Beijing is the most important and dynamic city in China. A vital ingredient in that success has been its historic environment- its imperial palaces, its temples, its siheyuans, its hutongs- which provides the texture of the Old Beijing city. The historic environment is key to Beijing’s prosperity and a social asset of value. Nearly all the most prosperous and desirable areas in Beijing, the places where people most want to live, work and visit, are those where the historic environment is a dominant influence. The article, “World Heritage Areas: A Critical Analysis”, written by Peter Neville, Hadley in National Post Canada says: UNESCO's World Heritage List is intended to help preserve historic sites, but in China, inclusion on the list can be the kiss of death. The major "carrot" of heritage designation is the increased levels of tourism its prestige generates. Apparently, not only the designated heritage sites, but all the heritages are faced with the fate of being destroyed by tourism and development. Old buildings and lanes in Beijing never stop drawing visitors. The city, even the whole country is now proud of prosperous tourism which is always associated with ‘economic flourishing’. Virtually, every introduction tourism text contains at least one chapter discussing the social, cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism. This topic has also been the subject of extensive investigation in the academic literature. However, in regions that are undergoing rapid development and where an ethos of conservation has not been established, often surprising ignorance of the negative consequences of tourism exists. In China, the attitude is still that the benefits of economic development outweigh any adverse costs such development may have. However, such an attitude is now seen as being shortsighted. As a result, a more balanced approach to tourism is advocated, acknowledging both its beneficial and detrimental effects on host communities and their cultures. Conservation is about ensuring that we make the best use of our historic environment. It is a tool for managing change. Some still believe that conservation is simple about preserving the fabric of old buildings unchanged and developing the economic potential of tourism. They failed to see that conservation is an overarching work, the opposite of a wasteful society. It is easy to destroy - and today we have the tools, the money and the technology - but difficult to create. Cultural heritage, areas, landscapes and communities are a finite resource. Once lost they are lost forever. The purpose of conservation is to ensure that destruction is kept to a minimum while allowing creativity and innovation to flourish. We should preserve the town of the past for the man of the future. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

This research is a study of traditional and modern architecture and how the aforementioned systems can and should integrate into Afro-centric architecture. The emphasis was on the architecture one tends to enjoy as an African, explored and juxtaposed against the thoughts and theoretical frameworks of culture sensitive architects worldwide. In this dissertation, the aspects of integrative theory were explored. Primary theories dealing with sustainability, New African Architecture, Indigenous Knowledge and Semiology were assessed as well. The differences between traditional Africa and modern adaptations, both positive and negative, were the limit of the research. In the dissertation certain key questions are posed to drive the inquiry of the document. The hypothesis is the conjecture that a connection between modernized architecture and traditional semiotics exists and can be cultivated to flourish, developing African architecture at all levels. This conjecture acts as a base for primary and secondary research. There are accounts listed in this dissertation of richly meaningful and sensitive traditional architecture that show a connection between American, Asian, African and European primitive building styles. These accounts show practices that have lasted near as long as the society that invented them. The gathered information shows that these examples have undergone little change over the years. The dissertation argues that the value these instances of traditional architectural meaning lessened over the years due to a shift in cultural paradigms. Further chapters in the study address cosmology, African attitudes to space, the reinvention of old materials and the manifestation and celebration of new tectonic relationships. Lessons collected on the above listed issues were related against findings from verbal interviews, written questionnaires and observations at the site of case studies. It is the researcher’s desire to explore the potential for an integrative developmental institute. To this end, an assessment has been done both in the form of precedent embedded in the text and Case Studies of relevant buildings that relate to the subject matter of the dissertation. The analysis of these assessments shows a manifested potential for the integration of traditional designs with modern building. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

This project documents the Ludwick-Swope Farmstead's architectural development from 1833 until 1994. Technology, economics, and local preferences all impacted this process. There was no set year when the farm "appeared" in full blown form. The evolution occurred over many decades.House histories and county histories are common in Rockbridge County, but no research has focused on farmstead history. Court records, historic photographs, area histories, the farmstead, and oral histories were examined. Each source provided information on the farmsteads development. This information was combined into a historic structures report, which documents the findings and the farmstead's current condition.Complete farmsteads are becoming scarce and few people remember what structures were once part of a working farm. Although some museums have farmstead reconstructions, no attempt has been made to show farmstead development over a broad period of time. This paper was designed to remedy this oversight by documenting one farmsteads development through the past century and a half. / Department of Architecture

