Mu Jun. / Thesis submitted in: December 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-183). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Issues and Background --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1. --- Why Ecological Architecture? --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Fossil Fuels and Environmental Issues --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- The Buildings' Role in the Issues --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2. --- Knowledge in Ecological Design --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- About Ecological Architecture --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Thermal Study ~ A Significant Way to Ecological Architecture --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- What is Suitable Ecological Architecture for Loess Plateau areas of China --- p.16 / Chapter 3. --- Defining the Future Ecological Architecture in Loess Plateau Areas --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1. --- Economy for Building --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Situation --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Technological Strategies towards a Cost-effective Ecological Approach --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Alternative-Technological Approach --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2. --- Climate --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Climatic Characteristics --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- A climatically Responsive Approach ~ Selective Environmental Design --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Climatic Response of Thermal Design Guidelines --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- Minimizing Heat loss through Building Fabrics --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Utilization of Available Natural Energy --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3. --- Benefits from Vernacular Architecture --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Earth ArchitecturéؤVernacular Architecture on Loess Plateau --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1.1. --- Classification --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1.2. --- Environmental Performance --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Literature Review of Studies on Earth Architecture --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- Properties of Earth-based Materials --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Literature on Earth Architecture --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Issues and Development --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- Limitation in Existing Earth Architecture of Loess Plateau --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.3.2. --- Recent Research on Developing Earth Architecture in Loess Plateau Areas --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.3.3. --- Considerations --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4. --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter 4. --- Making of the Classroom as Designed for the Thermal Study --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1. --- Why a Classroom? --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2. --- The School Project and the Classroom Simulated --- p.85 / Chapter 5. --- Thermal Study by Simulating Experiments --- p.88 / Chapter 5.1. --- Research Methodology --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2. --- Program Validation --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3. --- Experimental Series of Simulation and Model Setup --- p.93 / Chapter 5.4. --- Thermal Mass and Insulation --- p.95 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- External Wall --- p.95 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Roof Study --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- "Windows, Doors and Glazing" --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4.4. --- Incorporated Performance --- p.103 / Chapter 5.5. --- Passive system for natural energy use --- p.106 / Chapter 5.5.1. --- Passive Solar System Study --- p.106 / Chapter 5.5.1.1. --- Wall-based Passive Solar System --- p.106 / Chapter 5.5.1.2. --- Roof-based Passive Solar System --- p.125 / Chapter 5.5.1.3. --- System Comparison in Thermal Performance --- p.135 / Chapter 5.5.2. --- Natural Ventilation System with the Heat Exchanger --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5.2.1. --- Pre-warming Effect of the Solar Space --- p.139 / Chapter 5.5.2.2. --- Effect of the Earth-air-tunnel --- p.142 / Chapter 5.5.2.3. --- Incorporation with the Chimney --- p.153 / Chapter 5.5.2.4. --- Comparison in Performance --- p.158 / Chapter 5.6. --- Summary --- p.159 / Chapter 6. --- Design Improvement and Performance Prediction --- p.162 / Chapter 6.1. --- System Incorporation and Design Improvement --- p.161 / Chapter 6.2. --- Thermal Performance Prediction --- p.167 / Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.174 / Appendix --- p.179

本研究以土樓為案例，引入了跨學科的方法考察社會政治機制對中國鄉土建築的變化產生的作用。針對目前認為土樓視為客家族群特有的家族性防禦建築的觀點，我指出了土樓建築形式具有異質性，而這一異質性必須從業主的產權結構出發去理解。通過結合分析社會結構和空間組成，我提出大部分的土樓形式是由相對貧困並且貧富分化不明顯的社區成員合資建造的一種低造價的合作社住宅。我進而以1958至1983年間的建造高峰為例，揭示了土樓地區的居民如何策略性地利用社會主義集體共有的農村產權關係大量建造合作社住宅。 / 論文從建築的空間結構與建造過程、業主的社會組織以及政治環境的歷史變化三個方面考察土樓。第一章回顧現有的土樓研究，提出從業主的角度研究鄉土建築的方法，並介紹了本研究的資料來源。第二章提出了一個從業主社會結構考察鄉土建築的分析架構。通過考察集合住宅中的兩個層次的社會團體，家庭與集體，我提出了一組將社會結構與空間構成相聯繫的表達式。第三至五章分別從建築學、社會學和歷史學的角度具體證明與業主有關的各種因素如何將土樓塑造成住宅合作社，並展示了政治制度的轉變如何影響到建築形式的變化。最後一章總結了本研究的貢獻。 / 本研究運用了多學科的研究方法，通過結合建築形式與建造過程的分析、人類學的調研方法、社會學的社區分析理論以及地方史的研究，探討鄉土建築的形成原因與演變邏輯。此外，本研究也試圖在研究土樓的基礎上探討多層面的問題，包括對地方建築形式的定義方法、鄉土建築的研究方法論以及如何從社區在住宅建造上的策略性選擇理解地方與國家的關係。 / This dissertation is an interdisciplinary research on the socio-political system to explain the transformation of Chinese vernacular architecture within the context of tulou, an architectural form in Fujian Province, Southeastern China. I challenge the myth that tulou are Hakka clan houses or fortresses and argue that most tulou are affordable cooperative houses. I further suggest that these cooperatives were adapted to the People’s Commune property system and hence, experienced construction peak from1958 to 1983. / This dissertation examines the architectural form of tulou, the social structure of its proprietors, and the socio-political changes that occurred during China’s socialist transformation. Chapter 1 opens with a review of the tulou literature, which also introduces a socio-political approach in studying Chinese vernacular architecture. In Chapter 2, I propose a set of symbolic expressions and models to analyze the property structure and spatial configuration of collective houses. The next three chapters engage in different perspectives of tulou built in the 1958-1983, including the architectural issues in Chapter 3, the social issues of the proprietors in Chapter 4, and the political issues in Chapter 5. Finally, the concluding chapter summarizes the contributions of the research. / This research combines architectural analysis, anthropological investigation, sociological analysis, and historical studies. Issues addressed include the definition of regional architectural styles, the methodology used for studying vernacular architecture, and conflicts between the state and the local communities. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zheng, Jing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-233). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter ABSTRACT --- p.i / Chapter 摘 要 --- p.ii / Chapter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / Chapter LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Studies on Tulou --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Debates on the Definition of “Tulou“ --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- An Interrelated Region Divided by Administration --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Cultural Heritage: Homogeneity as a Political Comprise --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toward a Socio-political Approach --- p.33 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Analyzing Forms: Vernacular Architecture as a Process --- p.35 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Understanding the Communities: Evidence in the Field --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- COOPERATIVE HOUSES --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1 --- Residential Communities and Collective Houses --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Bridging Communities and Houses: Ownership Structure --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Variations of Collective Houses --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Communities in Southeastern China --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Collective Houses in Southeastern China --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Symbolic Expressions of Collective Houses --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Spatial Configuration and Ownership Structure --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Variables and the Order of Operations --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Expressions --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3 --- Structure Models of Collective Houses --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Clan Model and Cooperative Model --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Hybridity of Models --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Alternatives between Models --- p.68 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- The Diverse Forms of Tulou Cooperatives --- p.77 / Chapter 2.4 --- Unit-Proprietors of Cooperative Houses --- p.81 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Unit Proprietors: Owner-builder-occupiers --- p.81 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Recruitment of Unit-proprietors --- p.82 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Allocation of Units --- p.84 / Chapter 2.5 --- Variations of Tulou Forms in History --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Historical Background --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Fortresses --- p.87 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Merchants’ Mansions --- p.89 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Houses Funded by Overseas Chinese --- p.90 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Communal Houses --- p.91 / Summary --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPACE, FORM, AND CONSTRUCTION --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1 --- Spatial Configuration --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- A Collective House --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Public Domain: the Central Courtyard --- p.95 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Family Spaces: Vertical Units --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2 --- Form and Structure --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Separating Form and Structure --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Forms --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Structure --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3 --- Affordability --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Location --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Site --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Materials --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Labors --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Cooperate to Reduce Cost --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4 --- Building Techniques --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Craftsmen and Local Traditions --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Critical Issues on Construction Process --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Modular Design System --- p.128 / Chapter 3.5 --- Construction Organization --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Time Control --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Budget Control --- p.130 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Unit-proprietors in the Project --- p.131 / Summary --- p.131 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- HOUSEHOLDS,CLANS,AND COOPERATIVES --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Property Structure of Tulou --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2 --- Household Division and House Division --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Households --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Household Division --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- House Division --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- House Division in Tulou --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- Stoves and Cooperative Houses --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Stoves as the Affiliation Symbol --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stoves in Tulou --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The problem and the Solution --- p.149 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- A unit-proprietor’s Life --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Multiple Identities of Unit-Proprietors --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Household Member --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cooperative Member --- p.155 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Clan Member --- p.156 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ritual: A presentation of the multiple identities --- p.158 / Summary --- p.160 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE RISE AND DECLINE OF COOPERATIVE HOUSES --- p.161 / Chapter 5.1 --- Property System in Rural China --- p.162 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Background: Before 1911 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The Revolution 1911-1983 --- p.163 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Owners in China’s Rural Property System --- p.169 / Chapter 5.2 --- Built under Socialism (1958-1983) --- p.171 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Political Circumstances and Housing Policies after 1949 --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Housing Production Teams: A Case Study on Hekeng --- p.173 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Democratic inside the Cooperatives: A Case Study on Tianluokeng --- p.184 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Discussion: Private Property vs. Public Goods --- p.192 / Chapter 5.3 --- Build after Socialism (1983- ) --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Household-Responsibility System --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- On the eve of Reform (1979-1983) --- p.196 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- After the Reform (1983- ) --- p.198 / Chapter 5.4 --- Socio-political System and Architectural Forms --- p.202 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Communist style --- p.202 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- The Post-communist Style --- p.205 / Summary --- p.206 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.208 / Chapter 6.1 --- On Tulou and Cooperative Houses --- p.209 / Chapter 6.2 --- On Socio-political System --- p.210 / Chapter 6.3 --- On Chinese Vernacular Architecture --- p.211 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.214

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

The goal of this doctoral thesis is to map and evaluate the current situation of folk architecture in the region around the city of Uherské Hradiště on the example of selected villages. Later, these findings will be compared with the archive of prof. Antonin Kurial. The text has been extended to include currently listed buildings and output of this work is a new catalogue of buildings of folk architecture in the above mentioned region.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The dogtrot house type is an important type of vernacular architecture in the American landscape, particularly in rural areas of the southern United States. Little is formally written or known about the dogtrot type houses in New Orleans, which appear to be a unique evolution of the rural dogtrot form specifically adapted for the urban environment. This thesis examines the existing literature regarding the dogtrot house type and analyzes the architectural history of the remaining dogtrot type homes in New Orleans in order to establish that they are correctly classified, and also to investigate any possible links with rural dogtrots. The findings promotes awareness of the dogtrot house type in the urban setting, and contribute to the larger picture of vernacular architectural adaptation in the United States. Further, this thesis lays the foundation for landmarking the 16 remaining dogtrots in New Orleans.

Trata do processo de configuração dos núcleos de fixação urbana de ex-escravos, tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de São Carlos, do interior paulista, a partir de três bairros surgidos contemporaneamente à Abolição, com grande presença negra: Vila Isabel, Vila Nery e Vila Pureza. A historiografia sobre os escravos no período pós-abolição do Brasil vem se tornando cada vez menos rara, no entanto ainda é nebulosa a influência exercida pela herança cultural dos ex-escravos no ambiente da cidade por eles ocupado, considerando aspectos materiais e imateriais. O presente trabalho trata da relação entre os bairros e o espaço em que eles se inseriram, bem como as relações espaciais entre as habitações e outros equipamentos dentro dos próprios núcleos. Analisa, ainda, as moradias, notando a ocupação do lote, a distribuição interna dos ambientes, o uso e representação de cada espaço e as transformações ocorridas ao longo do tempo. Por fim, visa contribuir para ampliar a historiografia do negro em nosso país, a partir de uma perspectiva que o considera ativo e atuante no processo de construção das cidades após abolição. / This configuration process of urban fixing neighborhoods of former slaves, taking as a case study the city of São Carlos, in São Paulo State, from three districts emerged contemporaneously with the abolition of slavery, with large black presence: Vila Isabel, Vila Nery and Vila Pureza. The historiography of the slaves in the post-abolition period in Brazil is becoming less and less rare, however it is still cloudy the influence of the cultural heritage of the former slaves in the city environment they occupy, considering material and immaterial aspects. This paper deals with the relationship between the neighborhoods and the space in which they were inserted, and the spatial relationships between housing and other equipment inside the neighborhoods themselves. It also analyzes the Vilas, noting the lot occupation, the internal distribution of environments, the use and representation of each space and the changes occurring over time. Finally, it aims to contribute to enlarge the historiography of black people in our country, from a perspective that considers them active in the construction process of the cities after abolition (1888).

