Earthquake is undoubtedly one of the greatest natural disasters that can induce serious structural damage and huge losses of properties and lives. The resulting destructive consequences not only have made structural seismic analysis and design much more important but have impelled the necessity of more realistic representation of ground motions, such as inclusion of ground motion spatial variations in earthquake modelling and seismic analysis and design of structures. Recorded seismic ground motions exhibit spatial variations in their amplitudes and phases, and the spatial variabilities have an important effect on the responses of structures extended in space, such as long span bridges. Because of the multi-parametric nature and the complexity of the problems, the development of specific design provisions on spatial variabilities of ground motions in modern seismic codes has been impeded. Eurocode 8 is currently the only seismic standard worldwide that gives a set of detailed guidelines to explicitly tackle spatial variabilities of ground motions in bridge design, providing both a simplified design scheme and an analytical approach. However, there is gap between the code-specified provisions in Eurocode 8 and the realistic representation of spatially varying ground motions (SVGM) and the corresponding stochastic vibration analysis (SVA) approaches. This study is devoted to bridge this gap on modelling of SVGM and development of SVA approaches for structures extended in space under SVGM. A complete and realistic SVGM representation approach is developed by accounting for the incoherence effect, wave-passage effect, site-response effect, ground motion nonstationarity, tridirectionality, and spectra-compatibility. This effort brings together various aspects regarding rational seismic scenarios determination, comprehensive methods of accounting for varying site effects, conditional modelling of SVGM nonstationarity, and code-specified ground motion spectra-compatibility. A comprehensive, systematic, and efficient SVA methodology is derived for long span structures under tridirectional nonstationary SVGM. An absolute-response-oriented scheme of pseudo-excitation method and an improved high precision direct integration method are proposed to reduce the enormous computational effort of conventional nonstationary SVA. A scheme accounting for tridirectional varying site-response effect is incorporated in the nonstationary SVA scheme systematically. The proposed highly efficient and accurate SVA approach is implemented and verified in a general finite element analysis platform to make it readily applicable in SVA of complex structures. Based on the proposed SVA approach, parametric studies of two practical long span bridges under SVGM are conducted. To account for spatial randomness and variability of soil properties in soil-structure interaction analysis of structures under SVGM, a meshfree-Galerkin approach is proposed within the Karhunen-Loeve expansion scheme for representation of spatial soil properties modelled as a random field. The meshfree shape functions are proposed as a set of basis functions in the Galerkin scheme to solve integral equation of Karhunen-Loeve expansion, with a proposed optimization scheme in treating the compatibility between the target and analytical covariance models. The accuracy and validity of the meshfree-Galerkin scheme are assessed and demonstrated by representation of covariance models for various homogeneous and nonhomogeneous spatial fields. The developed modelling approaches of SVGM and the derived analytical SVA approaches can be applied to provide more refined solutions for quantitatively assessing code-specified design provisions and developing new design provisions. The proposed meshfree-Galerkin approach can be used to account for spatial randomness and variability of soil properties in soil-structure interaction analysis.

Orientador: Aparecido Carlos Gonçalves / Resumo: A falha catastrófica de caixas de engrenagens acarreta em perdas de produção e custos de manutenção. O elemento mecânico que mais falha em uma caixa de engrenagens é o próprio par engrenado. Estas falhas geralmente ocorrem devido a defeitos pontuais nos dentes como desgaste severo e presença de trincas, contrariando os fatores de segurança previamente definidos por normas referentes aos critérios de falhas em engrenagens. O monitoramento da condição do par engrenado busca avaliar parâmetros representativos dos mecanismos de falha do par engrenado. As técnicas de monitoramento da condição mais utilizadas são a análise de vibrações e análise de lubrificantes. Este trabalho realiza uma revisão bibliográfica de técnicas de monitoramento da condição. A parte experimental consiste na avaliação de uma bancada sob três condições: desgaste severo ao longo da vida útil da engrenagem; engrenagem entalhada para simulação de trinca; engrenagem com variação do entalhe para simulação de uma propagação de trinca. A condição da bancada foi avaliada utilizando técnicas de tratamento de sinais de vibração como TSA, sinal residual, demodulação temporal e análise estatística via