When rural settlements are examined in Anatolia, an evolution process from the prehistoric times could be observed rather than a radical change, about the building architecture and settlement pattern qualities. However, it is, in fact, a chronic discussion subject between the authorities that this case is a result of an inheritance of a building tradition from the predecessors to successors of the society or a reproduction of the similar spatial fiction after the same factors and inputs. The case of Fenaket rural settlement, which is situated at the western part of the Bozburun peninsula, maintains parallel characteristics, and stays within the limits of this discussion, by its vernacular architecture and spatial arrangement. The purpose of this research is to analyze and to document the vernacular dwellings and settlement pattern of abandoned Fenaket Village / to identify the evolution and the evaluation process of the megaroid houses of Fenaket / and to develop the means for sustaining this traditional example.

In terms of its contents, the Dissertation is focused on the mapping of vernacular architecture monuments in various areas of the South Bohemian Region. The introductory theoretical part begins with an overview of the historical development of rural buildings, materials used and structural elements of the buildings, and then it describes basic regional types of vernacular architecture in the territory of the Czech Republic. This is followed by a description of the methods of collection, processing, and evaluation of data necessary for the creation of the final, practical part of the Dissertation. This part maps all the most interesting buildings from the architectonic point of view which are situated in the area of six selected South Bohemian communities chosen in accordance with the field study performed earlier, namely in Kojákovice, Blansko, Dobrá, Borová Lada, Krašovice, Ounuz.

No description available.

Because of a demonstrable need, there should be a course for the study of Appalachian art in the high school curriculum. This study is a proposal for the study of traditional Appalachian art and its importance to the promotion and preservation of the arts and crafts in the Appalachian region. This course consists of background information on selected traditional Appalachian art, contact and interaction with local artists and craftspeople, and student hands-on experience in the art forms considered. Detailed unit and lesson plans are included in the following areas: Spinning and Weaving, Dyeing, Basketry, Quilting, Pottery, Woodcarving, Blacksmithing, Vernacular Architecture, and Handmade Instruments of Country Music. This course has been taught by the writer at Science Hill High School in Johnson City, Tennessee, and was enthusiastically received by both students and members of the community.