Trata do processo de configuração dos núcleos de fixação urbana de ex-escravos, tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de São Carlos, do interior paulista, a partir de três bairros surgidos contemporaneamente à Abolição, com grande presença negra: Vila Isabel, Vila Nery e Vila Pureza. A historiografia sobre os escravos no período pós-abolição do Brasil vem se tornando cada vez menos rara, no entanto ainda é nebulosa a influência exercida pela herança cultural dos ex-escravos no ambiente da cidade por eles ocupado, considerando aspectos materiais e imateriais. O presente trabalho trata da relação entre os bairros e o espaço em que eles se inseriram, bem como as relações espaciais entre as habitações e outros equipamentos dentro dos próprios núcleos. Analisa, ainda, as moradias, notando a ocupação do lote, a distribuição interna dos ambientes, o uso e representação de cada espaço e as transformações ocorridas ao longo do tempo. Por fim, visa contribuir para ampliar a historiografia do negro em nosso país, a partir de uma perspectiva que o considera ativo e atuante no processo de construção das cidades após abolição. / This configuration process of urban fixing neighborhoods of former slaves, taking as a case study the city of São Carlos, in São Paulo State, from three districts emerged contemporaneously with the abolition of slavery, with large black presence: Vila Isabel, Vila Nery and Vila Pureza. The historiography of the slaves in the post-abolition period in Brazil is becoming less and less rare, however it is still cloudy the influence of the cultural heritage of the former slaves in the city environment they occupy, considering material and immaterial aspects. This paper deals with the relationship between the neighborhoods and the space in which they were inserted, and the spatial relationships between housing and other equipment inside the neighborhoods themselves. It also analyzes the Vilas, noting the lot occupation, the internal distribution of environments, the use and representation of each space and the changes occurring over time. Finally, it aims to contribute to enlarge the historiography of black people in our country, from a perspective that considers them active in the construction process of the cities after abolition (1888).

The survival of vernacular architecture in the world, and particularly in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, is under threat due to rapid modernization, urbanization, socioeconomic transformation, loss of its characteristics resulting from changes and development, and misinterpretation of its typology as well as serious issues of abandonment. Most Negeri Sembilan traditional Malay houses (NSTMH), in some cases over one hundred years old, are unprotected and are becoming derelict. The vernacular value of these houses and their preservation for future generations are therefore threatened. To date, little research has been undertaken into the challenges posed in the conservation of NSTMH from the perspectives of house owners and professionals, and how the changing patterns of their form, fabric, and function have shaped the challenges of preserving them. To explore this from a more holistic approach, existing local heritage legislation that protects traditional Malay houses in particular or timber vernacular architecture in general, and international charters were reviewed, as also successful cases of preservation of similar heritage. This research employs a multi-method qualitative approach by examining as a purposive sample selected 19th-century long-roof-type NSTMHs. The research methods consisted of semi-structured interviews with house owners and conservation experts, on-site survey of the houses’ changing patterns of form, fabric, and function, as well as reviews of the conservation heritage legislation context (national/ local) and international charters. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis, while the accepted concept model of cultural heritage was used for analysis of the patterns of changes in the cases examined. Documents were reviewed using template analysis. Findings from the research outline the main challenges that include a lack of appreciation and understanding of heritage among house owners, lack of traditional building skills, lack of government support as well as insufficient documentation. Nonetheless, there is no legislation in place at either a national or local level to protect the traditional Malay house. All of the findings were triangulated prior to the development of the initial framework and further expert validation was obtained to establish the final framework. This research makes a significant contribution in expanding the existing body of knowledge, through exploration of how the house owners understand, value, and appreciate heritage within their environment, in addition to including conservation experts’ perspectives in this regard. Moreover, the main contribution of this study is the provision of a Conservation Principles Framework for the NSTMH that may be used by house owners, conservation experts, officials, the Village Security & Development Committee, academics, and students as a form of guidance to the implementation of conservation works. It is also hoped that it may act as a starting point for the Negeri Sembilan state government to develop guidance aimed to safeguard this valuable Malaysian heritage.