PDF beta e; técnicas de análise de lubrificantes como contagem de partículas e espectrometrias de raios-x e infravermelho. Todas as técnicas se mostraram adequadas na avaliação da evolução do desgaste excetuando a espectrometria de infravermelho. Apenas as técnicas de vibração se mostraram adequadas para identificar a pre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The catastrophic failure of gearboxes results in production losses and maintenance costs. The mechanical component that most fails in gearboxes are the gears. These failures usually occur before the end of useful life projected by criteria of failure standards due teeth defects as severe wear and cracking. The condition monitoring of gearboxes evaluates parameters which can indicate the mechanism of failure in process in the gear. The most commonly used monitoring techniques of gearboxes are vibration analysis and lubricant analysis. Firstly, this work performs a bibliographic review of condition monitoring techniques. The experimental analysis consists of the evaluation of an experimental workbench under three conditions: severe wear throughout the life of the gear; notched gear for crack simulation and; gear with variation of notch for simulation of a crack propagation. The workbench condition was evaluated using vibration signal treatment techniques such as TSA, Residual Signal, Demodulation, Statistical Moments, Crest Factor and Statistical Analysis using PDF beta and; techniques for analyzing lubricants such as particle counting and x-ray and infrared spectrometry. All the techniques were adequate to evaluate the evolution of wear except infrared spectrometry. Only the vibration techniques were adequate to identify the presence an evolution of the notch. Statistical analysis using PDF beta was useful to identify the degradation of a tooth as the notch size evolved. / Mestre

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A análise de fundações sob solicitações dinâmicas é algo sempre presente em projetos na área industrial. É um campo pouco explorado na área de engenharia geotécnica, onde existem relativamente poucas informações no Brasil, de maneira geral. O método mais comum de realizar essas análises é a simplificação de modelos estruturais a partir do uso de molas. Sabe-se que esses coeficientes de reação têm uma variação relativamente grande e que esse enfoque de projeto pode, em alguns casos, mostrar-se contra a segurança ou levar a superdimensionamentos desnecessários. Verifica-se, então, a necessidade de uma avaliação mais criteriosa, utilizando a interação solo x estrutura, onde as molas comumente utilizadas nas análises vibratórias convencionais são substituídas pela rigidez real do solo quando concebido como um meio contínuo, através de sua discretização pelo método dos elementos finitos. A presente dissertação analisa o problema através do módulo de dinâmica do programa Plaxis 2D. Neste tipo de análise, além da modelagem do solo como um meio contínuo, torna-se possível introduzir condições de contorno específicas ao problema em estudo, múltiplas camadas de solo, sejam horizontais ou inclinadas, além da introdução de amortecedores capazes de evitar a reflexão espúria das ondas incidentes nos limites da malha de elementos finitos e assim modelar mais adequadamente a perda de energia por radiação. A presente dissertação compara medições experimentais e soluções eficientes de métodos vibratórios clássicos com a resposta obtida pelo MEF, mostrando resultados bastante satisfatórios tanto pelos métodos clássicos quanto pelo MEF. / The foundation analysis by dynamic solicitations is always present in industrial projects. It is an area which is poorly explored in geotechnical engineering and there are few information about this subject in Brazil, in general. The most common method to realize this analysis consists in simplifies structural models by using springs. It is known that these reaction coefficients have a large range of variation and this projects focus can, in some cases, be against the safety side or lead to unnecessary over designs. This proves the necessity to do a more criterious evaluation by using the interaction soil x structure where the springs usually used in common vibration analysis are replaced by the real stiffness of soil when designed as a continuous medium through its discretization by finite element method. This present dissertation analyzes the problem through the dynamic modulus of the software PLAXIS 2D. In this sort of analysis, besides the modeling of soil as a continuous medium, it becomes possible to introduce specific boundary conditions associated to the studied problem, multiple soil layer, that can be horizontals or inclined, in addition to the introduction of dampers able to avoid the spurious reflection of incident waves on the boundary of finite element mesh and then to model more efficiently the energy loss by radiation. This present dissertation compares experimental measurements and efficient solutions of classical vibration methods with the response obtained by FEM, showing results quite satisfactory both by classical methods and by FEM.

