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Much has been said and written about the reasons for the slow progress of the Black Economic Empowerment interventions in South Africa. This research paper aims to explore the meaning of empowerment in the South African context, with the objective of uncovering what real and holistic empowerment means given the particular history of the country. Apartheid, through its social re-engineering intervention, targeted the minds of both whites and blacks to send an unequivocal message to each racial group about their superiority and inferiority as a race, respectively. Suffice to say; to have a nation whose majority still harbours feelings of inferiority would not only impede the progress of BEE interventions but pose a serious restraint to economic growth. It requires directed and deliberate effort to reverse a habit or to renew a mind-set; to that end this research assesses whether the current BBBEE policy is an adequate antidote to the effects of Apartheid on the minds of blacks. This study concludes that psychological empowerment is a necessary condition for economic empowerment; indicating that the current BBBEE policy is less efficacious as it does not address the essence of psychological disempowerment. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This dissertation examines the social construction of American federal bankruptcy law from the Gilded Age to the post-World War II Era. Across the nineteenth century, federal legislators vociferously debated whether a federal bankruptcy statute would facilitate the extension of business credit across state lines or be employed by creditors to oppress small traders, farmers, and wage earners. After the law’s enactment in 1898, however, this debate largely disappeared. By the period following the Second World War, bankruptcy was an accepted means for working class debtors to obtain debt relief, either immediately or after paying their creditors out of their future wages. Across four chapters, I explore the factors associated with this shift. How did bankruptcy become an accepted part of the American political economy and welfare state? To answer these questions, I analyze new samples of census-linked bankruptcy petitions in comparison with survey data on working class debtors, a corpus of Congressional speech and media, and archival data on relevant policy actors. Social reformers’ efforts to create “fair” credit markets through Small Loan Laws (SLL), alongside rising bankruptcy rates, ultimately naturalized a conception of bankruptcy as morally “caused” by debtors, apart from creditor choices or malfeasance. As SLLs reduced real interest rates, they also led lenders to collateralize their relative risks through extending credit in states where it was legal to garnish debtors’ wages. In doing so, SLLs inadvertently spurred credit extension based on wages rather than property. The conception that debtors “caused” bankruptcy, in turn, led Great Depression Era legislators to focus on delineating who was “deserving” of bankruptcy protections and how insolvent individuals could prove their future “creditworthiness” and reenter financial markets. The 1938 Bankruptcy Act established a voluntary wage-earner payment system (Chapter XIII) for “deserving” white men while also formalizing provisions for immediate debt discharge (Chapter VII). Yet when few wage earners decided to “honorably” pay their debts over time, judicial actors in post-World War II America employed Chapter XIII bankruptcy as a debt collection system that reduced lenders’ risks against “undeserving” bankrupts. As Black people increasingly sought debt relief through bankruptcy protections, they were directed to Chapter XIII, irrespective of their economic interests. These payment plans increased the time and money that Black bankrupts needed to pay in order to regain their economic citizenship.

The existing literature on racial microaggressions has been vital in illuminating how these phenomena may be experienced within marginalized groups (e.g., Wong et al., 2014), including Black communities (e.g., Soloranzo et al., 2000; Sue, Nadal et al., 2008). However, the literature in the area of intraracial microaggressions (IRMs) among African Americans, or racial microaggression incidents where both the receiver and offender are Black, is scarce. As such, the current study explored the phenomena of Black-on-Black racial microaggressions. The principal investigator utilized Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill et al., 1997) to explore the phenomena of IRMs. The current study aspired to answer research questions that addressed how IRMs may appear in the African American community, how frequent IRMs are experienced, their influence on psychological/emotional wellness and coping behaviors, the function of the perpetrator’s ethnicity, and variations between inter- and intraracial microaggression experiences. The results suggested that, typically, IRMs are experienced in which one’s Blackness is challenged, the perpetrator’s ethnicity is African American/Black American, and the offender’s ethnicity is perceived as having affected the microaggressive incidents. Moreover, the current data indicate that African Americans usually have negative reactions to IRMs, and IRMs have frequently had an impact on the daily lives of individuals. The current findings support the continual enrichment of training, practice, and research by furthering knowledge in a developing area of knowledge and multicultural competence.

The history of Harlem as an epicenter of Black Culture can be traced to the late 1800s, with initial African American migrants to Harlem who were solidly middle and upper class. These migrants made the neighborhood their home, establishing businesses and investing in the community, but after the economic downturn of the 1970s and the rise in social problems, many fled. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, cities across the United States, including New York, experienced a resurgence. This resurgence in New York City did not exclude Harlem. Using multiple techniques: observation; informal, semi-structured, individual, and group interviews; spot observations; autoethnography; and archival research. This eleven-year study documents the lives of the Black Elite Who Chose to Stay in Harlem, reviewing the rationale behind their staying. Some factors included a sense of belonging, fleeing microaggressions, leveraging class status to confront macroaggressions, and maximizing the economic opportunity of moving to a prime undervalued asset. Engaging anthropology, Women’s studies, Black studies, and American studies, this study defines elites through the use of case studies and responses from the participants.

