expressionism and it captured a projected socio-economic condition which was a direct result of the fears of the people at that time. The working class lived in subterranean spaces distraught with mundane labor while the affluent lived in skyscrapers and exotic terraced gardens and drove around in elevated highways. The city seemed to be this well-oiled machine existing only to cater to the needs of the upper class. The poor eventually try to overthrow the rich. The movie finally ends with the message of hope, that the mediator would create harmony among the classes and create peaceful coexistence. The city of Mumbai in 2018 is in many ways - the Metropolis. When a city develops, it does not seem to cater to all sects of people. In fact, there seems to be a parallel relationship between the size of the city and its level of socio-economic disparity: the larger the city the less equal it tends to be. More often than not, the true soul of the city lies within that lower stratum of society who often live in slum-like settlements. Can architecture play the Mediator and bring about a connect? / Master of Architecture / At the time of Indian Independence in 1947, Gandhi said that “India is to be found not in its few cities but in its 700,000 villages. Villages were self-sustaining units which were rich in culture and tradition. He believed that the revival of the villages and all its cottage industries, handicrafts and agriculture was India’s answer to development. However in 2018, there are only about 597,464 census villages . At this rate, within a few centuries, India would loose its identity and will look like every other country in the world. Anybody who could afford to travel. moved to the cities. Villages are constantly abandoned and some get engulfed or morphed into cities. Cities grow at such rapid rates with the latest building technologies usually ignoring the needs of the people its supposed to serve. Is the city developed only for the rich and affluent? Can architecture support social inclusion and break down spatial segregation within a megacity? Can we capitalize on a city’s history and rich traditions without destroying them? Can a village survive a city? My thesis attempts to answer some of these questions through case studies, research and finally applying some of these theories and concepts on to a project that involves the redevelopment of a fishing village in the heart of Mumbai, India.

葉蘋. / "2006年8月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 123-128). / "2006 nian 8 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ye Pin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 123-128). / 中文摘要 --- p.iv / 英文摘要 --- p.v / 致謝 --- p.vi / 前言 --- p.1 / 緣起 --- p.1 / 本論文的章節安排 --- p.3 / Chapter 第一章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.4 / 國際公約和中國法則 --- p.4 / 文化遺產保護中不同利益團體的價値判斷 --- p.9 / 文化遺產保護中的權力和所有權 --- p.11 / 在中國不同利益團體對於文化遺產的價値判斷和所有權問題 --- p.14 / 福建土樓一類的ˇёإ土建築硏究 --- p.16 / Chapter 第二章 --- 硏究目的與方法 --- p.18 / 本論文的硏究目的和理論框架 --- p.18 / 硏究方法 --- p.21 / Chapter 第三章 --- 福建土樓 --- p.27 / 整體福建土樓簡介 --- p.27 / 個案土樓的背景資料 --- p.36 / 小結 --- p.49 / Chapter 第四章 --- 當地居民對土樓的價値判斷 --- p.50 / 土樓作爲居住空間 --- p.50 / 土樓作爲家族精神凝聚中心 --- p.53 / 土樓作爲社區活動中心和資訊交換中心 --- p.60 / 土樓在經濟活動中的利用價値 --- p.61 / 小結 --- p.67 / Chapter 第五章 --- 政府對土樓保護工作的主導以及對社區的影響 --- p.69 / 大圓樓的實際保護管理過程以及現狀 --- p.69 / 土樓對於政府的利用價値 --- p.76 / 政府的介入對居民生活的影響 --- p.79 / 小結 --- p.91 / Chapter 第六章 --- 土樓保護管理中的官民互動 --- p.92 / 當地居民和政府之間的互動過程 --- p.92 / 土樓保護管理的問題和矛盾 --- p.101 / 小結 --- p.113 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.115 / 中文參考資料 --- p.123 / 英文參考資料 --- p.126 / 參考網頁 --- p.128