[ES] La preocupación por el efecto que el desarrollo económico estaba causando sobre el medio ambienta ya durante la década de los 80 impulsó la creación de diferentes comisiones de seguimiento que pudiesen esclarecer el alcance de este impacto. El objetivo de estas comisiones era plantear los principios sobre los cuales establecer un nuevo modelo de crecimiento que pudiese paliar los efectos sobre el planeta que estaba provocando el progreso de las sociedades industrializadas. Esta tesis reflexiona sobre la necesidad de la arquitectura, como motor de desarrollo social y económico, de meditar y aportar soluciones para hacer frente a estas crisis. La tesis parte de la necesidad de profundizar en la búsqueda de un modelo alternativo capaz de hacer frente a los retos a los que se deberá hacer frente los próximos años. Así, el trabajo persigue el objetivo de demostrar si, en efecto, la arquitectura vernácula supone un modelo de arquitectura sostenible aplicable a la arquitectura contemporánea. En tanto que uno de los preceptos de la arquitectura vernácula es que esta supone un ejemplo de construcción estrictamente vinculado al territorio sobre el que se construye, la tesis define desde el primer momento un entorno físico concreto, la Albufera de València. Así, el primer capítulo de este trabajo se centra en el análisis del entorno tanto a nivel físico como a nivel histórico y cultural. El objetivo de este primer capítulo es establecer, por un lado, los recursos materiales y los condicionantes físicos del entorno, y, por otro lado, los condicionantes culturales que han terminado por definir una arquitectura concreta en esta área: la barraca. Esta arquitectura, que es fruto de los recursos materiales y de los condicionados que ofrece el entorno, es el eje central del segundo capítulo de la tesis. En éste, se pretende describir y analizar la respuesta que han dado los habitantes del entorno a sus necesidades básicas de protección y producción. Así, se analizan las variantes de la barraca que aparecen al entorno y que vienen en parte condicionadas por las personas que las habitan y sus profesiones, y en parte por los recursos materiales que se encuentran al entorno más próximo de la parcela donde se construye. Una vez establecido el entorno y la respuesta arquitectónica que han dado los habitantes a sus necesidades, el siguiente capítulo del trabajo pretende determinar hasta qué punto esta arquitectura, la barraca valenciana, es un modelo de construcción sostenible. Así, partiendo de los principios de sostenibilidad establecidos por el equipo VerSus, se pretende demostrar cómo esta arquitectura vernácula supone un ejemplo de sostenibilidad en la construcción que alcanza los tres ejes de la sostenibilidad: ambiental, sociocultural y socioeconómica. La arquitectura vernácula, aquella que producen las personas que la habitan, es el resultado de una reflexión continuada en la búsqueda de una solución óptima para cubrir sus necesidades. Esta tesis pretende demostrar que esta solución es consecuencia de una forma de entender y explotar el territorio de forma sostenible y que un cambio de modelo de desarrollo basado en los criterios otros tiempos hará más llevaderas estas crisis (energética, demográfica y ambiental). / [CA] La preocupació entorn a l'efecte que el desenvolupament econòmic estava causant sobre el medi ambient ja durant la dècada dels 80 va impulsar la creació de diferents comissions de seguiment que pogueren esclarir l'abast d'aquest impacte. L'objectiu d'aquestes comissions era plantejar els principis sobre els quals establir un nou model de creixement que poguera pal·liar els efectes sobre el planeta que estava provocant el progrés de les societats industrialitzades. Aquesta tesi reflexiona sobre la necessitat de l'arquitectura, com a motor de desenvolupament social i econòmic, de meditar i aportar solucions per tal de fer front a aquestes crisis. La tesi parteix de la necessitat d'aprofundir en la recerca d'un model alternatiu capaç de fer front als reptes a què s'haurà de fer front els pròxims anys. Així, el treball persegueix l'objectiu de demostrar si l'arquitectura vernacla suposa un model d'arquitectura sostenible aplicable a l'arquitectura contemporània. En tant que un dels preceptes de l'arquitectura vernacla és que aquesta suposa un exemple de construcció estrictament vinculada al territori sobre el que es construeix, la tesi defineix des de el primer moment un entorn físic concret, l'Albufera de València. Així, el primer capítol del treball es centra en l'anàlisi de l'entorn tant a nivell físic com a nivell històric i cultural. L'objectiu d'aquest primer capítol és establir, d'una banda, els recursos materials i els condicionants físics de l'entorn, i d'altra banda, els condicionants culturals que han acabat per definir una arquitectura concreta en aquesta àrea: la barraca. Aquesta arquitectura, que és fruit dels recursos materials i dels condicionats que ofereix l'entorn, és l'eix central del segon capítol de la tesi. En aquest, es pretén descriure i analitzar la resposta que han donat els habitants de l'entorn a les seues necessitats bàsiques de protecció i producció. Així, s'analitzen les variants de la barraca que apareixen a l'entorn i que vénen en part condicionades per les persones que les habiten i les seues professions, i en part pels recursos materials que es troben a l'entorn més pròxim de la parcel·la on es construeix. Una vegada establert l'entorn i la resposta arquitectònica que han donat els habitants a les seues necessitats, el següent capítol del treball pretén determinar fins a quin punt aquesta arquitectura, la barraca valenciana, és un model de construcció sostenible. Així, partint dels