The sustainability, smooth operation and operational life of rotating machinery significantly rely on the techniques that detect the symptoms of incipient faults. Among the faults in rotating systems, the presence of a crack is one of the most dangerous faults that dramatically decreases the safety and operational life of the rotating systems, thereby leading to catastrophic failure and potential injury to personnel if it is undetected. Although many valuable techniques and models have been developed to identify a crack (or cracks) in stationary and rotating systems, finding an efficient technique (or model) that can identify a unique vibration signature of the cracked rotor is still a great challenge in this field. This is because of the unceasing necessity to develop high performance rotating machines and driving towards significant reduction of the time and cost of maintenance. Most of the crack identification techniques and models in the available literature are based on vibration-based methods. The main idea of the vibration-based method is that the presence of a crack in a rotor induces a change in the mass, damping, and stiffness of the rotor, and consequently detectable changes appear in the modal properties (natural frequencies, modal damping, and mode shapes). Among all these modal properties, the choice of the modal natural frequency change is more attractive as a tool for crack identification. The changes in natural frequencies due to a crack can be conveniently measured from just a few accessible points on the cracked rotor. Furthermore, measuring the natural frequencies does not require expensive measuring instruments, and the natural frequency data is normally less contaminated by experimental noise. However, the change that a crack induces in the natural frequencies is usually very small and can be buried in the ambient noise. Moreover, the natural frequencies are not affected if the crack is located at the nodes of modes or far from the location of inertia force and out-of-unbalance force that the disc generates in the shaft. To overcome these problems (or limitations), therefore, this study is conducted using the idea of the roving mass (roving disc in rotor case). The modal natural frequencies are used for the identification and location of cracks of various severities at different locations in both stationary and rotating shafts. The fundamental idea of the roving disc is that an extra inertia force is traversed along the cracked rotor to significantly excite the dynamics of the rotor near the crack locations. In other words, the location of a crack can be anywhere on the shaft which is contrary to the developed techniques in the available literature in which the location of a crack should be close to the disc. Along with the roving disc idea, three crack identification techniques are developed in this study using the natural frequencies of the cracked and intact shafts. Each of these techniques has its merits and limitations for crack identification. These techniques are implemented using data that are numerically generated by the finite element method based on the Bernoulli-Euler shaft elements and experimentally validated in the laboratory environment. The numerical and experimental results clearly demonstrate the capability of the suggested approach for the identification and location of cracks in stationary and rotating shafts.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A análise de fundações sob solicitações dinâmicas é algo sempre presente em projetos na área industrial. É um campo pouco explorado na área de engenharia geotécnica, onde existem relativamente poucas informações no Brasil, de maneira geral. O método mais comum de realizar essas análises é a simplificação de modelos estruturais a partir do uso de molas. Sabe-se que esses coeficientes de reação têm uma variação relativamente grande e que esse enfoque de projeto pode, em alguns casos, mostrar-se contra a segurança ou levar a superdimensionamentos desnecessários. Verifica-se, então, a necessidade de uma avaliação mais criteriosa, utilizando a interação solo x estrutura, onde as molas comumente utilizadas nas análises vibratórias convencionais são substituídas pela rigidez real do solo quando concebido como um meio contínuo, através de sua discretização pelo método dos elementos finitos. A presente dissertação analisa o problema através do módulo de dinâmica do programa Plaxis 2D. Neste tipo de análise, além da modelagem do solo como um meio contínuo, torna-se possível introduzir condições de contorno específicas ao problema em estudo, múltiplas camadas de solo, sejam horizontais ou inclinadas, além da introdução de amortecedores capazes de evitar a reflexão espúria das ondas incidentes nos limites da malha de elementos finitos e assim modelar mais adequadamente a perda de energia por radiação. A presente dissertação compara medições experimentais e soluções eficientes de métodos vibratórios clássicos com a resposta obtida pelo MEF, mostrando resultados bastante satisfatórios tanto pelos métodos clássicos quanto pelo MEF. / The foundation analysis by dynamic solicitations is always present in industrial projects. It is an area which is poorly explored in geotechnical engineering and there are few information about this subject in Brazil, in general. The most common method to realize this analysis consists in simplifies structural models by using springs. It is known that these reaction coefficients have a large range of variation and this projects focus can, in some cases, be against the safety side or lead to unnecessary over designs. This proves the necessity to do a more criterious evaluation by using the interaction soil x structure where the springs usually used in common vibration analysis are replaced by the real stiffness of soil when designed as a continuous medium through its discretization by finite element method. This present dissertation analyzes the problem through the dynamic modulus of the software PLAXIS 2D. In this sort of analysis, besides the modeling of soil as a continuous medium, it becomes possible to introduce specific boundary conditions associated to the studied problem, multiple soil layer, that can be horizontals or inclined, in addition to the introduction of dampers able to avoid the spurious reflection of incident waves on the boundary of finite element mesh and then to model more efficiently the energy loss by radiation. This present dissertation compares experimental measurements and efficient solutions of classical vibration methods with the response obtained by FEM, showing results quite satisfactory both by classical methods and by FEM.