围龙屋是客家人聚族而居的传统建筑，集中分布于广东东北部。它蕴含一套独特的空间构造和象征体系，体现了客家人的社会结构和性别观念。空间作为一项技术，在物质领域和精神领域上划分了两性的界限，并维护着性别关系结构。集体化时期国家对围龙屋进行了全面性改造，女性抓住机会获取村落公共空间的话语权，并在今天成为宗教活动的主导。改革开放之后，经济改革促使当地人搬出围龙屋住进新式楼房，家庭关系也随之改变。 / 本文以梅州一座围龙屋为研究对象，以客家妇女的日常生活实践为核心主题，通过分析围龙屋聚落的历史脉络、空间构造及其社会意义的转变，探讨空间生产过程中女性个体、国家力量和传统文化观念之间的互动与角力，从而理解中国建国后的社会、政治、经济变迁。国家通过改造围龙屋来达成管制目的，客家女性在国家话语下发挥能动性获取更多的生存空间，同时也受到传统文化观念的约束。今天，国家力量借助市场经济以非正式的方式渗透农村，彻底改变了家庭权力结构，并使传统文化滋生出新的表现形式。 / The weilong houses serve as the dwelling places for the Hakka people in Northeast Guangdong. Each weilong house contains elaborate spatial arrangements and a symbolic system that embodies the social order and gender relations of the Hakka. Space draws the boundaries between men and women in both the material and spiritual spheres, maintaining the gender structure of the Hakka society. During the collectivization period when the state reorganized the weilong house, women seized the opportunity to gain power for the control of village public space, and later they became religious leaders, even to the present. The economic reforms since 1978 have induced the villagers to leave the weilong house and move into new double-storey buildings, changing the family relations in the household. / This research is a study of a weilong house in Meizhou, with focus on the daily practices of Hakka women. Taking into account of the history of the weilong house, its spatial structure and the changes in its social meanings, I seek to explore the production and reproduction of space in relation to women, tradition and the state, leading to a deeper understanding of the social-economic and political changes since 1949. The state achieved its rule through the re-arrangement of space, and the Hakka women use their agency to gain more living space under the state discourse, despite being constrained by traditional culture. Today, through market forces, state power has permeated all aspects of village life, transforming the power structure of the family thoroughly and enabling traditional culture to express in new ways. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 駱吉婷. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Luo Jiting. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / 致谢 --- p.iii / 目录 --- p.v / 图、表及照片 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 引论 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 理论框架 --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- 空间与权力 --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- 社会空间的三维辩证法 --- p.9 / Chapter 三、 --- 文献综述 --- p.10 / Chapter 1. --- 空间与性别 --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- 客家妇女研究 --- p.14 / Chapter 3. --- 客家居住建筑研究 --- p.18 / Chapter 四、 --- 研究方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 五、 --- 章节安排 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二章 --- 传统时期围龙屋的空间结构与性别关系 --- p.25 / Chapter 一、 --- 大饶屋的社会历史背景与现状 --- p.25 / Chapter 二、 --- 围龙屋的组成部分 --- p.30 / Chapter 1. --- 围龙屋的核心--堂屋 --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- 围龙屋的住房--横屋和围龙 --- p.35 / Chapter 3. --- 围龙屋的衍生部分--化胎、 水塘、 风水林 --- p.36 / Chapter 4. --- 围龙屋的连接部分--禾坪、 天街、 横厅 --- p.39 / Chapter 5. --- 围龙屋的空间原则 --- p.41 / Chapter 三、 --- 围龙屋的空间划分与性别界限 --- p.43 / Chapter 1. --- p.44 / Chapter 2. --- 象征区分 --- p.48 / Chapter 3. --- 权力的流动 --- p.51 / Chapter 四、 --- 女性的恐惧 --- p.53 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.57 / Chapter 第三章 --- 围龙屋的改造与性别关系的重构 --- p.59 / Chapter 一丶 --- 国家对围龙屋的重整 --- p.60 / Chapter 1. --- 重划居住格局 --- p.60 / Chapter 2. --- 再定义空间功能 --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- 切分劳动空间与家庭空间 --- p.66 / Chapter 二、 --- 客家妇女与国家的互动 --- p.68 / Chapter 1. --- 性别分工与妇女掌权 --- p.68 / Chapter 2. --- 沉重的工作负担 --- p.71 / Chapter 三、 --- 国家力量与传统文化的角力 --- p.73 / Chapter 1. --- 分离 --- p.73 / Chapter 2. --- 碰撞 --- p.74 / Chapter 四、 --- 改革开放后的围龙屋 --- p.75 / Chapter 1. --- 家庭生产 --- p.75 / Chapter 2. --- 邻里关系 --- p.76 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.78 / Chapter 第四章 --- 女性与宗教空间 --- p.80 / Chapter 一、 --- 围龙屋的崇拜 --- p.81 / Chapter 1. --- 个体家庭崇拜 --- p.81 / Chapter 2. --- 围龙屋的集体崇拜 --- p.84 / Chapter 二、 --- 宗教组织及其运作 --- p.90 / Chapter 三、 --- 神庙的商业化与围龙屋的崇拜 --- p.93 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.97 / Chapter 第五章 --- 现代居住格局与家庭权力关系的变迁 --- p.100 / Chapter 一、 --- 新居的建立 --- p.101 / Chapter 1. --- 分地 --- p.101 / Chapter 2. --- 年轻女性的推动 --- p.103 / Chapter 二、 --- 新的居住格局 --- p.105 / Chapter 1. --- 家庭内部格局 --- p.105 / Chapter 2. --- 村落公共空间 --- p.108 / Chapter 三、 --- 家庭权力关系 --- p.109 / Chapter 1. --- 夫妻 --- p.109 / Chapter 2. --- 婆媳 --- p.111 / Chapter 3. --- 外嫁的女儿 --- p.113 / Chapter 4. --- 长幼 --- p.114 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.117 / Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.120 / p.128