The problem that this study addressed was the high rate of maternal mortality for Black women in the United States, which has been rising, including before the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal was to identify significant predictors of medical mistrust. The study recruited a convenience sample via an online social media campaign. The resultant sample was 100% Black and female (N=192) with a mean age of 33.23 (SD= 4.980, min=24, max=61), while 94.8% were born in the United States (n=182). Using background stepwise regression, the following were found to be significant predictors of a higher level of medical mistrust: older age (B = .033, p = .001); higher levels of education (B = 0.205, p = .000); lower annual household income (B = -.055, p = .026); higher level of perceived racism, discrimination, and inequity in treatment from medical staff (B = 0.137, p = .046); lower levels of cultural sensitivity/ competence/ humility ratings for medical staff (B = -.155, p = .002); higher past year mental distress (i.e., Depression, Anxiety, Insomnia and Trauma) (B = .369, p = .000); and lower levels of social support post-partum (B = -0.162, p = .004)—with 46.5% of the variance predicted by the model (R2 = 0.698, Adjusted R2 = 0.465). The study findings highlight a crisis of Black maternal mortality in the United States, as well as a crisis in healthcare service delivery to Black women, as uncovered via this study. The data betrays a dimension of the crisis in healthcare service delivery to Black women who report experiencing discrimination for being Black at 75.5%, for their appearance (skin tone, hair, etc.) at 62.0%, and for being overweight or obese at 28.6%. Implications of the findings are discussed, while recommendations for future research are offered. In terms of those implications, perhaps most importantly, this data effectively identifies the year after a high-risk birth hospitalization as an essential time for ensuring Black women enter counseling with licensed and certified mental health professionals.

Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar a revista Semana Illustrada, dirigida pelo prussiano Henrique Fleiuss, com especial atenção para as representações do negro e do tema da escravidão. O periódico circulou no Rio de Janeiro entre 1860 e 1876 e é pioneiro no que se refere ao uso de imagens na imprensa. As novas tecnologias, associadas à demanda por imagens, incitaram o surgimento e posterior consolidação da imprensa ilustrada. A invenção e a popularização da fotografia evidenciavam uma sociedade ávida por imagens e que estava em pleno processo de transformação e elaboração de uma educação visual. Nesta pesquisa, a reflexão sobre as imagens presentes no periódico Semana Illustrada que se referem ao negro e ao escravo tem como objetivo entender a visão que este veículo de comunicação tinha sobre o assunto, como parte das questões cotidianas da sociedade oitocentista do Rio de Janeiro na segunda metade do século XIX. O contexto brasileiro se revela peculiar, uma vez que se tratava de uma sociedade que se pretendia moderna, mas que convivia ainda com grande contingente de mão de obra escrava. Ao estudar essas imagens, descortina-se a cultura visual de um tempo emblemático para o Brasil. / This research aims to analyse the magazine Semana Illustrada, managed by the prussian Henrique Fleiuss, focusing on the representation of black people and slavery. The magazine circulated in Rio de Janeiro between 1860 and 1876 and plays a pioneer role concerning the use of images in the press. The new technologies associated to the demand for images incited the appearing and consolidation of illustrated press. The invention and popularization of photography evinced a society avid for images and in process of transformation and elaboration of a visual education. This research intends to reflect upon the images found in Semana Illustrada that refers to the black people and the slave in order to understand the vision of this vehicle of communication about the subject as part of social life in Rio de Janeiro by the second half of nineteenth century. The brazilian context is peculiar once there was a society pretending to be modern, that nevertheless cohabited with a big contingent of slave work force. Study this images is to discover the visual culture of an emblematic time for Brazil.

