No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2002. / Adviser: Daniel Ewing. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2002. / Adviser: Daniel Ewing. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Dissertation (Ph.D.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Dissertation (School of Communication) / Simon Fraser University.

Dissertation (Ph.D.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Dissertation (School of Communication) / Simon Fraser University.

Shear walls are one of the most effective methods of resisting these lateral forces caused by seismic or wind load. The placement of these walls can be very influential on how the structure behaves. Since the end return of a shear wall is perpendicular to the lateral force, it is neglected for the purpose of resisting later force. This study will investigate whether or not the effect of end return on the rigidity of shear walls can be neglected. Two different building frames will be modeled using Finite Element Analysis software to see how they behave differently. Hand calculations will also be incorporated to check and verify the results obtained by the computer models. The moment of inertia is expected to be an important factor calculating the deflection of the shear wall due to bending, and the end return may significantly impact the magnitude of the moment of inertia. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the end return on the rigidity of a shear wall.

The plant cell wall is a living and dynamic compartment of the plant cell. Its many diverse functions range from cell expansion and differentiation to defence and signalling. Furthermore, there is currently a growing body of evidence which suggests that the cell wall/apoplast also plays an important role in cell water relations. The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of apoplastic solutes in plant cell water relations, particularly in turgor regulation. The water relations parameters of two members of the family Chenopodiaceae, Suaeda maritima L. Dum. and Beta vulgaris L., were studied at single cell resolution using the cell pressure probe, single cell sampling and analysis techniques, and the xylem pressure probe. These species share a common peculiarity, in that certain cell types, namely the leaf epidermal cells in Suaeda maritima and the taproot storage parenchyma cells in Beta vulgaris, maintain cell turgor pressure (Pau) at a level which is dramatically lower than the respective cell osmotic pressures (III�). This phenomenon is attributed to the properties of the cell wall/apoplast. The hydrostatic component of the apoplast (P, uau) accounts for only a small fraction of the difference between P. u and H.,, in these species. In light of this the discrepancy between P. u and H can only be due to the presence of osmotically active solutes in the adjacent apoplast Suaeda maritima leaf epidermal cells accumulate NaCl in response to an increase in external NaCl concentration. This accumulation of solutes leads to an increase in leaf epidermal osmotic pressure, which exactly mirrors the increase in the osmotic pressure of the external medium (ITI). Leaf epidermal turgor pressure (P, -. u), however, is maintained at a constant level over a range of external salinities. In the short term the leaf epidermal cells are shielded from abrupt changes in flea by the properties of the root system, and a root reflection coefficient which is close to 0. In the longer term, as NaCl accumulates in the protoplast, Pcen is apparently maintained by the parallel adjustment of solutes in the protoplast and apoplast. Page III Changes in Suaeda maritima leaf epidermal turgor pressure (P. u), induced by modulating the solute content of the apoplast (11. u) in excised leaves, initiated a mechanism which regulated P., u back to in vivo levels within 40 minutes. Turgor regulation was not accompanied by equivalent changes in cell osmotic pressure (H n), suggesting that osmotic adjustment leading to turgor regulation is apoplastic rather than protoplastic in nature. This apoplastic osmotic adjustment mechanism was dependent on the permeant nature of the apoplastic solutes and on the volume of the apoplast. A comparable upward turgor regulation mechanism was observed in excised Beta vulgaris taproot tissue, within 40 - 80 minutes. The presence of apoplastic KK apparently facilitated the turgor regulation mechanism in this case. Proton efflux studies on Beta vulgaris taproot tissue revealed that the driving force behind this osmotic adjustment mechanism is likely to be turgor/external osmotic pressure (P,. u/H, ) dependent modulation of plasma membrane proton ATPase activity. It was concluded that the apoplast should be regarded as a true osmotic compartment in higher plants.

The MIDPLY shear wall has been developed to be used as a structural system for severe earthquakes. This type of construction has emerged as a viable alternative to concrete and steel for non-residential buildings. The MIDPLY shear wall utilizes a novel arrangement of sheathing and framing members with a special nailing technique. The MIDPLY joints have a different failure mode from that which is observed in standard shear walls. The study reported in this thesis focuses on the response of the MIDPLY shear wall due to monotonic and cyclic tests; the response of an increase size in the cross-section members of the MIDPLY shear wall; and also the evaluation of the design and performance of hold-down connections at the boundary end studs of the MIDPLY shear wall. Previously tested MIDPLY shear walls showed that the boundary end stud hold-down connection is a very critical component in the performance of the MIDPLY shear wall. After a simplified analysis of 2 possible hold-down connections (see Fig. 7, 8, 9 and 10), hold-down connection #2 was selected as the most viable option since it had the ability to withstand large lateral forces. For non-residential buildings we expect a larger lateral force when compared to residential buildings. Therefore the cross-section of the members in the MIDPLY shear wall was increased and the number of boundary end studs was modified. These measures resulted in an increase in the lateral force capacity with the use of hold-down connection #2. The experimental results were used to verify an analytical model representing the MIDPLY shear wall in load-displacement characteristics. Recommendations and future research will also be discussed to show the way for further performance optimization of the wall system. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of the study was to construct and validate a wall volley test to be used in determining one's over-all playing ability in aerial tennis. The specific problem was to determine the reliability and validity of the wall volley test.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art (History of Art), October 2017 / Jeff Wall interferes with the traditions and viewing habits associated with documentary photography. This is primarily achieved through destabilising the status of the documentary photograph as an objectively recorded fact and through invoking the traditions of Western image making in painting. In alluding to suffering and implying violence, Wall alienates a viewer from an automated response and complicates familiar ways of viewing photographs. By impeding meaning making, he restores mystery and uncertainty to the viewing process. / XL2018