Lee Yee Chak Raymond. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1996-97, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Design Objectives / Chapter 1.2 --- Problem Defined / Chapter 1.3 --- Description of Client & Users / Chapter 1.4 --- Mission and Goals / Chapter 2. --- Project Analysis / Chapter 2.1 --- Site / Context Analysis / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Location / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Climate / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Special Studies: Natural Ventilation / Chapter 2.1.4 --- History -- Sequence of the Settlement / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Development of Tai O / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Site Analysis Diagram / Chapter 2.2 --- Client / Users Analysis / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Functional Relationship / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Activities / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Social Pattern / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Organizational Hierarchies in Stilt Homes / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Schedule of Accommodation / Chapter 2.3 --- Subject Analysis / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Architectural Language / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Precedents / Chapter 3. --- Process / Chapter 3.1 --- Organization & Zoning Period / Chapter 3.2 --- Conceptual Stage / Chapter 3.3 --- Schematic Design / Chapter 3.4 --- Design Development / Chapter 3.5 --- Design Deveopment I / Chapter 3.6 --- Design Development II / Chapter 4. --- Final Project / Chapter 4.1 --- Settlement Design in 4 Level / Chapter 4.2 --- Site Planning / Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology: Diagram of Dwelling Units Formation / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Resident's Requirement / Chapter 4.3.2 --- One Man in Tai O / Chapter 4.4 --- Cluster Level / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Cluster / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Activites in the Cluster / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Cluster Level / Chapter 4.5 --- Open Space Level / Chapter 4.6 --- Details & Construction / Chapter 4.7 --- Special Studies: Material / Appendix / Programming report / Schedule of Work / Bibliography

Hui, Mei Kei Maggie. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-327). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.2 / DECLARATION --- p.5 / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.6 / NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION --- p.7 / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.9 / TABLE OF FIGURES --- p.11 / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION TIBETAN MONASTIC SETTLEMENT AND THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL QUESTIONS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background. --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Aim --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis outline --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- READING TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE AND SPACE AS CULTURAL FORM ON THE PERIPHERY LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Literature review: different perspectives --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research Design --- p.29 / Chapter 3 --- LABRANG COMPLEXITY AND TRANSFORMATION --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Amdo: an ethnographic ally tibetan region --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Transformation of the physical fabric of Labrang --- p.63 / Chapter 4 --- HOUSE SPACE AT LABRANG HOUSE SPACE AND VILLAGE --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- House architecture at labrang --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- Village and house placement --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4 --- House space --- p.108 / Chapter 4.5 --- House Typology --- p.188 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.195 / Chapter 5 --- PLACE MAKING AT LABRANG --- p.197 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.197 / Chapter 5.2 --- The making of sacred landscape through daily pilgrimage --- p.197 / Chapter 5.3 --- The site and the pilgrims ´ةs physical anchorage --- p.203 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary: Ritual and the different level of body-space action --- p.270 / Chapter 6 --- SPATIAL CONTINUUM IN THE RELIGIOUS/LIVING SPACE FROM HOUSE TO SETTLEMENT --- p.274 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.274 / Chapter 6.2 --- Negotiation of space inside the house --- p.275 / Chapter 6.3 --- "Religious spatial phenomenon: From house to Village, from house to monastery." --- p.294 / Chapter 6.4 --- Spatial negotiation of Labrang: public religious rituals --- p.299 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary: Negotiation of space and time --- p.304 / Chapter 7 --- CONCLUSION WAYS OF DEFINING SPACE AND PLACE MAKING THROUGH BODY AND SPACE AT LABRANG --- p.306 / Chapter 7.1 --- Complexity in reading Tibetan cultural form through the architecture and space at Labrang --- p.306 / APPENDIX --- p.315 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Village name and code --- p.315 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Major buildings inside Labrang Tashikyil --- p.317 / Chapter Appendix C: --- Chart showing major public rituals celebrated at Labrang monastery --- p.321 / Chapter Appendix D: --- Chart of house samples --- p.323 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.324

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / William P. Winslow III / The site for the Riverpond Visitor Center is located three miles northeast of Manhattan, Kansas, along K-13 on the eastern end of Riverpond Park. The design of the visitor center addresses four problems: 1) the fact that many families prefer to stay inside their homes rather than experience the outdoors, based on a study done by the Center on Education Policy in 2008, 2) people are uninformed about sustainable design practices and sustainable energies 3) people lack experience and knowledge of the natural environment creating a preference for the visual characteristics of non-native plant species, and 4) interpretive centers that attempt to reconnect people and the landscape use prescriptive interpretive methods that distract the visitor from the interpretive process. To better understand the relationship of people and the landscape, research was conducted to address the problems stated above. Two articles were reviewed that describe the importance of drawing attention to beauty in the landscape. Two precedent studies were conducted on built projects that use native plant species and vernacular architecture. The program for the visitor center was based on the project research and informed the site inventory and analysis. The site inventory and analysis of existing site conditions creates a strong foundation from which to design the visitor center. The project then went into schematic design and design development. The design of the Riverpond Visitor Center connects people to the landscape by directing them through the native tall grass prairie, informs visitors about stormwater management, wind and solar energy through demonstration, is designed using native prairie species and native limestone, and focuses visitors’ experience on the tall grass prairie by fading the line between architecture and landscape.