principis de sostenibilitat establerts per l'equip VerSus, es pretén demostrar com aquesta arquitectura vernacla suposa un exemple de sostenibilitat en la construcció que abasta els tres eixos de la sostenibilitat: ambiental, sociocultural i socioeconòmica. L'arquitectura vernacla, aquella que produeixen les persones que l'habiten, és el resultat d'una reflexió continuada en la recerca d'una solució òptima per a cobrir les seues necessitats. Aquesta tesi pretén demostrar que aquesta solució és conseqüència d'una forma d'entendre i explotar el territori de forma sostenible i que un canvi de model de desenvolupament basat en els criteris d'altres temps farà més lleugeres aquestes crisis (energètica, demogràfica i ambiental). / [EN] Concern for the effect that economic development was causing on the environment already during the 80's prompted the creation of different follow-up commissions that could clarify the scope of this impact. The objective of these commissions was to propose the principles on which to establish a new growth model that could alleviate the effects on the planet that the progress of industrialized societies was causing. This thesis reflects on the need for architecture, as an engine of social and economic development, to meditate and provide solutions to face these crises with a reflection on habitat models, construction models, or urban models of urban growth. The thesis stems from the need to deepen the search for an alternative model capable of facing the challenges that will have to be faced in the coming years. Thus, the work pursues the objective of demonstrating whether, in effect, vernacular architecture is a model of sustainable architecture applicable to contemporary architecture. While one of the precepts of vernacular architecture is that it is an example of construction strictly linked to the territory on which it is built, the thesis defines from the outset a specific physical environment, the Albufera of València. Thus, the first chapter of this work focuses on the analysis of the environment both at a physical level and at a historical and cultural level. The objective of this first chapter is to establish, on the one hand, the material resources and the physical conditions of the environment, and, on the other hand, the cultural conditions that have ended up defining a specific architecture in this area: the barraca. This architecture, which is the result of material resources and the conditions offered by the environment, is the central axis of the second chapter of the thesis. In this, it is intended to describe and analyze the response that the inhabitants of the environment have given to their basic needs for protection and production. Thus, the variants of the barraca that appear in the environment are analyzed and are partly conditioned by the people who inhabit them and their professions, and partly by the material resources found in the closest environment of the plot where it is built. Once the environment and the architectural response that the inhabitants have given to their needs have been established, the next chapter of the work aims to determine to what extent this architecture, the Valencian barraca, is a model of sustainable construction. Thus, based on the sustainability principles established by the VerSus team, it is intended to demonstrate how this vernacular architecture is an example of sustainability in construction that reaches the three axes of sustainability: environmental, sociocultural and socioeconomic. Vernacular architecture, that produced by the people who inhabit it, is the result of continuous reflection in the search for an optimal solution to meet their needs. This thesis aims to demonstrate that this solution is the consequence of a way of understanding and exploiting the territory in a sustainable way and that a change in the development model based on the criteria of other times will make these crises (energy, demographic and environmental) more bearable. / Aquesta tesi doctoral s’ha desenvolupat en l’àmbit i sota la perspectiva desenvolupada pels projectes europeus Project VerSus: Lessons from Vernacular Heritage in Sustainable Architecture 2012-2014 (grant 2012-2792/001-001CU7 COOP7) del Programa Culture 2000 i VerSus + / Heritage for PEOPLE. 2019-2023 (ref.: 607593-CREA-1-2019-1-ES-CULT-COOP1) del Programa Creative Europe, ambdós financiats per la Unió Europea. / Rosaleny Gamón, M. (2023). Arquitectura per a un territori. Principis de sostenibilitat en l'arquitectura vernacla de l'entorn de l'Albufera [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196685

The title of my thesis is "Historical development of rural settlements in the chosen lokality". As the name mentions I deal with the development of rural settlements in my work. I chose the villages Horní Dvořiště and Pištín for processing. The theoretical part deals with the historical development of rural settlements through different periods. Furthermore, I have described the factors that affect the settlement of our landscape. In the other chapters, the typical building elements of folk architecture are described. The penultimate part is dedicated to folk buildings by regions and at the last part, I have devoted to the South Bohemian folk architecture which I have described according to individual areas. The practical part contains description of both villages, Horní Dvořiště and Pištín. The development is described from the perspective of cadastral territory, therefore I have also mentioned Czech Herslak in the chapter about Horni Dvoriste because it belongs to Horni Dvoriste. The methods of description and collection of facts that I have been used for my work are recorded subsequently.