Esta pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre o fenômeno do racismo e da xenofobia na Europa através de levantamento bibliográfico, fontes diversas e, principalmente, histórias orais de vida de alguns futebolistas brasileiros negros que atuaram no continente europeu a partir da década de 1960. O conjunto de procedimentos adotados é o da história oral, mais especificamente aquele praticado pelo Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral da Universidade de São Paulo. Constituí documentos inéditos, em cujos textos estão expressas as experiências e as memórias da comunidade de destino. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi relacionar o problema da negritude no futebol em vista de um contexto social mais amplo, o qual tem como pano de fundo a globalização e as migrações internacionais. A tese está dividida em três partes. Na primeira, intitulada de História do projeto, introduzo a pesquisa, apresento os conceitos fundamentais, coloco o tema em perspectiva histórica, justifico a escolha pela história oral, exponho os procedimentos adotados e relato as minhas experiências de entrevista com personalidades futebolísticas. Na segunda, Histórias orais de vida, apresento cinco histórias de vida que abrangem as décadas de 1980 a 2000 e narram as experiências vividas pelos futebolistas nas principais ligas europeias e na vida social nos respectivos países. Na terceira e última parte, Memória coletiva seleciono temas recorrentes nas narrativas, os quais dizem respeito à própria trajetória de vida e profissional, ao movimento migratório e, por fim, ao racismo e à xenofobia. Há um jeito brasileiro de lidar com a questão? Esta é a pergunta que procuro responder nas considerações finais. / This research is a study of racism and xenophobia in the European society through literature review, various sources and, primarily, oral life stories from some black Brazilian footballers that played in the European continent from the 1960s onwards. The methodology used is oral history, more specificaly that which is practiced by the Centre for Studies in Oral History of the University of São Paulo (Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral da Universidade de São Paulo). I have composed unpublished documents in which experiences and memoirs of the destiny community are expressed. The researchs overall objective was to discuss the black footballers issue within a broader social context, having globalisation and international migration as background. The thesis consists of three parts. In the first one, entitled The projects history, I introduce the research, present the core concepts, put the theme in historical perspective, justify my choice for using oral history, explain the methodology and report on my experiences interviewing football personalities. In the second, Oral life stories, I present five life stories spanning from the 1980s to the 2000s and narrate the footballers experiences in the main European leagues and their social lives in their respective countries. In the third and last part, Collective memory, I pick up recurring themes in those narratives, which relate to the footballer\'s life and career, migration, racism and xenophobia. Is there a Brazilian way to deal with the issue? This is the question I try to answer in the final considerations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IRACY BARBOSA PIRES.pdf: 827443 bytes, checksum: 2bc8ae0f7bb6cc1b9bc45b2736aaaa98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-14 / This text seeks understand the making of descendants of Africans identity, who came to Brazil as slaves, although textbooks of Brazil's history. Is an important discussion one, if we consider the role that exercises textbooks in formal education. Generally, this books has been used, over the decades, as transmitter to official ideologies, denying for Afro-Brazilian students access and bases to building their own identity. In most cases, the textbooks bring negative concepts, relegated black persons and impoverishes the human relationship in school environment. We analyze textbooks of school s describing Africans and their descendants with goal understand how the ethnocentrism contained therein. It has contributed to non-recognition of black people and deserves respect and equal opportunities in social life. / A presente dissertação busca compreender como se deu a formação da identidade dos descendentes dos africanos que vieram para o Brasil como escravos, através dos livros didáticos de história do Brasil. Trata- se de uma discussão importante, se considerarmos o papel que exerce o livro didático na educação formal como depositário dos conteúdos escolares. Este vem sendo utilizado ao longo dos anos como reprodutor e transmissor de ideologias do saber oficial, negando aos estudantes afro-brasileiros acesso às bases para o processo de construção de sua própria identidade. Na maioria das vezes, os livros didáticos cristalizam conceitos negativos, inferioriza a pessoa negra e empobrece o relacionamento humano no ambiente escolar. Analisaremos textos dos livros didáticos de Ensino Médio referentes aos africanos e seus descendentes para entender como as veiculações etnocêntricas contidas nesses textos contribuíram para o não reconhecimento dos negros e negras como pessoas merecedoras de respeito e oportunidades iguais no convívio social.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Santos da Silva.pdf: 705350 bytes, checksum: 38b892c296fec9e3901225c1c9648721 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The reference to the past when the Alagoa s old elites talks about black people is a fact for anyone interested in black people history in such place. Although such reference be present at the most of publications that discussed on blacks, it will be in the folklore studies that such prospective will find it place. Despite of evolution on black studies and it s culture it going from your complete depreciation to your acknowledge and valorization , what we had in fact didn t represent a significant change in the elite s broach about that issue. Such way of broach represented the final stab on the black people existence on that region (north-east), because, if is true that black people is not inferior anymore, it s also true that blacks are not between us, because they are part of our past now / A referência ao passado ao se falar do negro, por parte da classe letrada de Alagoas, é um fato facilmente constatado aos que minimamente se propõem a adentrar num meio de polígrafos que se aventuraram a relatar a vida daquele o negro em ensaios e escritos outros. Apesar de tal referência estar presente na quase totalidade da produção bibliográfica que por alguma razão abordou o negro no estado, a verdade é que a mesma terá nos estudos de folclore seu lugar privilegiado. Apesar da reviravolta nos estudos do negro e sua cultura os mesmos indo da sua depreciação completa ao seu reconhecimento e valorização , o que tivemos de fato não representou verdadeiramente uma guinada na abordagem daquele segmento pela elite nordestina, senão o golpe final de morte da presença do negro na região pois, se é bem verdade que o negro não é mais inferior, também o é que ele não está mais entre nós, assim como quiseram as pessoas de letras do estado de Alagoas, e porque não dizer de todo o nordeste