Although a sizable subcategory of the nonprofit museum sector, historic house museums have received limited attention in discussions of best practices, most notably in topics of administration, funding, and risk management. Historic house museums serve as a cornerstone of American and international cultural tourism for their accessibility and low, or free, attendance costs. This research argues for historic house museum operations, rather than its period of restorative preservation, as the focus of inquiry. The subjects of this research are three sites that were the products of late nineteenth-century industrialization in the American Midwest, a region under-studied in current literature. Past scholarship on historic houses has been dedicated to preservation methodology and interpretation. No study of house museums attends to business and legal concerns as well as architectural history and preservation. Utilizing archives, interviews, and financial documents in the analysis of three case studies, I argue that historic house museums provide an illuminating lens onto issues of professional practice facing museums in the twenty-first century. This dissertation focuses on three historic house museums constructed after the 1876 Centennial and before the turn of the twentieth century. Chapter One offers the history of the Pabst Mansion in Milwaukee, a German Renaissance Revival structure built in 1892 for brewing magnate Captain Frederick Pabst, and provides a discussion of community funding and post-recession heritage tourism. Chapter Two details the story of the Driehaus Museum in Chicago, a Renaissance Revival mansion built in 1883 for banker Samuel Nickerson and now funded primarily by investor Richard Driehaus. This chapter illuminates the issues of single-donor funding, the problematization of definitions of the historic house museum, and modern development of private art collections. Chapter Three is dedicated to the Samuel Cupples House in St. Louis, a Richardsonian Romanesque residence constructed in 1890 for manufacturing magnate Samuel Cupples and now owned by Saint Louis University, and delves into topics of institutional stewardship and university management of cultural resources. The conclusion proposes a diversification of scholarship concerning historic house museums that embraces financial management to ensure operational sustainability.

Não é possível fazer uma avaliação do patrimônio histórico somente por meio de valores estéticos; o desenho e os símbolos da cidade também se tornam memória na medida em que adquirem uma dimensão coletiva: é necessário considerar a importância da edificação como característica de um processo de reconhecimento do lugar e não da capacidade do seu autor. A cidade resulta das relações que cada elemento estabelece com todos os outros, da existência de traçados históricos e de edificações capazes de manter e traduzir a memória histórica do lugar, também e principalmente com aqueles espaços imateriais, como os vazios urbanos, ou com edifícios industriais, pois eles marcam o território. Técnicas de expansão urbana foram substituídas na Europa por práticas de recuperação e remodelação fundamentadas na história, por meio de significados coletivos, intrínsecos e estratificados, ou seja, baseados nas tradições regionais e pertencentes à cultura popular. Esta se manifesta de modo muito diferente em cada região, em função de suas raízes, costumes e identidade. Para exemplificar esse fenômeno, foram selecionadas duas situações de recuperação arquitetônica em Milão que se desenvolvem em duas escalas de interferência urbana diferentes, considerando em ambos os casos os efeitos de re-equilíbrio e impacto no entorno; um edifício de arquitetura vernacular com fortes relações com o entorno, cuja localização é central, e uma área extensa de obsolescência industrial de forte impacto urbano localizada em área periférica. / It is not possible to make an assessment of the historical patrimony only by means of esthetical values; the design and the symbols of a city also become part of its memory as they acquire a collective dimension; it is necessary to consider the importance of the buildings as a characteristic of a process of knowing the place and not the skill of its author. The city is the result of the relationships that each element establishes with all the others, of the existence of a historical heritage and of buildings able to maintain and translate the historical memory of the place, also and mainly with those immaterial spaces, as the urban emptiness, or with industrial buildings, because they mark the territory. Urban expansion techniques were substituted in Europe by recuperation and remodeling practices based on History, by means of collective, intrinsic and stratified meanings; that is, based on the regional and collective traditions belonging to popular culture. This culture manifests itself in very different ways in each region, as a function of its roots, habits and identity. To exemplify this phenomena, two situations of architectural recuperation in Milan were selected that develop in two different scales of urban interference. In both cases the effects of re-equilibrium and impact on their surroundings were considered; a building of vernacular architecture with strong relationships with its surroundings in a central location, and a large area of industrial obsolescence with a strong urban impact situated in a peripheral area.

Jali screens are traditional window treatments in vernacular buildings throughout South Asia and the Middle East. Contemporary builders are starting to incorporate Jali screens as decorative façade elements; however, architects and scholars have largely ignored the impact of Jali screens on overall building energy and day-lighting performance. This research evaluates the effect of Jali screens, across a range of perforation ratios, on energy utilization and day-lighting quality in contemporary office buildings. The data collection and analysis is through fieldwork in Lahore, Pakistan, as well as through computational energy modeling. Results demonstrate that Jali screens have a promising positive impact on cooling loads and may improve visual comfort. The findings suggest a holistic perspective combining traditional architecture and performance enhancement by architects and designers.