Submitted by CARLOS EDUARDO SGOTTI (carlos.sgotti@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-27T18:42:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018_Sgotti_Dissertação_Mestrado.pdf: 10994360 bytes, checksum: 90aa52990d9db0b33dd9950ddfb58289 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-27T19:11:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sgotti_ce_me_ilha.pdf: 10994360 bytes, checksum: 90aa52990d9db0b33dd9950ddfb58289 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T19:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sgotti_ce_me_ilha.pdf: 10994360 bytes, checksum: 90aa52990d9db0b33dd9950ddfb58289 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A falha catastrófica de caixas de engrenagens acarreta em perdas de produção e custos de manutenção. O elemento mecânico que mais falha em uma caixa de engrenagens é o próprio par engrenado. Estas falhas geralmente ocorrem devido a defeitos pontuais nos dentes como desgaste severo e presença de trincas, contrariando os fatores de segurança previamente definidos por normas referentes aos critérios de falhas em engrenagens. O monitoramento da condição do par engrenado busca avaliar parâmetros representativos dos mecanismos de falha do par engrenado. As técnicas de monitoramento da condição mais utilizadas são a análise de vibrações e análise de lubrificantes. Este trabalho realiza uma revisão bibliográfica de técnicas de monitoramento da condição. A parte experimental consiste na avaliação de uma bancada sob três condições: desgaste severo ao longo da vida útil da engrenagem; engrenagem entalhada para simulação de trinca; engrenagem com variação do entalhe para simulação de uma propagação de trinca. A condição da bancada foi avaliada utilizando técnicas de tratamento de sinais de vibração como TSA, sinal residual, demodulação temporal e análise estatística via PDF beta e; técnicas de análise de lubrificantes como contagem de partículas e espectrometrias de raios-x e infravermelho. Todas as técnicas se mostraram adequadas na avaliação da evolução do desgaste excetuando a espectrometria de infravermelho. Apenas as técnicas de vibração se mostraram adequadas para identificar a presença do entalhe. A análise estatística via PDF beta se mostrou útil para identificar a degradação de um dente conforme evolui o tamanho do entalhe. / The catastrophic failure of gearboxes results in production losses and maintenance costs. The mechanical component that most fails in gearboxes are the gears. These failures usually occur before the end of useful life projected by criteria of failure standards due teeth defects as severe wear and cracking. The condition monitoring of gearboxes evaluates parameters which can indicate the mechanism of failure in process in the gear. The most commonly used monitoring techniques of gearboxes are vibration analysis and lubricant analysis. Firstly, this work performs a bibliographic review of condition monitoring techniques. The experimental analysis consists of the evaluation of an experimental workbench under three conditions: severe wear throughout the life of the gear; notched gear for crack simulation and; gear with variation of notch for simulation of a crack propagation. The workbench condition was evaluated using vibration signal treatment techniques such as TSA, Residual Signal, Demodulation, Statistical Moments, Crest Factor and Statistical Analysis using PDF beta and; techniques for analyzing lubricants such as particle counting and x-ray and infrared spectrometry. All the techniques were adequate to evaluate the evolution of wear except infrared spectrometry. Only the vibration techniques were adequate to identify the presence an evolution of the notch. Statistical analysis using PDF beta was useful to identify the degradation of a tooth as the notch size evolved.

Orientador: Aparecido Carlos Gonçalves / Banca: Gilberto Pechoto de Melo / Banca: Jorge Nei Brito / Resumo: Todo sistema ou equipamento mecânico está sujeito a processos de deterioração. Esta deterioração leva ao aparecimento de defeitos que podem atrapalhar a continuidade e qualidade do serviço (produção). Uma quebra não prevista traduz-se por uma parada brusca, levando geralmente a grandes prejuízos e a perda de tempo de produção. Para evitar paradas inesperadas eficientemente e reduzir os custo de manutenção são utilizadas técnicas de manutenção preditiva. Entre todas as técnicas existentes, as mais importantes na manutenção de redutores são a análise de vibrações e a análise de partículas de desgaste. A determinação da severidade, modos e tipos de desgaste em máquinas pode ser feita pela identificação da morfologia, acabamento superficial, coloração, natureza, quantidade e tamanho das partículas encontradas em amostras de óleo ou graxas. Pela análise do sinal vibratório é possível tomar decisões de intervir ou não na operação da máquina, aumentando a disponibilidade e confiabilidade da mesma. A integração destas técnicas tem o potencial para revolucionar práticas industriais e proporcionar para as companhias um significante alívio econômico. Para estudo destas duas técnicas, neste trabalho foi construída uma bancada experimental com o propósito de se realizar a manutenção preditiva em um redutor de velocidades. O Sistema foi posto para funcionar até o limite de utilização. Foram utilizados lubrificantes recomendados pelo fabricante do redutor, lubrificantes com contaminação líquida em várias porcentagens e lubrificantes com contaminação sólida em duas porcentagens. Foram observadas que para baixas rotações a análise de partículas foi vantajosa em relação à análise de vibrações e que a contaminação por água, embora tenha ocasionado uma maior oxidação do sistema, proporcionou menor desgaste do que o lubrificante sem contaminação. / Abstract: Every system or mechanical equipment is subject to deterioration processes. This deterioration takes to the apparition of defects that can disturb the continuity and quality of the service (production). One break not foreseen translates for an abrupt stop, usually taking to great damages and waste of time of production. For avoid unexpected stops efficiently and reduce the cost, predictive maintenance techniques are used. Among all the existent techniques, the most important in the maintenance of reducers are vibration analysis and wear particle analysis. The determination of the severity, wear modes and types in machines can be done through the identification of the morphology, surface finishing, coloration, nature, quantity and size of the particles found in oil samples or lubricating greases. Vibration Analysis is one of the oldest techniques in the maintenance. By vibration sign analysis it is possible to make decisions of intervening or not in the machine operation, improving its availability and reliability. The integration of these techniques has the potential to revolutionize industry practices and provide a significant industrial economic relief. For the study of these two techniques, in this work, an experimental bench was built with the purpose of doing the predictive maintenance in a reducer. The System was put to work until the limit. It was observed that for low rotations the wear particle analysis were advantageous in relation to the vibration analysis and for oil with water contamination, although causing a larger oxidation in the system, a smaller wear than the lubricant without contamination was provided. / Mestre

No description available.

No description available.

Rotating Euler-Bernoulli beams and non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams are widely used to model important engineering structures. Hence the vibration analyses of these beams are an important problem from a structural dynamics point of view. The governing differential equations of both these type of beams do not yield any simple closed form solutions, hence we look for the inverse problem approach in determining the beam property variations given certain solutions. Firstly, we look for a rotating beam, with pinned-free boundary conditions, whose eigenpair (frequency and mode-shape) is same as that of a uniform non-rotating beam for a particular mode. It is seen that for any given mode, there exists a flexural stiffness function (FSF) for which the ith mode eigenpair of a rotating beam with uniform mass distribution, is identical to that of a corresponding non-rotating beam with same length and mass distribution. Inserting these derived FSF's in a finite element code for a rotating pinned-free beam, the frequencies and mode shapes of a non-rotating pinned-free beam are obtained. For the first mode, a physically realistic equivalent rotating beam is possible, but for higher modes, the FSF has internal singularities. Strategies for addressing these singularities in the FSF for finite element analysis are provided. The proposed functions can be used as test functions for rotating beam codes and also for targeted destiffening of rotating beams. Secondly, we study the free vibration of rotating Euler-Bernoulli beams, under cantilever boundary condition. For certain polynomial variations of the mass per unit length and the flexural stiffness, there exists a fundamental closed form solution to the fourth order governing differential equation. It is found that there are an infinite number of rotating beams, with various mass per unit length variations and flexural stiffness distributions, which share the same fundamental frequency and mode shape. The derived flexural stiffness polynomial functions are used as test functions for rotating beam numerical codes. They are also used to design rotating cantilever beams which may be required to vibrate with a particular frequency. Thirdly, we study the free vibration of non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams, under fixed-fixed and fixed-hinged boundary conditions. For certain polynomial variations of the material mass density, elastic modulus and shear modulus, there exists a fundamental closed form solution to the coupled second order governing differential equations. It is found that there are an infinite number of non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams, with various material mass density, elastic modulus and shear modulus distributions, which share the same fundamental frequency and mode shape. They can be used to design non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams which may be required for certain engineering applications.